Levels Of Social Integration Research Articles

The Relationship between Mindfulness and Social Adaptation among Migrant Children in China: The Sequential Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem and Resilience

Social adaptation of migrant children is not only related to the physical and mental health and development of individuals, but also reflects the level of urban social integration and stable development. Mindfulness has a protective effect on individual social adaptation. Self-esteem and resilience were found to be positively associated with mindfulness and social adaptation. Based on the Positive Youth Development Perspective, this study aimed to explore whether self-esteem and resilience sequentially mediated the associations among mindfulness and social adaptation. A total of 526 migrant children were assessed with the questionnaires regarding mindfulness, self-esteem, resilience, and social adaptation. The results indicated that mindfulness was positively associated with social adaptation of migrant children. Self-esteem and resilience played the sequential mediating roles between mindfulness and social adaptation. The present study revealed the influence and mechanism of mindfulness on social adaptation and provided some guidance for the intervention programs to promote migrant children's adaptability.

Linking parasitism to network centrality and the impact of sampling bias in its interpretation.

Group living is beneficial for individuals, but also comes with costs. One such cost is the increased possibility of pathogen transmission because increased numbers or frequencies of social contacts are often associated with increased parasite abundance or diversity. The social structure of a group or population is paramount to patterns of infection and transmission. Yet, for various reasons, studies investigating the links between sociality and parasitism in animals, especially in primates, have only accounted for parts of the group (e.g., only adults), which is likely to impact the interpretation of results. Here, we investigated the relationship between social network centrality and an estimate of gastrointestinal helminth infection intensity in a whole group of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). We then tested the impact of omitting parts of the group on this relationship. We aimed to test: (1) whether social network centrality -in terms of the number of partners (degree), frequency of interactions (strength), and level of social integration (eigenvector) -was linked to parasite infection intensity (estimated by eggs per gram of faeces, EPG); and, (2) to what extent excluding portions of individuals within the group might influence the observed relationship. We conducted social network analysis on data collected from one group of Japanese macaques over three months on Koshima Island, Japan. We then ran a series of knock-out simulations. General linear mixed models showed that, at the whole-group level, network centrality was positively associated with geohelminth infection intensity. However, in partial networks with only adult females, only juveniles, or random subsets of the group, the strength of this relationship - albeit still generally positive - lost statistical significance. Furthermore, knock-out simulations where individuals were removed but network metrics were retained from the original whole-group network showed that these changes are partly a power issue and partly an effect of sampling the incomplete network. Our study indicates that sampling bias can thus hamper our ability to detect real network effects involving social interaction and parasitism. In addition to supporting earlier results linking geohelminth infection to Japanese macaque social networks, this work introduces important methodological considerations for research into the dynamics of social transmission, with implications for infectious disease epidemiology, population management, and health interventions.

Prepandemic Social Integration: Protection or Risk for Older Adults in the Time of COVID-19?

To examine the association between prepandemic social integration and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and test whether the association is mediated by social support received and social events missed during the pandemic. We also explored age, race, gender, and socioeconomic differences in the association. We adopted a prospective design. Path analysis was conducted using data from the COVID-19 supplement (2020) and the 2019 wave of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). The sample represents Medicare beneficiaries aged 70 years and older (N = 2,694). Social integration was measured using a six-item index. A standardized scale assessed PTSD symptoms. Both social support received and social events missed were single-item measures. The analysis controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, prepandemic physical and mental health, and coronavirus exposure during the pandemic. Prepandemic social integration was positively associated with PTSD symptoms during the pandemic. The association was primarily mediated by social events missed-high levels of prepandemic social integration were associated with missing more social events during the pandemic resulting in more PTSD symptoms. Social support received was also a mediator-social integration was positively associated with social support received during the pandemic, with more received support associated with greater PTSD symptoms. Prepandemic social integration had no significant direct effect on PTSD symptoms. The direct, indirect, and total effects of social integration on PTSD symptoms did not significantly differ by age, race, gender, education, or poverty status. Social integration may carry mental health risks in times of infectious disease outbreaks.

Ecological migrants' socio-spatial integration in Yinchuan City, China.

