Root Level Research Articles

SCOT analysis of implementing One Health Approach from the stakeholders’ perspective in Puducherry, South India

BackgroundThe implementation of the One Health (OH) approach improves the prevention and control of zoonotic diseases and ensures a better understanding of the emergence of infectious diseases. ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the key stakeholders’ knowledge of the One Health concept and assess attitudes toward the need for collaboration and explore the viewpoints of stakeholders regarding One Health Collaboration. MethodsIt is an explanatory mixed-method study conducted in the Puducherry district, South India. The study involved quantitative data collection among 70 stakeholders from various departments using quota sampling. Followed by qualitative data exploration of the viewpoints of stakeholders on One Health Collaboration through key informant interviews among 10 key stakeholders selected using purposive sampling. Knowledge of the stakeholders on One Health was assessed by using a self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Knowledge and attitudes were summarized as frequency and percentage. A manual content analysis of the transcripts of the interviews was done. ResultA total of 70 (Male-55.7 % & female-44.3 %) stakeholders were included in the study. 57.1 % of the stakeholders heard about One Health and the rest did not know. A few numbers of stakeholders (18.8 %) were aware of the formal connection between various departments. 86%of stakeholders suggested that intersectoral coordination is very much needed at the grass root level. The interviews found that a lack of standard guidelines, weak political commitment, poor departmental coordination, and a lack of community awareness were the most frequent challenges encountered. ConclusionThe operationalization of OH could be enhanced by providing standard guidelines and ensuring the coordination between the stakeholders.

New Fungi Associated with Blackberry Root Rot (Rubus spp.), in Michoacán, Mexico

Los Reyes, Michoacán, Mexico, is one of the main blackberry-producing places in the world, however, the disease located at the root level has caused important economic losses. Currently has been reported that the fungus Fusarium spp., is the main causal agent but actions to control it have failed. The objective of this work was to identify the possible presence of unreported pathogenic fungi in the root system of the blackberry and identify them molecularly. It was sampled in a commercial open-air orchard from Los Reyes, pieces of roots were taken from symptomatic plants with wilting and decay. The fungi were isolated in the laboratory, identified with taxonomic keys, extraction was performed, and the sequences obtained were compared with those reported in the NCBI gene bank. Among the results obtained were Kalmusia italica, Epicoccum nigrum, Microsphaeropsis arundinis, Achizophyllum commune, and, as expected, some species of Fusarium spp.

Assessment of Parents Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Child Vaccination in Selected Rural Areas of Kalaburagi District, India

Objective: Immunization has evolved as one of the most successful public health interventions, reducing the incidence of infectious diseases and improving quality of life. This study was conducted to analyze the level of knowledge, attitude and experience of childhood vaccination among local participants from selected rural areas of Kalaburagi District, which can be related to the immunization status of their children.
 Method: The Prospective, Cross-Sectional study was conducted at selected villages of rural areas in Kalaburagi district. Parents were enrolled into the study by considering the study criteria. Demographic details and other relevant data were collected at pre-test and post-test
 Results: A total of 631 parents from 10 selected rural areas were enrolled in the study out of which 611 parents completed the study and 20 parents did not complete the study. It was evident that 470(76.92%) children’s immunization was completed according to schedule, 73(11.95%) children’s immunization was not complete according to schedule and 68(11.13%) parents did not know whether child immunization was complete according to schedule or not. The pre and post-test KAP score was assessed using SPSS software and Chi- Square test was carried out to analyze the Statistical significance. The study was statistically significant at p-value of <0.01.
 Conclusion: The study concluded that better awareness of childhood immunization among parents led to increased immunization experience in their children. Health workers must be trained at the grass root level and through them the importance of childhood vaccination must spread to all rural areas.
 Keywords: Immunization, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

Bilateral distalization of maxillary first molars in a group of adult patients after extraction of maxillary second molars using infra-zygomatic mini-implants: A prospective clinical trial

It is now possible to predictably distalize maxillary first molars in nongrowing patients with the infra-zygomatic gear distalizer and to improve malocclusions without having to extract the premolars and regardless of the patient's compliance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the amount and rate of distal movement of the maxillary first molars using our proposed appliance after extraction of maxillary second molars. Ten nongrowing female patients successfully treated with our proposed appliance were the subjects of this study. The amount, rate, and type of distalization, were analyzed through upper jaw cone beam computed tomography (pre- and post-treatment) and scanned casts taken on a monthly interval. The average amount of distalization of the maxillary first molars was 4.03 mm at the crown level and 2.88 mm at the root level. The rate of distalization had an average of 0.61 mm per month with a maximum of 0.79 mm in the first month because of the regional acceleratory phenomena after extracting the maxillary second molar. The maxillary first molars were distalized in a significant manner and all patients reached a Class I relation within an average duration of 6.4 months. The proposed appliance proved to be a viable noncompliance modality to distalize maxillary first molars correcting maxillary Class II malocclusions characterized by maxillary protrusion or maxillary incisor crowding.

