Level Of Subject Knowledge Research Articles

Nurses’ opinions on midline catheters: a single-centre study of subjective experiences and training needs

Abstract Aim. The aim of this study is to assess nurses’ opinions on the usability, effectiveness, and benefits of midline catheters (MC) in nursing practice. Additionally, the study identifies nurses’ subjective knowledge levels and training needs related to these catheters. Material and methods. A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted from 15th October to 15th November 2023, involving 127 nurses from various departments. Data were collected through an anonymous survey with 13 questions about opinions on MC, subjective knowledge, and sociodemographic metrics. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. Results. Most nurses had experience with patients using midline catheters, and the average rating of opinions on MC was 4.44 on a Likert scale (1-5). The average subjective knowledge about MC was 4.26. A total of 88% of respondents desired future training on MC, and 72% wanted to learn how to insert these catheters. Nurses who attended training rated their preparedness to handle MCs higher. Conclusions. Midline catheters are well-regarded by nurses and integral to their practice. Regular training and support are essential for effectively implementing new medical technologies. Investing in medical staff education is crucial for improving healthcare quality and patient safety.

Development and Validation of Objective and Subjective Osteoporosis Knowledge Instruments Among Chinese Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Clinicians must be knowledgeable about osteoporosis so that they can convey information regarding the prevention of fragility fractures to their patients. The purposes of this study were to develop objective and subjective knowledge instruments for osteoporosis and fragility fractures and then test their reliability and validity among Chinese orthopaedic surgeons. A 2-round procedure was used to develop the objective and subjective knowledge instruments. A cross-sectional online survey was distributed to 293 orthopaedic surgeons; 189 surgeons returned the questionnaires. We examined internal consistency, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and discriminant validity; we also compared the subjective knowledge level with the objective knowledge level among surgeons. Our results showed that the Subjective Knowledge Scale (SKS) regarding Osteoporosis and Fragility Fractures had a high Cronbach alpha coefficient (0.915), and the objective Osteoporosis Knowledge Test for Clinicians (OKTC) had an adequate Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficient (0.64). Item analyses were conducted, and a short version of the OKTC (the OKTC-SF) was developed. The SKS, the OKTC, and the OKTC-SF all showed good test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and discriminant validity. The percentage of surgeons with a high subjective knowledge level was higher than the percentage of surgeons who selected the correct answer for several corresponding questions related to objective knowledge. The SKS, the OKTC, and the OKTC-SF all demonstrated good reliability and validity. However, the orthopaedic surgeons may have overestimated their knowledge level regarding osteoporosis. Targeted continuing medical education that is based on individual knowledge level is needed to improve the undertreatment of osteoporosis among patients with fragility fractures.

Do non-motorists understand the traffic safety laws protecting them? Results from a Chinese survey

The government of Nanjing, China, has issued several traffic laws to protect non-motorists (i.e., pedestrians, e-bike riders, cyclists). In reality, however, many non-motorists are unfamiliar with these laws, which impairs the effectiveness of laws. On this background, this study investigates road users’ knowledge on various traffic safety laws protecting non-motorists. An online survey was conducted to collect road users’ basic information and their subjective and objective knowledge of the laws. Then, A latent class analysis model is employed to distinguish between drivers and non-motorists. Furthermore, we explore the gaps between road users’ subjective and objective knowledge, and the knowledge discrepancies between different road users. Subsequently, ordered logit models are developed to identify the influencing factors of road users’ knowledge levels. Finally, text network analysis is used to assess respondent’s comments and suggestions.The results indicate that drivers are more knowledgeable about laws compared with non-motorists. Moreover, some road users have a high level of subjective knowledge but a low level of objective knowledge regarding some laws (e.g., yielding laws). Furthermore, some factors, “group membership” and “reading-news behavior”, significantly affect both subjective and objective knowledge. “Social norm” and “perceived behavioral control” could only affect subjective knowledge, while “perceptions on fine penalty” could influence objective knowledge. Besides, respondents’ positive comments are associated with their perceived benefits from the laws, while the negative comments and suggestions mainly concern non-motorist violators and knowledge discrepancies among different road users. Finally, we provide several targeted suggestions to facilitate the promotion and implementation of traffic safety laws.