Promoting the social integration of ecological migrants and identifying the key constraints to their integration are significant issues for social governance and transformation. Most previous studies have not systematically analyzed the level of social integration of migrants from the perspective of spatial ternary dialectics or systematically analyzed physical, social, and spiritual spaces. Based on space production theory, this study used principal component analyses to evaluate the ternary spatial integration level of physical, social, and spiritual spaces of ecological migrants in a specific resettlement area in Yinchuan City, China, and the Tobit regression model was used to identify the key constraint factors. The results demonstrate that the overall socio-spatial integration levels of ecological migrants in Yinchuan City are lower than that of the overall migrant population nationwide, and the levels of their spatial adaptation and spatial practice integration lag behind that of spatial belonging and spatial identity integration. Meanwhile, length of residency, occupation type, monthly income, and household type have facilitating effects on the ecological migrants’ social integration, while gender, age, ethnicity, and education levels have insignificant effects. In particular, occupation type is a key factor in promoting social integration and improving employment among ecological migrants. It is concluded that upgrading production skills and raising employment for ecological migrants can foster sustainable social space production patterns, facilitate virtuous cycles, and eliminate inhibiting factors such as lagging spatial practices, regional cultural differences, and socio-spatial deprivation.

Lower SES PhD students experience interpersonal disconnection from others both inside and outside of academia

AbstractStudents from lower socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds can experience stigma in undergraduate educational settings but little research on this topic has been conducted at the PhD level. Lower‐SES PhD students may feel lower levels of social integration as they experience incidents of interpersonal disconnection from others inside and outside of academia. Interpersonal disconnection may be a mechanism by which lower‐SES leads to a lower sense of social integration. In this prospective study of first‐year PhD students at three North American universities (N = 608), we assessed students’ perceived social integration and their interpersonal perceptions inside and outside of academia 2–8 times throughout their first year of graduate school. Relative to higher‐SES students, lower‐SES students perceived lower levels of social integration. They had difficulty making academic friends, felt dissimilar to their academic peers, and perceived a lack of understanding about their work in graduate school from non‐academic families and friends. They also lost non‐academic social ties. These interpersonal disconnections prospectively mediated the association between lower SES and lower levels of perceived social integration. Lower‐SES PhD students are at risk of impaired interpersonal relationships. Institutional policies to promote social connections among PhD students may help lower‐SES students integrate into academia.

Social Integration and Residence Intention of Foreigners in Western China: Evidence from Xi'an.

Since “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) of 2014, the number of foreigners in China has increased rapidly and China has become an importing country for immigrants, a change ongoing since the beginning of the 21st century. To respond to the rapidly increasing number of foreigners in China, the government frequently revised the immigration policies and issued new regulations for foreigners. However, scholars understand very little about how the foreigners perceive their integration into Chinese society or decide to pursue long-term residency or lawful permanent resident status. While some pioneering studies touch on this, with samples from the coastal megacities, no empirical evidence has been collected from smaller, inner cities. Three new findings about the foreigners in Xi’an, a major city in western China, fill this literature gap. First, the level of subjective social integration is largely influenced by the local networks. Second, the level of objective social integration depends largely on local and hometown networks. Third, the intention to obtain long-term and permanent residency in China is more evident in those foreigners who come from countries covered by the BRI and who consider China to be a better place to live than their home country.

Heterogeneous Impact of Social Integration on the Health of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China.

Background: While several studies have found that lower levels of social integration may lead to a deterioration in the health status of migrants, previous research on the nexus between social integration and health has generally ignored the potential endogeneity of social integration. This paper examines the heterogeneous impact of social integration on the health of rural-to-urban migrants in China by exploiting plausibly exogenous, long-term, geographic variation in dialectal diversity. Methods: Drawing on nationally representative data from the 2017 China Migrants Dynamic Survey (n = 117,446), we first regressed self-reported health on social integration using ordinary least squares estimation and then used an ordered probit model as a robustness check. Additionally, to rule out the potential endogeneity of social integration, we relied mainly on an instrumental variable approach and used dialectal diversity as a source of exogenous variation for social integration. Results: We found that social integration has a significant positive impact on rural-to-urban migrants’ health. We also detected considerable heterogeneity in the effects of social integration across gender, generation, and wage levels: the health status of women, more recent generation migrants, and migrants with wages in the middle of wage distribution are more likely to be affected by social integration. Conclusions: We confirmed the beneficial impact of social integration on migrants’ health, which has some important policy implications. Successful migration policies should take the fundamental issue of migrants’ social integration into account.

