Self-reported Physical Activity Levels Research Articles

Dose-response associations between physical activity and mental health among USA adolescents

Abstract Background Adolescent mental health is a critical public health concern. Physical activity has been shown to reduce risk of negative mental health outcomes. However, in adolescents little is known about the dose-response nature of this relationship. This study aims to fill this gap by examining the association between varying levels of self-reported physical activity and the odds of reporting depressive symptoms and poor mental health, among US high school students. Methods This is a cross-sectional study using data from the 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Physical activity exposure was assessed as students’ self-reported weekly frequency of ≥ 60min moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), as well as frequency of participation in muscle-strengthening activities, sports teams, and physical education (PE) classes. For the dose-response analysis three categories were created for each item. Depressive symptoms and poor mental health were measured using established survey items. Multivariate logistic regression risk models were used. Results A total of 8,015 high-school students were included. Depressive symptoms were reported by 43% of students, and 28% reported poor mental health. Moderate doses (1-4 days) of muscle-strengthening activities reduced the odds of depressive symptoms by 23% and the odds of poor mental health by 38% compared to low doses (0 days). Higher reductions were observed for higher doses (5-7 days). Similar results were observed for sports teams (1 vs 0 teams). Moderate doses (1-4 days) of MVPA ≥60min showed a significant reduction in the odds for poor mental health (38%) but not depressive symptoms compared to low doses (0 days). No effect was observed for any dose of PE attendance. Conclusions The findings suggest a dose-response pattern in the association between physical activity and mental health in adolescents. Any increase in physical activity levels among young adults would be valuable in preventing poor mental health. Key messages • A dose-response pattern was observed between self-reported mental health and physical activity exposure in adolescents. • Moderate levels of physical activity significantly reduced the risk of self-reported poor mental health among adolescents.

Age- and sex-dependent associations between self-reported physical activity levels and self-reported cardiovascular risk factors: a population-based cross-sectional survey

BackgroundThe amount of regular physical activity (PA) can modulate the prevalence of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as obesity, systemic hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, how different PA levels either below (< 600 MET min/week), within (600–1200 MET min/week), or above (> 1200 MET min/week) the range of the minimal WHO recommendations impact the age- and sex-dependent prevalence of these risk factors remains to be elucidated.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate these relationships using population-based self-reported data collected in a central European country (Austria, 2019). The sample included a total of 15,461 persons (7166 males: 16–95 + years, BMI 26.6 ± 4.4; 8295 females: 16–95 + years, BMI 25.1 ± 5.0). Besides various lifestyle factors (e.g., dietary habits, smoking, and alcohol consumption), variables of particular interest were the age- and sex-dependent amount of weekly PA and prevalence of risk factors for CVD. Sex-specific logistic regression analyses were applied to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for the associations between self-reported PA and risk factor prevalence.ResultsRelatively small beneficial effects were found regarding the prevalence of risk factors for CVD when achieving PA levels corresponding to 600–1200 MET min/week as compared to those who did not meet these recommendations. However, exceeding the WHO recommendations provided much more pronounced benefits, especially in younger and older age groups. Adjusted ORs revealed that high volumes of PA (> 1200 MET min/week) were associated with a 32–43% reduction in the prevalence of obesity and T2D compared to those who did not achieve the WHO recommendations (< 600 MET min/week), as well as with a lower prevalence of systemic hypertension only in women and a lower prevalence of hypercholesterolemia only in men.ConclusionsExceeding minimal WHO recommendations for PA promises large beneficial effects, particularly on the prevalence of obesity and T2D. Demonstrated sex differences in PA levels and their association with cardiovascular risk factors may provide an important basis for preventive health counseling.

The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors on Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Health Markers: A UK Biobank Study.