Carbon capture and utilization: More than hiding CO2 for some time

Carbon capture and utilization: More than hiding CO2 for some time

The Variables of the Readiness for Discharge from Hospital in Patients after Myocardial Infarction.

Discharge after myocardial infarction (MI) reduces the risk of repeated myocardial infarction and stroke and has a positive effect on the patient’s prognosis. An important element of preparation is the assessment of the patient’s readiness for discharge from hospital. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between a patient’s readiness for hospital discharge after MI, their functioning in the chronic illness, and socio-demographic and clinical variables. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, single-center study. The study was conducted among 242 patients who were hospitalized for myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The Readiness for Hospital Discharge After Myocardial Infarction Scale (RHD-MIS) and the Functioning in Chronic Illness Scale (FCIS) were used. Results: No statistically significant differences were found between socio-demographic and clinical factors and the overall result of the RHD-MIS (p >0.05).There is a positive correlation between hospital discharge readiness and functioning in chronic disease in patients after MI (r = 0.20; p < 0.001). The higher the level of subjective knowledge, the better the functioning in chronic disease (rho = 0.16; p < 0.05), the greater the increase in the sense of influence on the course of the disease (rho = 0.17; p < 0.05) and the greater the decrease in the impact of the disease on the patient’s attitude (rho = 0.23, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The higher the readiness for discharge from hospital, the better the patient’s functioning in the disease and the lower the impact of the disease on the patient.

Individual characteristics or cultures? Public risk perception in the coronavirus pandemic

Public risk perception varies by sub-groups but is key in a robust risk management. This study uses the Grid Group Cultural Theory (GGCT) to test how cultures, compared to subjective knowledge level and demographic factors, influence three measures of public risk perception—perceived risk to individuals themselves, the place they live, and China. This study uses an original survey conducted from February 17 to March 14, 2020 during the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19). This research found that age and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to individuals themselves, and education and household income correlate positively with perceived risk to the place they live, whereas egalitarian and hierarchical cultural indices correlate positively with the perceived risk to China. Further tests of interactive effect of culture and individual characteristics on risk perceptions found that the effect of hierarchy on risk perceptions depends on household income.

Effects of health misinformation on misbeliefs: understanding the moderating roles of different types of knowledge

PurposeHealth misinformation poses severe risks to people’s health decisions and outcomes. A great deal of research in this area has focused on debunking misinformation and found limited effects of correctives after misinformation exposure. The research on prebunking strategies has been inadequate. Most has focused on forewarning and enhancing literacy skills and knowledge to recognize misinformation. Part of the reason for the inadequacy could be due to the challenges in conceptualizing and measuring knowledge. This study intends to fill this gap and examines various types of knowledge, including subjective knowledge, cancer literacy, persuasion knowledge and media literacy. This study aims to understand how knowledge may moderate the effect of misinformation exposure on misbeliefs.Design/methodology/approachAn online experiment with a basic experimental design (misinformation exposure: health misinformation vs factual health message) was conducted. The authors measured and tested the moderating role of different types of knowledge (subjective knowledge, cancer literacy, persuasion knowledge and media literacy) separately to improve the understanding of their role in combatting online health misinformation.FindingsThis study found that a higher level of cancer literacy and persuasion knowledge helped people identify misinformation and prevented them from being persuaded by it. A higher level of subjective knowledge, however, reduced the recognition of misinformation, thereby increasing the likelihood of being persuaded by it. Media literacy did not moderate the mediation path.Originality/valueThis study differentiates the role different types of knowledge may have played in moderating the influence of health misinformation. It contributes to a strategic development of interventions that better prepare people against the influence of health misinformation.