The association between social integration and neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety: a cross-sectional survey study among social housing residents in Denmark

BackgroundSocial integration and perceived neighborhood environment are recognized as important social determinants of health. However, little is known about the association between social integration and perceived neighborhood environment among underrepresented population groups, such as residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods, in public health research. The aim of this study is to: 1) Describe the levels of social integration and 2) Investigate the association between social integration and neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety among middle-aged and older social housing residents.MethodsA multilingual face-to-face interviewer-administrated survey questionnaire was conducted among 206 residents aged 45 years and above (response rate: 34.1%) of various nationalities in disadvantaged socioeconomic positions in a social housing area in Denmark. The assessment of social integration was based on cohabitation status, frequency of face-to-face and non-face-to-face interaction with social relations and participation in local association activities. Neighborhood dissatisfaction measured the level of dissatisfaction with the neighborhood, and neighborhood unsafety assessed the level of unsafety being outdoors in the neighborhood. Descriptive statistics were conducted to illustrate respondent characteristics and the distribution of social integration among the study population. Logistic regression models were applied to analyze associations between social integration and neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety, adjusted for age, sex, country of origin, educational attainment and employment status.ResultsIn total, 23.8% of the respondents reported low levels of social integration. A medium level of social integration was associated with higher odds of neighborhood dissatisfaction (OR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.04–5.38) compared to the highest level of integration. A low frequency of face-to-face interaction was associated with higher odds of neighborhood dissatisfaction (OR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.16–6.06) and neighborhood unsafety (OR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.04–5.57) compared to the highest frequency of face-to-face interaction.ConclusionsAlmost one-fourth of respondents reported low levels of social integration. A medium level of social integration was associated with neighborhood dissatisfaction. A low frequency of face-to-face interaction was associated with neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety. The results suggest that targeted health promotion interventions designed to foster face-to-face interaction, hold potential to reduce neighborhood dissatisfaction and unsafety among residents in disadvantaged neighborhoods.

Affective Empathy, Theory of Mind and Social Functioning in Patients With Focal Epilepsy.

ObjectiveSocial cognition comprises basic and more complex functions, such as theory of mind (ToM) and affective empathy. Although everyday social interactions may be impaired if such higher-order social cognitive functions are compromised, associations between social functioning and social cognition in people with focal epilepsy (PWFE) are still poorly understood. We used a novel, naturalistic approach to investigate ToM in PWFE by applying the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). Furthermore, we studied affective empathy, the relationship between social cognitive parameters and measures of social functioning, as well as between epilepsy focus and ToM.MethodsThirty patients with either temporal (TLE) or frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE) were compared to 29 healthy control subjects (HC). In addition to the MASC, we applied questionnaire measures assessing empathy and everyday social functioning.ResultsPWFE, especially with FLE, performed significantly worse than HC on the MASC. Perceived social integration and social activities, but not affective empathy, were reduced in PWFE. Regression analyses revealed associations between perceived social integration, clinical group status, affective empathy and ToM.ConclusionPWFE displayed ToM deficits during a naturalistic task, whereas affective empathy was unimpaired. FLE may be associated with especially compromised ToM performance. Social cognition and social functioning appear to be interrelated in PWFE, whose self-perceived levels of social integration and social activities are lower than those of HC. More research into the association between social cognition and social functioning in PWFE is needed, in order to develop tailored intervention programs for these patients.

Singing and Social Identity in Young Children.