Modifiable (physical activity) and non-modifiable (sex and genotype) risk factors interact to affect Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Further investigation is necessary to understand if these factors influence brain volume and cognition. The study aimed to assess the effect of physical activity, APOE genotype, and sex on AD risk, brain volume, and cognition. UK Biobank data from 2006 to 2023 was accessed. Physical activity was measured by accelerometers, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Outcomes were AD incidence; brain volume (ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and total brain); and cognition (executive function, memory, visuospatial ability, processing speed, and reaction time). Logistic and linear regression models were conducted. 69,060 participants met inclusion criteria (mean age: 62.28 years, SD: 7.84; 54.64% female). Higher self-reported (OR = 0.63, 95% CI [0.40, 1.00], p = 0.047) and accelerometer-assessed (OR = 0.96 [0.93, 0.98], p = 0.002) physical activity was associated with lower disease incidence. Smaller ventricular cerebrospinal fluid volume (β= - 65.43 [- 109.68, - 17.40], p = 0.007), and larger total brain volume (β= 4398.46 [165.11, 8631.82], p < 0.001) was associated with increased accelerometer-assessed and self-reported physical activity respectively. Both brain volume analyses were moderated by sex. Increased accelerometer-assessed physical activity levels were associated with faster reaction time (β= - 0.43 [- 0.68, - 0.18], p = 0.001); though poorer visuospatial ability (β= - 0.06 [- 0.09, - 0.03], p < 0.001), and executive function (β= 0.49 [0.31, 0.66], p < 0.001; β= 0.27 [0.10, 0.45], p = 0.002) was related to self-reported physical activity levels. Higher levels of physical activity reduce AD risk independently of non-modifiable risk factors. Moderation of sex on brain volume highlighted the importance of incorporating non-modifiable risk factors in analysis.

Self-reported physical activity and fatigue and its associations to anxiety and depression in adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a MIHRA psychological impact and MIHRA exercise and rehabilitation scientific working groups collaboration.

To evaluate self-reported physical activity (PA) levels as well as the relationship between PA, anxiety, depression, quality of life, pain, fatigue, disease activity, and organ damage in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM). All adult patients registered at the rheumatology clinic at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm, Sweden (2019-2022) were eligible to participate. Questionnaires measuring anxiety, depression (HADS), and PA (IPAQ) were provided during yearly check-up or by mail, due to reduced in-person visits amid the Covid-19 pandemic. Additional data was obtained from the Swedish Rheumatology Quality Registry. Of 488 invited patients, 336 agreed to participate, and 246 completed the questionnaires. Median (range) age was 64 (20-88) years, median disease duration five (0.3-61) years and two-thirds were women. Notably, 82% reported moderate/high level of PA. Probable anxiety and depression were experienced by 25% and 14%, respectively. The findings indicated a potential protective effect of PA against depression (OR 0.23, CI 0.06-0.95). Conversely, patients who were physically inactive had poorer mental health, reduced muscle function, increased organ damage, and fatigue. Fatigue demonstrated a progressive link to heightened risks of anxiety (2%, 2-4%) or depression (3%, 1-6%). Most patients with IIM reported being physically active. The study highlights the potential influence of PA on mental health and its role in mitigating risks associated with depression and fatigue among IIM-patients. It also underscores the importance of patient-reported outcomes, and their role in understanding and improving healthcare interventions. Further research is needed to uncover causes and confirm these associations.

Breast cancer risk and prevention in 2024: An overview from the Breast Cancer UK - Breast Cancer Prevention Conference.