소비자의 제품위해정보 탐색활용, 위해정보정책 만족, 위해정보 지식의 차이 및 영향요인 분석

Background/Objectives: The purpose of the study was investigated whether the four characteristics of consumers differ according to the various demographic characteristics of consumers. In addition, the variables that affect the four characteristics of consumer product risk information were investigated. Methods: In this study, T-test and One-way Analysis of Variance were performed to investigate whether the four product risk information characteristics used in this study differ according to the demographic characteristics of consumers. In addition, Regression Analysis was performed to investigate the independent variables affecting the four product risk information characteristics. Results: The main results of this study are summarized as follows. as a result of the regression analysis, it was found that the level of product risk information search and utilization of consumers was found to be active in women, non-metropolitan residents, consumers who are aware of the KC mark, and consumers with a high level of subjective knowledge about risk information. In addition, it was found that the higher the level of subjective knowledge about risk information, the higher the customer satisfaction with the product risk information policy. On the other hand, the subjective knowledge level of product risk information was found to be higher among males, consumers residing in the Seoul metropolitan area, and consumers with a high level of risk information search and use. Finally, the level of objective knowledge related to product risk information was found to be high in the case of college graduate consumers, non-professional consumers, consumers who know the KC certification mark, and consumers with an older age. Conclusion/Implications: It is necessary to strengthen product safety information policies such as consumer education and public relations strategies so that consumers can find and utilize product risk information more.

Knowledge overconfidence is associated with anti-consensus views on controversial scientific issues.

Public attitudes that are in opposition to scientific consensus can be disastrous and include rejection of vaccines and opposition to climate change mitigation policies. Five studies examine the interrelationships between opposition to expert consensus on controversial scientific issues, how much people actually know about these issues, and how much they think they know. Across seven critical issues that enjoy substantial scientific consensus, as well as attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines and mitigation measures like mask wearing and social distancing, results indicate that those with the highest levels of opposition have the lowest levels of objective knowledge but the highest levels of subjective knowledge. Implications for scientists, policymakers, and science communicators are discussed.

Using Learner Analytics to Explore the Potential Contribution of Multimodal Formative Assessment to Academic Success in Higher Education

Blended learning pedagogical practices supported by learning management systems have become an important part of higher education curricula. In most cases, these blended curricula are evaluated through multimodal formative assessments. Although assessments can strongly affect student outcomes, research on the topic is limited. In this paper, we adopted a learning analytics approach to explore student engagement with formative assessments and the power of these assessments to predict student outcomes in an English for Academic Purposes courses in a Hong Kong university. The study retrieved the data logs from 7,815 students and used the data to analyze student engagement with the formative assessments. The results suggested that the students put effort into completing the assessments. The degree to which assessments predict learning outcomes depend on students’ level of subject knowledge and their understanding of the relevance of the assessments. This study showed that learning analytics provided reliable evidence for understanding students’ engagement and identifying at-risk students. Therefore, learning analytics research has the potential to inform pedagogical practice.

The effect of Covid-19 on the purchase intention of certified beef in Brazil

Some events in recent years have weakened consumers’ trust regarding food safety in a number of countries, including bird flu, hormones and residue of veterinary medicine in meat and, more recently, Operation Weak Flesh. COVID-19 also led to a focus on the urgent need to seek strict production standards that ensure food safety. In this scenario of uncertainty, traceability and certification could be useful tools to improve the perception of trust and safety in production processes. Thus, the aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the purchase intention of certified beef. A quantitative study was conducted with 862 Brazilian consumers. The data were treated using structural equation modeling. The results show that the level of subjective knowledge of certification is related to the importance attributed to traceability and purchase intention. The concern towards legality of slaughterhouses and to traceability was shown to be related to purchase intention. Furthermore, the higher the level of concern over COVID-19, the more important the influence of traceability becomes with regard to meat purchase intention. • Traceability had a positive impact on the purchase intention of certified beef. • The legality of slaughterhouses had a positive impact on purchase intention. • Subjective knowledge of consumers affects the importance attributed to traceability. • The traceability's effect was moderated by the level of concern/fear of COVID-19.