A range of studies suggest that singing activities with young children can have a beneficial impact on other aspects of their development. However, there is little research examining the relationship between young children's singing and their developing social identity. In the current study, data were captured of young children's singing and social identity as part of a larger-scale, longitudinal evaluation of the nationwide Sing Up programme in England. Participants were 720 children aged 5-8 years old. The assessment of young children's singing ability employed an established measure and was undertaken individually. With adult support, the children were also asked to complete a simple questionnaire that focused on selected aspects of their social identity, both in general terms and also related to singing. Key themes embraced their attitudes to singing (at home, in school and in informal settings), singer identity (emotional engagement with singing and self-concept), and perceptions of self (self-efficacy, self-esteem, social integration). Comparative data were collected from young children of a similar age outside the programme. Findings suggested that the programme had a positive impact on children's singing ability, both overall and including the youngest children. The data analyses suggest that children could be identified as either “pupils with positive singing identity” or “pupils with less positive, or still developing singing identity.” Overall, pupils with a more positive singer identity—irrespective of Sing Up-related experience—tended to report more positive attitudes toward singing at school and other settings, had higher perceived levels of self-esteem and social integration, as well as more positive evaluations of their singing ability. Furthermore, the research suggests that successful participation in high-quality singing activities is likely to have a positive impact on young children's singing ability and, by implication, such positive singing development will also be associated with aspects of self that are related to contexualised singer identity and their sense of social inclusion.

Аналіз теоретичних основ організації адаптивної фізичної рекреації студентів у вітчизняних закладах вищої освіти

The purpose of the study was to describe the analysis of scientific literature on the problem of organization of adaptive physical recreation of students in Ukrainian institutions of higher education. Scientifically determined, that healthy persons need natural motor activity, and for persons with disabilities it is the opening of new opportunities for a positive change in their physical, biological and social status, these are: independence and self-confidence, expanding the circle of knowledge and communication, change in value orientations, enrichment of the spiritual world, improvement of motor abilities, increase in vitality, physical and mental health. One of the promising areas for meeting these social problems and avoiding the manifestation of negative consequences for this specified contingent is an adaptive physical recreation in the conditions of an institution of higher education, which allows: psychological relief, compensation for insufficient level of motor activity of students, improvement of their health, formation of motivational-value attitude, organization of meaningful leisure, empowerment of self-determination, self-improvement and implementation of equal rights and opportunities in order to increase the level of social integration. A real flaw in the system of physical education in Ukrainian universities is the actual absence of a clear legislative and normative regulation of the organization for adaptive physical recreation, as a component of adaptive physical education. Adaptive physical recreation, despite the wide range of available research materials, requiring high-quality processing and substantiation of the order of organization and scientific support of the functioning of the studied direction of physical education. Organization of health-improving and recreational activities of students in the system of adaptive physical education of higher education institutions involves observance of determined goals, objectives, methods, means, forms and procedures for organization of motor activity during student’s leisure. Conclusion. It is established that the organization of health and recreational activities of students in the system of adaptive physical education of higher education institutions is aimed at strengthening the health of students with disabilities, improving mental and physical performance and basic professional competencies of future professionals, forming a philosophy of healthy living influence on its components, which consists in the rational organization of free time, meeting the natural need for sufficient physical activity, enjoying meaningful leisure

Exploring the Effect of Health on Migrants' Social Integration in China.

There are 376 million migrants, which account for more than 25% of the population in China according to the newest national demographic census, most of whom are from undeveloped areas to developed urban regions. Migrants’ social integration was one of the most important issues when the country aimed to build an inclusive society. As a form of human capital, the effect of migrants’ health status on social integration has rarely been explored until now, especially empirically. Previous studies have usually ignored health indicators when discussing the determinants of migrants’ social integration, and understanding the role of migrants’ physical health and mental health on their social integration is significant for efforts to ensure inclusive urbanization. For filling this research gap, the China Migrants Dynamic Survey dataset was used to uncover the role of migrants’ health status, including physical health and mental health, in their degree of social integration, and a further comparison of impact was conducted among rural–urban and urban–urban migrants. Through the empirical analysis, our results indicated the following. First, both better physical and mental health lead to higher social integration levels, and a one-point increase in physical and mental health improves the odds of good social integration by 33.27% and 5.98% for belonging and 66.05% and 6.35% for harmony, respectively. Second, health status is equally important for rural–urban and urban–urban migrants’ social integration, and the significant positive effect was consistent across groups, although some other impact factors may exhibit differences. Third, the effect of health status on social integration was moderated by social participation, which was more obvious for mental health than physical health. According to our findings, we discuss the measures to promote migrants’ health status and additional countermeasures to improve their social integration level.