The Breast Cancer UK-Breast Cancer Prevention Conference addressed risk from environmental pollutants and health behaviour-related breast-cancer risk. Epidemiological studies examining individual chemicals and breast cancer risk have produced inconclusive results including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) Bisphenol A, per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances as well as aluminium. However, laboratory studies have shown that multiple EDCs, can work together to exhibit effects, even when combined at levels that alone are ineffective. The TEXB-α/β assay measures total estrogenic load, and studies have provided evidence of a link between multiple-chemical exposures and breast cancer. However, prospective studies using TEXB-α/β are needed to establish a causative link. There is also a need to assess real-life exposure to environmental-chemical mixtures during pregnancy, and their potential involvement in programming adverse foetal health outcomes in later life. Higher rates of breast cancer have occurred alongside increases in potentially-modifiable risk factors such as obesity. Increasing body-mass index is associated with increased risk of developing postmenopausal breast cancer, but with decreased risk of premenopausal breast cancer. In contrast, lower rates of breast cancer in Asian compared to Western populations have been linked to soya/isoflavone consumption. Risk is decreased by breastfeeding, which is in addition to the decrease in risk observed for each birth and a young first-birth. Risk is lower in those with higher levels of self-reported physical activity. Current evidence suggests breast-cancer survivors should also avoid weight gain, be physically active, and eat a healthy diet for overall health. A broad scientific perspective on breast cancer risk requires focus on both environmental exposure to chemicals and health behaviour-related risk. Research into chemical exposure needs to focus on chemical mixtures and prospective epidemiological studies in order to test the effects on breast cancer risk. Behaviour-related research needs to focus on implementation as well as deeper understanding of the mechanisms of cancer prevention.

Physical Activity Levels in Persons With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Pain and symptoms of patellofemoral pain (PFP) are often exacerbated during daily activities, which may result in reduced overall physical activity levels. To summarize the evidence for physical activity levels among persons with PFP compared with pain-free controls. PubMed, Embase, CINHAL, Cochrane Library, and SPORTDiscus were searched from January 1, 2000 to February 22, 2024. Peer-reviewed studies published in English that measured physical activity subjectively or objectively in persons with PFP and pain-free controls. Systematic review with meta-analysis. Level 1. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI are reported based on Hedges' g effect sizes. From 23,745 records, 41 studies met the eligibility criteria. There was high-to-moderate-certainty evidence that persons with PFP reported higher physical activity levels compared with pain-free controls using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMD, 0.27; 95% CI 0.03, 0.51), whereas lower physical activity levels compared with pain-free controls using the Tegner Activity Scale (SMD, -0.31; 95% CI -0.57, -0.04). There was low-to-moderate-certainty evidence that there was no group difference in physical activity levels using the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (SMD, 0.17; 95% CI -0.09, 0.44) or self-reported sports participation duration (SMD, -0.46; 95% CI -0.98, 0.05). There was high-certainty evidence that runners with PFP reported shorter running distances compared with pain-free runners (SMD, -0.36, 95% CI -0.57, -0.14). No data pooling was possible for objectively measured physical activity levels due to device heterogeneity (ie, different algorithms used to quantify the intensity of physical activity). Self-reported physical activity levels among persons with PFP were inconsistent depending on the physical activity measurement tool used or which specific physical activity was measured. Clinicians should integrate multiple physical activity assessment tools to determine the extent to which PFP influences physical activity levels. PROSPERO #CRD42022314598.

Exploring individual, social and environmental factors related to physical activity: a network analysis

ObjectivesInsufficient physical activity (PA) has long been a global health issue, and a number of studies have explored correlates of PA to identify the mechanisms underlying inactive lifestyles. In the...

Effects of a digital intervention on physical activity in adults: A randomized controlled trial in a large-scale sample