A Cross-National Study of Dementia Stigma Among the General Public in Israel and Australia.

Background:Despite the increasing amount of research on dementia stigma, there is a dearth of cross-national studies conducted on this subject. This is surprising since the experience of stigma is closely associated to socio-cultural aspects.Objective:The present study intended to expand knowledge about the impact of culture on dementia stigma by comparing the level and correlates of stigmatic beliefs about dementia among the general public in Israel and Australia.Methods:A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted with two age-matched samples: 447 adults in Israel and 290 adults in Australia.Results:Overall, dementia stigma was moderate in both countries. However, the level of dementia stigma was significantly higher in Australia than in Israel. Lower levels of subjective knowledge and higher levels of ageism were associated with increased levels of stigmatic beliefs in both countries. Gender was a significant correlate of dementia stigma, with male participants reporting higher levels of public stigma than women, although this gender difference was mainly driven by the Australian sample.Conclusion:Our findings indicate that providing knowledge and decreasing ageist attitudes should be key considerations in dementia awareness and stigma reduction campaigns despite the cultural context. In addition, developing gender-specific messages should be considered as a way of improving the effects of such campaigns.

Knowledge and practices among parents of asthmatic children: a quasi-experimental study conducted at tertiary care center of Western India

Background: Asthma is one of the most common chronic respiratory disease of childhood and emerging as a global health issue. It is primary cause of school absences and the third leading cause of hospitalization in children younger than the age of 15 years. Parents as the primary caregiver plays an important in management of the disease. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and practices of parents of asthmatic children and improve it with the help of an informational booklet at AIIMS, Jodhpur.Methods: It was a quasi-experimental, pre-test post-test control group design on 60 parents of children suffering from asthma (30 in control group and 30 in experimental group) coming to paediatric OPD. Non probability purposive sampling was used to select the subjects. Self-structured tools like socio-demographic information, knowledge questionnaire and practices extended questionnaire were used to collect the required data. Reliability and validity of tools were analysed. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16.Results: The study findings reveal that most of the subjects had unsatisfactory level of knowledge and practices regarding asthma which significantly improvement in knowledge (t=11.449, p&lt;0.05) and practices (t=-8.079, p&lt;0.05) after application of informational booklet. Knowledge level of subjects were found to have significant association with education, occupation and monthly income of family.Conclusions: Prevention is better than cure. Parents are primary caregiver of children and spend most of the time with them. Their sufficient knowledge regarding asthma and right practices can help in reducing sudden asthma attacks and hospital visit in these children. Informational booklet have a positive impact on improving the knowledge and practices among parents.

Formation of a system of concepts using mental maps when studying the course «Fundamentals of Life Safety»

Introduction. An insufficient level of structuring and systematization of students' subject knowledge requires the improvement of the educational process, increasing its efficiency. In this regard, the relevance of the research is due to the need to develop new principles and approaches to the construction of the educational content of the school course «Fundamentals of Life Safety» and the development of modern teaching aids for its assimilation. In particular, an attempt was made to create a system of concepts for the subject area of life safety based on the use of a sign-symbolic teaching tool. Materials and Methods. The experimental study covered 412 8th grade schoolchildren in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk and Sakhalin region. To assess the current state of the level of knowledge of students and the dynamics of their change as a result of experimental teaching, a questionnaire survey of students in control and experimental classes was carried out. The results obtained were subjected to level analysis according to the method of V. P. Bespalko, in order to establish significant differences in the quality of the subject training of students in the study of the school course «Fundamentals of Life Safety» (Grade 8). To determine the degree of reliability of the results of knowledge assimilation, the Student's t-test was used. Results. It was revealed that the formation of a system of concepts about man-made emergencies by means of mental maps contributes to an increase in the level of subject knowledge of students through their structuring and systematization. The results of the final section at the formative stage of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of training using the developed system of concepts about technogenic emergencies and mental maps (temp = 7.48; p &lt;0.001). Discussion and Conclusion. The results obtained can be massively applied by researchers in the field of life safety and teachers of the course «Fundamentals of life safety» (Grade 8) in their professional activities. Further study of the presented topic is possible along the way of creating a unified system of concepts for the academic subject «Fundamentals of Life Safety».