VULNERABILITY GRADIENTS AND SPATIAL PATTERNS IN THE GREEK RURAL SPACE: DETECTING REQUIRING SMART SERVICES

In Greece, rural depopulation is observed over time, reflecting a particularly unbalanced population distribution. In recent years, however, the economic crisis is leading to rapidly decreasing rates of urbanization, and relative revitalization of some rural areas. Considering the above, there is therefore the question of the resilience and attractiveness of rural areas, especially marginalized ones. The fundamental objective for ensuring their sustainability is the possibility of addressing the key social and economic needs of the local population, thus contributing to a minimum level of social integration and improvement of living standards. The main purpose of the present study is to introduce a typology for the marginalized rural areas in Greece, applied to the local administrative spatial level and more specifically to detect among those, the most vulnerable requiring the implementation of smart services. Based on the acknowledgment of territorial heterogeneity, the analysis is defined by a multidimensional data warehouse. In particular, spatial, societal, environmental, and cultural marginalities define the corresponding data collected. Multicriteria Analysis (Explanatory Factor analysis, Hierarchical analysis and Discriminant analysis) and spatial tools (GIS) identified the main types (spatial patterns) of Greek marginalized local administrative units. The implementation of this methodological tool aims at the evaluation and classification of the needs of local societies. The proposed research is an innovative approach to Greek data, in terms of scientific contribution to the identification of rural areas with new criteria and the emergence of smart services as rural resilience tools.

Hair cortisol reduction and social integration enhancement after a mindfulness-based intervention in children.

Over recent decades, chronic stress at an early age has become a worrying health problem in children. We seek to evaluate an intervention involving mindfulness-based practices and prosocial activities in 7- to 8-year-old children. Stress levels were determined using hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and social integration was measured by means of a sociogram. The program had previously proven to be effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels and in favouring social integration in children. A total of 35 children participated in the study: 18 constituted the intervention group and 17 the wait-list group. In both groups, HCC and social integration were evaluated before and after the intervention conducted throughout an entire school year. The experimental group showed a significant reduction in HCC, as well as significant enhancement of social integration levels, whereas no changes were observed in the wait-list group. This is the first research to show that HCC, a reliable neuroendocrine indicator, decreased as a result of a mindfulness-based program. This successful outcome adds new evidence to previous findings regarding the reduction of chronic stress in children following participation in this program.

Why do immigrants support an anti-immigrant party? Russian-Germans and the Alternative for Germany

By reaching a vote share of 12.6 percent in the 2017 federal election, the Alternative for Germany (AfD) ended Germany’s rare status as a Western European polity lacking a significant Populist Radical Right Party (PRRP). Some of this support comes from a group not usually expected to vote for PRRPs: immigrant-origin voters. Recent survey data shows high levels of support for the AfD especially within the group of Russian-Germans – immigrants from the former Soviet Union and its successor states. What motivates these immigrant-origin voters to support an anti-immigrant party? This article argues that support for the AfD – besides immigration-related preferences – can be best explained by their levels of assimilation or incorporation for different domains regarding the mainstream German society. Especially low levels of economic and social integration, and in particular a strong ethnic identity, relate positively to favouring the German radical right.

Exploring the effects of the COVID-19 emergency remote education on students’ social and academic integration in higher education in Austria

ABSTRACT This article analyses the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ social and academic integration, based on Tinto’s integration theory. A total of 640 university students in Austria completed an online survey pertaining to academic and social integration during the home-learning period. Results indicate that social integration and academic integration decreased significantly during the lockdown period in the beginning of 2020. The level of perceived support during home learning was positively associated with the levels of social and academic integration. Furthermore, while student age was a predictor for higher academic integration, it was not a predictor for social integration among peer students. Academic and social integration during COVID-19 was significantly linked with student satisfaction in various studies. This study has important implications for future home-learning periods, suggesting how institutions could prepare for longer disruptions of attendance and how they could leverage student integration.

Immigrant Volunteering: A Form of Citizenship from Below

Immigrant volunteering is a disputed topic. For some scholars, an important instrument for the social integration of immigrants, while others frame immigrant volunteerism as a regime of 'ethical citizenship' centred around the paradigms of 'civic integration' and 'deservingness'. Our research collected the experiences of hundreds of migrant volunteers in Italy (658 questionnaires plus 89 in-depth interviews) to address three research questions in particular: immigrant volunteers' levels of social inclusion, their reasons for volunteering, and the links between volunteering and other forms of social and political participation. Our findings show that volunteering is more dependent on social integration than on social marginality, represents a way to achieve a higher level of social integration, and can be framed as a way to perform active citizenship and anti-xenophobic claims. In particular, volunteering allows immigrant to present themselves as active subjects, oppose demeaning stereotypes, and express political commitment. Ultimately, this substantiates a form of citizenship ‘from below’ that re-writes the script of citizenship and enriches it with new ideas of entitlements and belongings.