BackgroundPhysical inactivity is associated with health risks, contributing to various diseases and all-cause mortality. Despite recommendations for regular physical activity (PA), many adults remain inactive, influenced by socioeconomic and environmental factors. Digital interventions, particularly web-based PA programs, offer promising possibilities to promote PA across populations. These programs vary in their effectiveness, reflecting differences in design, user engagement, and behavior change techniques employed. ObjectiveThis study evaluates the effectiveness of the 12-week multimodal web-based TKFitnessCoach. The PA online program is part of the TK-HealthCoach. This study investigates the program's impact on self-reported PA levels, goal attainment, healthrelated quality of life, body weight, and eating behavior, comparing an interactive personalized web-based intervention and non-interactive web-based health information. MethodsIn a randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants were allocated to either the intervention group (IG), receiving access to the interactive TK-FitnessCoach, or the control group (CG) that was provided a static website with evidence-based information on PA. The study targeted a German-speaking adult population interested in improving health behavior. Data was assessed at T0 (beginning of the study), T1 (postintervention), T2, 6 months, and T3, 12 months follow-ups, focusing on self-reported PA at T3 and on various secondary outcomes. ResultsWe achieved equally distributed sociodemographics in both the IG and the CG with a mean age of 42.8 (IG), resp. 43.1 years (CG), and female participants of 76.1 % (IG), resp. 74.7 % (CG). PA at baseline was 277.9 min/week in the IG and 273.3 min/week in the CG. Both, the IG (n = 1153 in the Intention-to-treat (ITT) dataset) and CG (n = 1177 in the ITT dataset) exhibited significant increases in PA over time (IG(T3-T0) = 72.92 min/week; CG(T3-T0) = 74.12 min/week).However, the study did not find significant differences in the effectiveness of the interactive TK-FitnessCoach compared to the non-interactive control in terms of improving PA and related health outcomes. The intensity of using the TK-FitnessCoach was not associated with PA. ConclusionsBoth programs were effective in promoting PA among adults, with no significant differences observed between the two RCT groups. This highlights the potential of digital interventions in addressing physical inactivity, suggesting that the effectiveness of such programs may not solely depend on their interactivity but also on the quality and relevance of the information provided. Further research is needed to explore optimization strategies for such interventions, especially for persons with low PA, including user engagement, behavior change techniques, and the integration of objective PA tracking methods. Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register DRKS00020249; https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00020249.

Physical Activity, Fitness, and Long-Term Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Observational studies have demonstrated an increased amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) risk among professional athletes in various sports. For moderately increased levels of physical activity and fitness, the results are diverging. Through a cohort study, we aimed to assess the relationship between indicators of physical activity and fitness (self-reported physical activity and resting heart rate) and long-term ALS risk. From a large Norwegian cardiovascular health survey (1985-1999), we collected information on self-reported physical activity in leisure time, resting heart rate, and other cardiovascular risk factors. Patients with ALS were identified through health registries covering the whole population. We fitted Cox proportional hazard models to assess the risk of ALS according to levels of self-reported physical activity in 3 categories (1: sedentary; 2: minimum 4 hours per week of walking or cycling; 3: minimum 4 hours per week of recreational sports or hard training), and resting heart rate modeled both on the continuous scale and as quartiles of distribution. Out of 373,696 study participants (mean 40.9 [SD 1.1] years at inclusion), 504 (41.2% women) developed ALS during a mean follow-up time of 27.2 (SD 5.0) years. Compared with participants with the lowest level of physical activity, the hazard ratio was 0.71 (95% CI 0.53-0.95) for those with the highest level. There were no clear associations between resting heart rate and ALS in the total sample. In men, the hazard ratio of ALS was 0.71 (95% CI 0.53-0.95) for those reporting moderate levels of physical activity and 0.59 (95% CI 0.42-0.84) for those reporting high levels, compared with those reporting low levels. Men with resting heart rate in the lowest quartile had 32% reduced risk of ALS (hazard ratio 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.94) compared with those in the second highest quartile. In women, no association was detected between neither self-reported levels of physical activity nor resting heart rate and ALS risk. Indicators of high levels of physical activity and fitness are associated with a reduced risk of ALS more than 30 years later in men, but not in women.