An Investigation of Consumer Subjective Knowledge in Frontline Interactions

It is no secret that the consumer journey produces retail consumers who have varying levels of subjective knowledge about a purchase prior to a retail interaction. This observation leads to a common conclusion that the need for frontline employees (FLEs) in retail environments is diminishing. Nevertheless, retailers invest heavily in staffing and training FLEs. As such, understanding pre-encounter subjective knowledge and how FLEs should address it is critical, yet the topic is largely overlooked in the marketing literature. Thus, we investigate consumer subjective knowledge via an information diagnosticity lens to provide guidance on how subjective knowledge operates when the information in question is scarce/known, tacit/explicit, and specific/general. The results of three experiments reveal consumers can be classified as traditional, well-calibrated, or poorly-calibrated based on their subjective knowledge prior to meeting with an FLE – with each type requiring different FLE approaches to improve both consumers’ willingness to buy and acceptance of FLE recommendations.

Experimental pedagogical activity when teaching computer science to younger students

Problem and goal. One of the important components of the educational and methodical work of a teacher who teaches computer science to younger students is the quality control of the acquired system of knowledge of schoolchildren, which involves experimental pedagogical activity. Such experimental pedagogical activities include pedagogical experiments, the results of which are processed and analyzed using mathematical methods. Pedagogical measurements allow to justify the effectiveness of the implemented teaching methodology. Methodology. Pedagogical measurements are carried out in pedagogical research aimed at improving the content, methods, forms and means of teaching computer science to younger students using didactic games. The pedagogical experiment itself includes ascertaining, searching, forming and controlling stages. The analysis of the results of pedagogical measurements aimed at identifying the quality of the obtained knowledge in computer science of younger students can be effectively carried out using mathematical and statistical methods. Results. The conducted pedagogical measurements allow to draw a conclusion about how much younger students have subject knowledge in computer science, which is taught using didactic games; to identify the level of their worldview, logical thinking. Conclusion. Experimental pedagogical activity of the teacher in the process of teaching computer science to younger students allows to identify the effectiveness of such training, the level of subject knowledge of students. Analysis of the results of pedagogical measurements allows, if necessary, to correct the methodology and content of training in computer science.

Psychological distress and sleep quality of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, a lockdown city as the epicenter of COVID-19

The major Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused tens of thousands of diagnosed patients quarantined and treated in designated hospitals in Wuhan, the epicenter of the disease in China. Evidence for the psychological problems of COVID-19 patients was limited. Here we report a cross-sectional study of the mental distress and sleep quality of patients in a single center in Wuhan. The study was based on a combined questionnaire of basic questions designed by the study group, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). On Feb 17th and Mar 14th, two groups of patients were recruited respectively in a designated hospital for COVID-19. Univariate analysis and regression models were used to identify predictors for patients' psychological distress and sleep quality. In total, there were 202 participants in our combined sample. The average SAS, SDS, and PSQI score of participants were 44.2, 51.7, and 9.3 respectively. Factors associated with SAS score include gender, subjective evaluation of disease symptoms, and evaluation of medical staffs' attitude. Gender, age, education level, frequency of contacting with family, subjective knowledge level of COVID 19, and evaluation of medical staffs’ attitude are associated with participants SDS score. Factors associated with PSQI score are age and subjective evaluation of disease symptoms.