College integration and social class.

What is the impact of social class on college integration? Higher education institutions are becoming more diverse, yet the integration of underprivileged students remains a challenge. Using a social network approach, we analyze the general integration of low socioeconomic status (SES) students, as well as how segregated by class these friends are. The object of analysis is the extreme case of an elite university that, based on a government loan program (Ser Pilo Paga), opened its doors to many low-SES students in a very unequal country, Colombia. Using a mixed methods perspective, including a survey, 61 in depth interviews, and ethnographic observation, we analyze friendship networks and their meanings, barriers, and facilitators. Contrary to the literature, we find that low-SES students had, on average, the same number of connections and were no more isolated than students from upper social classes. Also, low-SES students’ networks were not more segregated, even if relations with the upper classes were less likely and required more relational work than with middle or lower class friends. This high level of social integration stemmed from the intense relational work that low-SES students engage in, so as to fit in. Middle class friends act as a catalyst that can enable cross-class friendships.

Sleep and Daily Social Experiences as Potential Mechanisms Linking Social Integration to Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping.

Socially integrated individuals are at lower risk of cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality compared with their more isolated counterparts. This association may be due, in part, to the effect of social integration on nocturnal blood pressure (BP) decline or "dipping," a physiological process associated with decreased disease risk. However, the pathways linking social integration with nocturnal BP dipping are unknown. We sought to replicate the association between social integration and BP dipping, and to test whether sleep characteristics (duration, regularity, continuity) and/or daily social interactions (frequency, valence) helped to explain the association. A total of 391 healthy midlife adults completed an actigraphy assessment protocol that measured sleep. During four actigraphy assessment days, participants also completed ambulatory BP monitoring and ecological momentary assessment protocols that measured BP and social interactions at regular intervals throughout the day. Social integration was assessed via a questionnaire. Linear regression controlling for age, sex, race, education, and body mass index indicated that higher levels of social integration were associated with greater nocturnal BP dipping, as indicated by a smaller ratio of night/day mean arterial pressure (β = -0.11, p = .031). Analyses of indirect effects suggested that this association was explained, in part, by greater sleep regularity among more integrated individuals. We did not find evidence for other hypothesized indirect effects. This was the first study to investigate sleep and social mechanisms underlying the link between social integration and nocturnal BP dipping. Because sleep regularity is modifiable, this pathway represents a potential intervention target to promote nocturnal BP dipping.

Intervening to enhance proactivity for socialization: A longitudinal field experiment

ObjectivesThe purpose of the current study is to test the efficacy of the Proactivity Orientation Program (POP) in facilitating university freshmen's proactive socialization. Design/SettingA longitudinal field experiment was designed to test the hypotheses. Based on action regulation theory, the 8-h POP included training on developing goals, collecting information, generating and executing plans, and processing feedback. ParticipantsA total of 148 freshmen from a comprehensive university in China were randomly assigned to a control group (N = 74) or an experimental POP intervention group (N = 74). Main outcome measuresQuestionnaires regarding four proactive socialization behaviors (i.e., feedback seeking, relationship building with instructors, general socializing, and positive framing), social integration, and anxiety were administered. The Office of Educational Administration provided freshmen's GPAs for the first semester. ResultsCompared with those in the control group, freshmen in the POP group (a) reported more proactive socialization behaviors (i.e., feedback seeking, relationship building with instructors, general socializing, and positive framing), (b) experienced higher levels of social integration and lower levels of anxiety in the first three and four months after entering the university, and (c) had better academic performance for the first semester. Proactive socialization behaviors were found to mediate the POP's treatment effects on some of the adjustment outcomes. Furthermore, the intervention effects of the POP did not materialize immediately, but rather, emerged over time. ConclusionsThe findings provide preliminary support for the POP intervention in facilitating freshmen's proactive socialization behaviors and adjustment outcomes. Our findings also suggest the importance of proactivity for freshmen adjustment and academic success.