A Comparative Study of Mental Health, Body Composition, and Physical Activity in American vs Romanian College Students After COVID-19 Lockdown

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic and its lockdown restrictions forced college students to spend less time on campuses and more time indoors at home, increasing their sedentary behaviors. We aimed to better understand trends among assumed decreased physical activity levels, increased mental health symptoms, and increased poor nutritional habits. The results will serve healthcare clinicians in developing targeted interventions for improving overall health in college students. Methods: American college students (n = 90) and Romanian college students (n = 85) were assessed for current self-reported levels of physical activity, mental health symptoms, and body composition values in the post-COVID-19 lockdown era. Results: All participants (N =185; 100 females) reported being highly active (82.3%) and experiencing a current level of heightened depressive and anxious symptomatology (58.2%). Differences were seen between the measured body fat percentages (BF) and skeletal muscle masses (SKMM) of the American (BF: males 26.66 12.24%, females 32.88 10.13%) and Romanian (BF: males 11.76 6.68%, females 18.07 9.30%) college students. Despite these differences, all participants collectively displayed a positive relationship between depressive and anxious symptomatology and BF (R = 0.23; p = 0.0018) and a negative relationship between depressive and anxious symptomatology and SKMM (R = - 0.15; p = 0.04). Conclusions: Although cultural differences may help to explain the found differences among body fat percentages and skeletal muscle masses, both groups of college students did similarly struggle with symptoms of depression and anxiety. The post-lockdown coping mechanisms embraced by both groups of college students have not been fully effective in improving their mental health.

Amblyopia and physical activity in adolescents

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical activity in adolescence plays an important role in reducing the lifetime risk of chronic disease. Recent studies have shown that individuals with amblyopia may have difficulties with coordinating balance and may be at greater risk of developing fine motor impairments. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association between the presence of amblyopia and physical activity (PA) in adolescents. Methods: Adolescent patients aged 12–18 years with a history of childhood amblyopia were age- and gender-matched to control patients with no other ocular pathology aside from refractive error. Each participant’s best corrected visual acuity and refractive error were recorded in addition to their height and weight to calculate body mass index (BMI). A 32-question electronic survey was used to calculate self-reported physical activity level (PAL) score and type of PA over the previous seven days. The Ainsworth Compendium of Physical Activities was taken as a reference to calculate Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) minutes for the most frequently performed activity. Results: A total of 26 adolescents with amblyopia (10 strabismic, 16 anisometropic) and 26 healthy controls were recruited. The MET-minute values were 2404.3 ± 2313.9 in the control group and 905.6 ± 1196.0 in the amblyopia group (p = .008). The PAL scores were similar between amblyopia and control groups (1.15 ± 0.70 versus 1.24 ± 0.60, p = .63); however, BMI was significantly higher in amblyopia participants (25.2 ± 6.3 versus 21.1 ± 5.4, p = .003). When compared with controls, amblyopes perceived physical activity to be of significantly lower importance in their lives compared to controls (p = .009). Discussion: Amblyopic adolescents may represent a population with increased vulnerability to significantly lower energy expenditure and higher BMI. Future studies with a larger number of participants and further investigation into the impact of refractive error on physical activity are warranted.

Monitoring handgrip strength to motivate lifestyle choices for patients with diabetes type 2 – a pragmatic randomised controlled trial

Physical strength can be an important parameter to monitor for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) to promote healthy lifestyle choices. Functional measurements can contribute to healthcare advice and possibly motivate more active lifestyles. The aim of the study was to investigate whether adding measurement and feedback concerning handgrip strength (HGS) to the parameters measured for patients with T2DM at annual check-ups leads to change in physical activity (PA) level, HGS, HbA1c or waist circumference. Methods Measurement of HGS with Jamar dynamometers was added to annual check-ups for patients with T2DM by diabetes nurses in primary care with feedback about normal values for age and sex in the intervention group. The control group had standard check-ups. Change in self-reported PA level was measured with questionnaires. Results Seven clinics and 334 patients participated. The intervention led to similar effects on PA in both groups. Patients with T2DM had comparable HGS to the general public. Regression analyses showed statistically significantly higher HGS in the intervention group than in the control group at follow-up and no improvement in PA, HbA1c, or waist circumference. Increased HGS was found for older people, men, and people with normal-to-high inclusion HGS, while patients with low inclusion HGS reduced their strength levels. Conclusions Measuring HGS and giving feedback to patients with T2DM can lead to increased HGS but does not seem to affect general PA level, HbA1c, or waist circumference. People over 65 years, men, and people with normal-to-high HGS were influenced positively by the intervention. Patients with low HGS may need personalised support to increase physical activity and improve function. ClinicalTrials registration: NCT03693521

A cross-sectional analysis between physical activity levels, weight status and empathy-related behaviors in a sample of Tuscany primary school children.