Knowledge and attitude of patients with adrenal insufficiency

Background:Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a rare and a dangerous disease requiring a life-long glucocorticoid replacement therapy with dose adjustment in stressful situations which is linked to patient's knowledge and understanding. The aim of this study was to explore AI patients understanding regarding their disease, risk factors of adrenal crisis, as well as their attitude in stressful situations.Materials and Methods:We prospectively enrolled from October to January 2017, all patients with adrenal insufficiency (primary or secondary) treated and followed up in the Department of Endocrinology at University Hospital Center Hassan II of Fez. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire to assess their self-perceived subjective understanding to objectively evaluate their knowledge.Results:A total of 55 AI patients participated in this study. Overall, 74% of patients had no sufficient understanding of their disease; more participants gave incorrect answers to how to act in different stressful situations. Eleven patients (20%) did not possess a “steroid warning card,” twenty-five patients (45%) had the injectable hydrocortisone (HC) set at home; 40% carried the HC required for the day with them. Globally, the patients self-perceived, subjective knowledge level was not good, a severe lack of knowledge had been identified concerning the knowledge of risk factors of AI.Conclusion:The present study shows the urgent need to develop a structured and continuous education of patients with adrenal insufficiency to improve their self-management of the disease.

Labor education and professional orientation in biological and ecological education of pupils

The attitude of a person to work, the activity of his work, creative approach to it depends on the right choice of profession, in general, and specialty in particular. In this regard, the correct training of pupils for future employment is of paramount importance in the education of schoolchildren. One of the foundations of labor education is vocational guidance of pupils. It is considered as a condition of all-round and harmonious development of the personality; the unity of teaching Biology and Ecology with the main directions of spiritual and moral development, education and socialization of pupils. Professional orientation involves purposeful activities to form pupils internal needs and readiness for conscious choice of profession and consists of several components: professional education; professional upbringing; professional advice; professional adaptation. Professional education equips pupils with knowledge about professions in the field of Biology and Ecology, conditions of their choice, educates them a positive attitude to work, forms professional preferences. Professional upbringing is the education of pupils professionally important qualities of personality: communication skills, professional duty and honor, responsibility, professional ethics and others. The teacher introduces pupils to the professions related to Biology and Ecology; studies and develops the interests, aptitudes and abilities of each pupil; includes career guidance topics in the design of the classroom; provides regular demonstration of videos reflecting the application of the achievements of biological science in production. Professional advice is designed to provide pupils with necessary assistance in professional self-determination. It involves informing pupils about biological and environmental professions. Professional adaptation is associated with the acquisition of necessary knowledge and practical skills for pupils future profession. There is a direct correlation between the level of subject knowledge and skills and the speed of adaptation of a person to professional training and work. Thus, labor education and professional orientation of pupils in the process of teaching Biology and Ecology is a holistic system consisting of interrelated and complementary components, united by a common goal and unity of management.

보험서비스의 불평행동에 관한 영향요인 연구- 자동차보험을 중심으로 - (A Study on the Consumer Complaint of the Insurance Service - Focused on the Automobile Insurance Service)