IJCM_399A: Assessment of Utilization of Kilkari Services among Antenatal Women in the field practice area of a Government Medical College in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh

Background: Kilkari is an interactive voice response based mobile service which gives information about maternal and child health through pre recorded voice calls to registered mobile number of pregnant women during the critical period of pregnancy and lactation period i.e. 4th month to until the child is one year of age providing knowledge regarding various health care aspects for the mother and child. There is paucity of literature regarding utilization kilkari in the community and the current study is conducted to asses the awareness among antenatal women. and augment the awareness. Objective: 1. To estimate the proportion of antenatal women aware of kilkari services. 2. To estimate the proportion of antenatal women utilizing kilkari services. 3. To identify the factors associated with non-utilization of kilkari services. Methodology: The current study is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in November 2023 among 100 antenatal women in field practice area of a Govt. Medical College. Data was collected by using semi structured questionnaire via google forms and analysis was done using Ms Excel 2007 and IBM SPSS 21. Prior approval was taken from Institutional Ethics Committee. Results: In the current study, 57.1% of antenatal women were aware of kilkari services and utilization of services was found among 44.8% of antenatal women. Factors associated with non-utilization of services were (65.5%) not aware of program, (55.2%) not informed by health team, (17.2%) no smart phone, (34.5%) call given but not connecting. Conclusion: There is a large gap in knowledge regarding kilakari among antenatal women for which education needs to be provided at gross root level in the community.

IJCM_216A: Task force study for evaluation of community level acceptability, scalability and linkage within health system of ICMR pre-validated Labike/ Technologies for screening & diagnosis in rural & urban population–An implementation research

Background: The concept of ABDM- Ayushman Bharat Digital Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat- Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojna are in root for overall aims of the research and importance of this research proposal. There is a need to study the acceptability & scalability of ICMR pre-validated technologies -Mobile Lab technology & digital technologies, skilled manpower needed for health data updating from individuals given individual health ids. Objectives: To do situational analysis of availability of medical diagnostic, testing facilities in under privileged/ remote areas. Methodology: Study Design – Implementation research, Sample - 1000 households (5000 population) have been equally enrolled from rural and urban areas which are further equally divided into two groups of control and intervention. Base Line Data has been collected on following information- socio-demographic characteristics, blood pressure measurement, health needs, health seeking behavior of community, availability and utilization of existing health care facilities and blood investigations. Study tools: Questionnaire for baseline survey – After informed consent, interview of the family head was done using set of quantitative and open-end qualitative questionnaires. Results: 77.9% and 69.3% belong to Upper Lower class in urban and rural areas. 21% and 15.6 % blood pressure measurements were deranged in urban and rural areas, 11.8 % and 10% population in urban and rural areas showed their willingness for lab investigations at door step through LABIKE. Blood glucose measurements of 5.4 % and 10.6% population in urban and rural areas were deranged. Haemoglobin values of 11.8 % and 17% population in urban and rural areas were low than 10 g/dl. 7 % and 12.7 % population in urban and rural areas utilized existing health care facilities. Conclusion: There is need to generate robust grass root level network by integrating community and health service providers.

Effect of microbial fertilizers and growth media on the rooting of passion fruit (cv. Possum Purple) cuttings

Propagation by cuttings is widely used in the commercial propagation of passion fruits. In propagation with cuttings, hormones are generally applied to promote rooting. However, there is limited research on the use of microbial fertilizer for the rooting purpose of passion fruit cuttings. In the present study, perlite and vermiculite were used as rooting media, along with different doses of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (750 and 1500 ppm) and microbial fertilizer (Best-doll), which contains seven different bacteria species, including Penicillium bilaii, Bacillus megaterium, Azospirillum brasilense, and Arthrobacter viscosus, Azotobacter vinelandii, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Pseudomonas spp. (5000 and 10000 ppm). These were tested for rooting in semi-woody cuttings of the cultivar passion fruit var. ‘Possum Purple’. The Passiflora cuttings of the ‘Possum Purple’ cultivar successfully rooted four and a half months after planting. The results indicated that the lowest rooting rate was observed in indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatments. Conversely, perlite emerged as the most effective rooting medium for ‘Possum Purple’ cuttings. The application of 5000 ppm microbial fertilizer led to a higher root thickness compared to other treatments. However, there were no statistical differences among treatments regarding the longest and average root length in the rooting media. Based on the findings, the concentration of 5000 ppm microbial fertilizer and the use of perlite as a rooting medium is recommended for achieving the highest rooting levels and seedling quality.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Sports Nutrition Knowledge and Diet Diversity Among South Indian Athletes