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity (PA) and the development of relational empathy skills in children, taking into account weight status. Parents/guardians of primary school children were involved in filling out a questionnaire: the Empathy Questionnaire (EmQue-I13) and children were asked to complete the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C) to investigate the self-reported PA levels. The weight status was assessed using a self-reported Body Mass Index (BMI). Three hundred seventy parents or guardians of students who attended primary school (8.53±1.61 yrs) were recruited. The total score was 2.41±0.89 for PAQ-C and 41.17±6.32 for EmQue-I13. The three domains of EmQue-I13 were: contagion (8.16±2.67), attention to others' feelings (19.40±2.99) and prosocial actions (13.62±3.01). Linear regression models showed that a higher PAQ-C score was positively associated with empathy-related total score P<0.000. Weight status, age and gender were not associated with EmQue-I13. Our results underline the positive association between physical activity and the development of relational empathic skills.

Association between the 6MWT and other measurements of physical functioning in patients with cancer awaiting major surgery

BackgroundThe Six Minute Walk Test (6MWT) is a widely used measure of functional capacity in (p)rehabilitation of cancer patients, but it is time-consuming and requires specific space conditions. In this study we explore the association between the 6MWT with other measurements of physical functioning and their predictive value in classifying patients according to their estimated functional capacity. DesignThis prospective study included cancer patients referred to a prehabilitation programme prior to major surgery. For each patient, data on different measurements of physical functioning including the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), the handgrip strength, the 30” Sit-to-Stand Test and self-reported physical activity levels were collected. Bivariate associations were performed to determine the association between the 6MWT and other variables. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify potential predictive factors of 6MWT in this population. A subsequent algorithm was developed to classify patients based on their functional capacity (good performance – 6MWT>400 m or poor performance 6MWT<400 m) ResultsBetween mid-2018 to mid 2022, 692 patients were assessed of whom the 6MWT was performed in 524 (75.7 %) (mean age 72.5 ± 11.8 years; 57.1 % men). Moderate-to-strong correlations were found between 6MWT and 30” Sit-To-Stand Test (r = 0.54, p < 0.001), DASI (r = 0.68; p < 0.001) and handgrip strength (r = 0.5; p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses confirmed that a combination of six variables were able to classify 80 % of patients in good (>400 m) or poor (<400 m) performance in the 6MWT. ConclusionThe 6MWT was moderately associated with several variables of physical functioning, a combination of which can be used to predict performance in the 6MWT.

Facilitators, barriers and support needs to GLA:D exercise adherence – a mixed method study