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 보험서비스 이용소비자들의 불평행동을 다룬다. 자동차보험서비스를 대상으로 불만족의 원인, 보험관련지식, 불평행동의 어려움을 살펴보고, 이들이 불평행동에 미치는 영향력을 분석하였다. 실증분석은 20세 이상의 자동차 보험서비스를 이용하면서 불만족한 경험이 있는 소비자 345명을 대상으로 하였다. 온․오프라인 설문을 실시하였으며, 일반적인 현황 파악을 위하여 빈도분석, 교차분석, 분산분석을, 불평행동 여부에 대한 영향요인을 보기 위하여 로지스틱회귀분석을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자동차 보험서비스의 이용과정을 계약체결, 계약유지, 보상과정의 3가지로 분류하여 불만족 원인을 살펴본 결과, 보상서비스를 제공받는 과정에서 보상금에 관한 불만족이 가장 많았다. 계약체결 시 불만족 원인은 계약내용 설명 및 이해 불충분이, 계약유지 중 불만족 원인으로는 변경사항에 대한 미고지가 가장 높은 비중을 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 자동차 보험서비스를 이용하면서 불만족을 경험한 소비자 중 15.1%는 아무런 반응을 하지 않았으며, 21.4%는 지인이나 가족에게 불평행동을 하는 사적행동을, 63.5%는 공적불평행동을 한 것으로 나타났다. 불만이 있는 경우 중 16.8%가 제3의 공적기관에 불평행동을 하는 것으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 자동차 보험서비스 이용 소비자들의 지식수준을 살펴보면 보험에 관한 객관적 지식 문항을 통해 확인한 결과 10점 만점에 5.38점이었고, 주관적 지식수준은 6.36점으로 소비자스스로 알고 있다고 생각하는 주관적 지식수준이 보험지식에 관한 문항으로 측정한 객관적 지식수준보다 높게 나타났다. 넷째, 불평행동의 어려움 중 심리적 어려움이 가장 컸고, 시간비용적 어려움이 다음이었다. 다섯째, 불평행동 유형에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 로지스틱회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 사적불평행동에는 성별, 교육수준이 유의미한 요인이었고, 불평행동 수행 시 절차적 어려움이 클수록, 계약유지과정에서 불만이 나왔을 때 사적행동을 할 가능성은 높았다. 보험설계사나 보험회사에 대해 직접 불평을 할 가능성은 남성보다는 여성이, 고졸이하인 경우보다 대졸 이상의 경우, 계약체결시 불만이 발생했을 때가 더 컸으며, 또한 연간자동차보험료, 주관적 지식, 불만수준이 높을수록 직접 불평의 가능성이 높았다. 금전적 어려움이 클수록 공적행동을 할 가능성은 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 제3 기관에 대한 불평행동은 대졸이상, 불만수준이 클수록, 주관적 지식이 높을수록 가능성이 커지며, 40대인 경우 타연령층에 비해 가능성이 적어지는 것으로 분석되었다. English Abstract: This study examined the impacts of demographic characteristics, dissatisfaction cause in the process of using insurance services, the level of knowledge on insurance, and difficulties on consumer complaints, on the types of complaints of consumers using automobile insurance service. This study conducted surveys targeting consumers who experienced dissatisfaction of automobile insurance services over 20 years old. For empirical analysis, frequency analysis, cross tabulation, one-way ANOVA, and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed using the statistical package SPSS Statistics 23. Results of this study are as follows. First, consumers were most dissatisfied with the insurance coverage process among steps of insurance service process. 15.1% of consumers who experienced dissatisfaction did not respond, and 21.4% complained privately. 63.5% complained to public groups such as government and consumer organizations. Second, the objective knowledge level of consumers using the auto insurance service, it was 5.38 points out of 10, while the subjective knowledge level was 6.36. Psychological difficulties were the greatest among the difficulties of complaining behavior, and time difficulties were the next. Third, multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted to figure out specific cause of dissatisfaction in the process of using insurance service after controlling other variables. ‘Private complaint' was more likely to be shown in women and people with a university diploma or higher in education level. In addition, higher difficulties in complaint process were more likely to be private complaint. ’Public complaint to insurance company or agency' was more likely to be shown in women than in men. As the degree of dissatisfaction in the compensation service and automobile insurance premiums was higher, consumers were more likely to behave. In particular, in contrast to private complaint, as overall difficulties of complaints increased, it was less likely for people to exhibit public complaining behavior. The complaints about the third organization were more likely than the college graduates, the higher the level of complaints, the higher the subjective knowledge, and the lower the probability of being in their 40s than the other age groups.