Purpose. Athletes can benefit greatly from having knowledge about sports nutrition. However, there are limited studies on athletes' nutritional knowledge and dietary habits in South India. This study aims to assess the athletes' sports nutrition knowledge, analyse their dietary practices and attitudes, and the dietary diversity score. Material & Methods. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in selected areas of Chengalpattu district in Tamil Nadu. Eighty-five athletes aged 10-18 training in different sports academies were interviewed individually using a validated questionnaire to analyse their sports nutrition knowledge, attitude and dietary practices. Results. The results showed that only 4.7% of the athletes had adequate nutritional knowledge of over 60%. The mean overall knowledge score was 40.2%, with athletes being most knowledgeable about protein and its sources (mean score of 67.9%), but less aware of carbohydrate and fat sources and recommendations (mean score of 15.08% and 14.01%, respectively). The mean score for attitude and dietary practices were 64.4 and 59.5 respectively. A strong and positive correlation was found between the level of nutritional knowledge and attitude (p=0.0001). Additionally, we found that the occupation of parents and the monthly income of the family were significantly associated with the athletes' nutritional knowledge. Majority of athletes (74.1%) of the athletes had an adequate dietary diversity score (DDS) of ≥ 5, and 25.9% of the athletes had a DDS of ≤ 4. Conclusions. Nutritional educational interventions at the grass root level can potentially improve athletes' knowledge, dietary practices and sports performance in the future. It is crucial to identify and address knowledge gaps, and use technology to monitor and motivate athletes towards consistency in implementing their knowledge.

Root-derived long-distance signals trigger ABA synthesis and enhance drought resistance in Arabidopsis

Vascular plants have evolved intricate long-distance signaling mechanisms to cope with environmental stress, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) emerging as pivotal systemic signals in plant stress responses. However, the exact role of ROS as root-to-shoot signals in the drought response has not been determined. In this study, we reveal that compared with wild-type plants, ferric reductase defective 3 (frd3) mutants exhibit enhanced drought resistance concomitant with elevated NINE-CIS-EPOXYCAROTENOID DIOXYGENASE 3 (NCED3) transcript levels and abscisic acid (ABA) contents in leaves as well as increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in roots and leaves. Grafting experiments distinctly illustrate that drought resistance can be conferred by the frd3 rootstock regardless of the scion genotype, indicating that long-distance signals originating from frd3 roots promote an increase in ABA levels in leaves. Intriguingly, the drought resistance conferred by the frd3 mutant rootstock is weakened by the CAT2-overexpressing scion, suggesting that H2O2 may be involved in long-distance signaling. Moreover, the results of comparative transcriptome and proteome analyses support the drought resistance phenotype of the frd3 mutant. Taken together, our findings substantiate the notion that frd3 root-derived long-distance signals trigger ABA synthesis in leaves and enhance drought resistance, providing new evidence for root-to-shoot long-distance signaling in the drought response of plants.

A Community Based Cross Sectional Study to Assess the Health Care Seeking Behaviour among the Tribal Elders Residing in Selected Areas of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Abstract Background: Population ageing is a great concern for the health sector. The health seeking behaviour of elderly individuals can help in ascertaining their needs and priorities to develop appropriate policies for their care and avert disease progression. Health seeking behaviour are influenced by a variety of factors among elderly like socio-economic status, age, gender, authority of the elderly within the family. Aim: To assess the health care seeking behaviour of the tribal elders in selected areas of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Methodology: A descriptive survey design was used to collect data with structured interview method from 100 tribal elders which were selected from non -probability purposive sampling technique. Result: Health seeking behaviour are influenced by a variety of factors among elderly like age, education, occupation, family monthly income, types of family, marital status and living with. Majority of the study subjects,59.62 % of males &75 % of females were found to be having adequate level of health care seeking behaviour,40.38% of males & 25% of females having high level of health care seeking behaviour. Conclusion: Health care seeking behaviour among tribal elderly is adequate level which need an awareness creation among the elderly population is imperative and creating easy accessibility of health services. It needs implementation of programme at grass root level. Key words: Ageing, Elderly, Health care seeking behaviour

Study on the Significance and the Drivers of Indigenous Traditional Knowledge in Agricultural Water Resource Management in Water Scarcity Purulia District of West Bengal

Abstract- The paper focuses on the Indigenous traditional knowledge as a vital resource of society with multidimensional use. We can see the application of this knowledge in the field of agriculture, water resource management, disease treatment etc. Agricultural water resource management is a big challenge in the drought prone and topographically diversified Purulia district. This district is the homeland of different indigenous people. Tribal community dominated Purulia district have its own cultural heritage, still today the indigenous people are using their ancestor’s knowledge in different arena of life. This article tries to find out the different traditional and local methods, techniques and tools of agricultural water resource management and their significance in the field of efficient water resource management, it also focuses on the factors which attempt to drive away this local knowledge from grass root level.