BackgroundKnee and hip osteoarthritis (OA) are among the most common musculoskeletal joint diseases worldwide. International guidelines recommend exercise and education as first-line interventions for their management. The Good Life with osteoArthritis Denmark (GLA:D) programme aims to achieve self-management using group exercise and education sessions. It also encourages participants to stay physically active and perform GLA:D exercises (GE) twice weekly after programme end. This study investigated the participants’ self-reported level of physical activity (PA) and self-reported adherence to the GE between five and 17 months after completion of the GLA:D programme and also explored the barriers, facilitators and support needs to achieve long-term adherence to GE.MethodsA mixed method study using an exploratory sequential design was performed. A qualitative phase, involving semi-structured interviews and a focus group, led to the development of a questionnaire on participants’ level of PA, as well as ratings of the barriers, facilitators and support needs for the achievement of long-term adherence to GE. In a second quantitative phase, the survey was conducted online with former GLA:D participants from Switzerland. Descriptive statistical analysis and a group comparison between adherent and non-adherent participants to the GE were performed using Fisher’s exact test, odds ratio, and confidence interval.ResultsEleven former GLA:D participants attended the interviews and focus group, and former GLA:D participants (30% response rate) participated in the survey. Of these, 84% (n = 285) reported to reach the recommended level of PA and 53% (n = 178) GE adherence. The top barrier to GE adherence was no/little self-discipline to perform GE (40%, n = 112) and the top facilitator was GE are easy to perform (93%, n = 300). The top 3 items regarding support needs to enhance GE adherence were a shortened version (max. 30 min) of the GE home programme (75%, n = 255), monthly continuation of small GE groups under GLA:D physiotherapists’ supervision (65%, n = 221), and monitoring with regular testing of individual progress (65%, n = 221).ConclusionsThe top barriers and facilitators should be considered by those responsible for the GLA:D programme and may need to be specifically addressed during and after the programme. The development of a shortened version of the GLA:D programme, a post-GLA:D group, and monitoring with regular testing seem crucial for enhancing GE adherence.Clinical Trial Registrationnot applicable.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Decreases High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Improves Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome.

To evaluate the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), expressed as maximal oxygen uptake (ml.kg-1.min-1), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation. The relationship between CRF, MetS, and hs-CRP was examined in a cohort of 173 men and women. CRF was evaluated using a Bruce protocol treadmill test and measured as estimated maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max). Participants' physical activity status was self-reported. Plasma hs-CRP levels were measured using a standardized immunoassay, and the diagnostic criteria for MetS were based on guidelines established by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). An inverse association was observed between hs-CRP levels and estimated VO2 max (p<0.01). Additionally, hs-CRP increased linearly with the number of MetS criteria present (p<0.01), while the estimated VO2 max decreased as the number of MetS criteria increased (p<0.01). Moreover, higher estimated VO2 max correlated with increased self-reported physical activity levels (p<0.01). Notably, participants engaging in two to three hours of exercise per week had hs-CRP levels ≤2.5 mg/L (p=0.018), considered a low-to-moderate risk range. Higher CRF, reflected by an estimated VO2 max, ≥45 ml/kg/min, is associated with lower hs-CRP levels and fewer MetS criteria. Additionally, regular physical activity, corresponding to higher VO2 max, appears to reduce systemic inflammation and ameliorate MetS risk factors. These findings support the mechanisms by which improved CRF and exercise may lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Lymfit: A Theory-Guided Exercise Intervention for Young Adults with Lymphoma.

Despite the rapidly emerging evidence on the contributions of physical activity to improving cancer-related health outcomes, adherence to physical activity among young adults with lymphoma remains suboptimal. Guided by self-determination theory (SDT), the Lymfit intervention (a 12-week individualized exercise program with bi-weekly kinesiologist support and an activity tracker) aimed to foster autonomous motivation toward physical activity. This pilot randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of Lymfit. Young adults (N = 26; mean age of 32.1 years) with lymphoma who were newly diagnosed and those up to six months after completing treatment were recruited and randomly assigned one-to-one to either the intervention group (n = 13) or a wait-list control group (n = 13). All a priori feasibility benchmarks were met, confirming the feasibility of the study in terms of recruitment uptake, retention, questionnaire completion, intervention fidelity, missing data, Fitbit wear adherence, and control group design. The intervention acceptability assessment showed high ratings, with eight out of ten items receiving >80% high ratings. At post-intervention, an analysis of covariance models showed a clinically significant increase in self-reported physical activity levels, psychological need satisfaction, and exercise motivation in the intervention group compared to controls. Lymfit also led to meaningful changes in six quality-of-life domains in the intervention group, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, social roles and activities, and pain interference. The findings support Lymfit as a promising means to meet psychological needs and increase the autonomous motivation for physical activity in this group. A fully powered efficacy trial is warranted to assess the validity of these findings.

Nonparticipation Bias in Accelerometer-Based Studies and the Use of Propensity Scores

Relatively little attention has been paid to the effects of nonparticipation on data quality in population-based studies that use accelerometers to measure physical activity. We examine these issues using data from the 2013 Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS) panel and 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) accelerometer studies, both of which collected survey data in advance and therefore permit comparisons of self-reported physical activity between participants and nonparticipants to the accelerometer studies. While individuals with high levels of self-reported physical activity are overrepresented in the participant samples, the differences are modest in both studies. However, in the LISS panel this difference led to overestimates of physical activity that are not fully corrected by propensity score weighting adjustments (i.e., non-ignorable selection bias). This finding underscores the importance of assessing the potential influence of nonparticipation on accelerometer-derived estimates of physical activity.

Evaluating knowledge, attitude, and physical activity levels related to cardiovascular disease in Egyptian adults with and without cardiovascular disease: a community-based cross-sectional study

BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant health challenge in Egypt, yet there exists limited understanding regarding the knowledge, attitudes, and physical activity levels associated with CVD. These factors play a pivotal role in developing effective prevention and management strategies. Hence, this cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate Egyptian adults’ knowledge, attitudes, and physical activity (KAP) levels.MethodsData were collected using a previously validated questionnaire encompassing demographic characteristics, CVD knowledge (including risk factors and symptoms), attitudes toward CVD, and self-reported physical activity levels. The survey was distributed among social media channels, and trained researchers administered the questionnaire via face-to-face interviews with adult patients with and without CVD admitted to Cairo University Hospital clinics.ResultsThe study involved 591 participants, of whom 21.7% had CVD. Overall, participants exhibited poor knowledge regarding CVD, with a mean score of 21 ± 7 out of 40, equivalent to 52.5%. Attitudes toward CVD were moderate, with a mean score of 66.38 ± 8.7 out of 85, approximately 78%. Physical activity levels per week were also moderate, averaging 1188 MET-min with a range of 1121–18,761. Subgroup analysis revealed that individuals with CVD had lower average knowledge, attitude, and physical activity levels than those without CVD. Working in the healthcare field was a predictor of higher knowledge score (standard error (SE) 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.61 to 7.17, P < 0.001), while those with CVD and smokers were predictors of lower attitude score (SE -4.08, 95% CI -6.43 to -1.73, P < 0.001) and (SE -2.54, 95% CI -4.69 to -0.40, P = 0.02), respectively.ConclusionThe study findings highlight a significant disparity in knowledge, attitudes, and physical activity levels related to CVD in Egypt. Targeted interventions aimed at improving awareness, fostering positive attitudes, and promoting physical activity among individuals at risk for CVD are crucial for effective prevention and management.

Psychological correlates of physical activity among adults living in rural and urban settings.

Middle-aged and older adults living in rural settings have been consistently less likely to report regular physical activity (PA) than those living in urban settings. While past literature has identified sociodemographic and environmental correlates of PA that may contribute to these differences, consideration of psychological correlates has been limited. A total of 95 rural and urban adults ≥50 years old provided self-reported sociodemographic information, PA level, and psychological correlates of PA including measures assessing motivation, self-efficacy, social support, and attitudes related to PA. The average participant age was 68.6 years, and most were female (62.1%) and married (70.5%). While PA level did not differ significantly between the rural and urban groups, different psychological correlates contributed significantly to separate rural and urban linear regression models considering PA status. Among rural adults, more positive attitudes toward PA, and greater PA self-efficacy and social support were associated with greater amounts of PA while for urban adults, no psychological correlates were significantly associated with PA. Psychosocial factors may be key considerations in developing more effective PA interventions in middle-aged and older adults living in rural areas.