Problems and Prospects of Elected Women Representatives at Grass Root Level in Kerala with Special Reference to Palakkad District

It’s been decades after implementing the 73rd Amendment to the Indian Constitution. The capacity-building measures taken by the Government aim to develop the Elected Women Representatives at the Panchayat level to lift them to societal needs and to adapt themselves to the forefront leaving behind all the difficulties they faced in the past which will make them completely competent to be a leader. Local Governance had remarkable progress after the inclusion of women into the mainstream of politics. Here, attempts are made to analyze the socio-economic and political profile of the Elected Women Representatives and the problems faced by the elected women representatives at the individual level and institutional levels in the Palakkad district of Kerala.

Nutrient flow environment as a eustress that promotes root growth by regulating phytohormone synthesis and signal transduction in hydroponics

The morphology of lettuce roots in hydroponics is affected by the flow environment of nutrient solutions. Regulating the flow rate therefore ensures quality and yield; however, the mechanisms underlying this impact have not been fully elucidated, and breakthroughs in regulatory methods are thus lacking. Herein, lettuce was grown in a hydroponic solution at three different flow rates, the root morphology indicators (such as root length and surface area) were evaluated, the hormone levels of roots grown under different flow conditions were measured, and the correlations between plant hormones and root morphology were analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis was conducted on roots at varying flow rates to investigate the differential expression of genes involved in the synthesis and signal transduction pathways of auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and jasmonic acid. Results showed that these plant hormones were closely related to root morphology. Compared to a non-flow environment, a flow environment promoted the synthesis of plant hormones in the roots and enhanced the signal transduction of certain hormones, such as auxin. However, it had a negative impact on the signal transduction of certain hormones, specifically ethylene. The flow of the nutrients regulated root morphogenesis by influencing the synthesis and transduction of plant hormones, which affected overall plant growth. During the same growth period, lettuce grown under suitable flow conditions had a higher fresh weight than lettuce grown under no-flow conditions. Although such flow would increase the electricity cost of operating water pumps, lettuce could be harvested in advance at appropriate flow rates, thereby reducing the energy consumed in plant factories through lighting and temperature regulation, which are the largest contributors to energy consumption. This study examined the impact of the nutrient solution flow environment as a positive stimulus for plant growth, and it provides a reference for strategically regulating the flow rate in plant factories to improve yield and save energy. Future research should explore the effects of other cultivation and flow methods on the growth of different plants and apply these findings to practical production.

A Study to Assess the Knowledge on H1N1 among Rural Elderly in a selected rural area at Mysuru

Influenza is one of the common global pandemic outbreaks all the parts of the world. it appeasers in different name because of mutagenic nature of the virus. when it enters from one species to another it will undergoes complete mutagenic changes and reappears in community in different names. It recently outbreaks in Mysuru. Hence its very crucial to assess the knowledge on h1n1 in gross root level. So The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge on h1n1 among rural elders under Varuna PHC at Mysuru dist. Objectives: A study to assess the knowledge on H1N1 among Rural elderly at selected rural area at Mysuru. Methods: The research design selected for this study was descriptive design. Non Probability convenient sampling technique was adopted to select 60 Rural Elderly at selected area under Mysuru dist. Result: Result revealed that majority of sample are have adequate knowledge on H1N1 but there is association between the Knowledge of the rural elderly with their selected demographic variables such as age, Gender, education and awareness program me. Conclusion: It was concluded that the Rural Elderly having Adequate Knowledge on H1N1 and there is statistical significance association between the knowledge and demographic variable such as age, Gender, education and awareness programme.

Determining the Algorithm of Rehabilitation Procedures in Patients with Brachial Plexus Injuries Based on the Prospective Single-Centre Clinical Neurophysiology Studies: Preliminary Results

The clinical neurophysiological tests allow us to determine the type, extent, and nature of brachial plexus damage. They are crucial in decision making regarding surgical procedures or conservative treatment. This report aimed to present an algorithm for rehabilitation procedures in patients with brachial plexus injury of various origins based on the results of neurophysiology findings for the selection of procedures supporting the process of nerve and muscle regeneration. The research group consisted of patients whose medical documentation was analysed concerning the reason, level, and localization of damage to the brachial plexus structures, surgical and or rehabilitative treatment, as well as the MRI results. Among the group of fourteen patients, the clinical studies showed the greatest incidence of brachial plexus injuries of the mixed (both pre- and postganglionic), all trunks, and cervical root injuries, respectively. Results of the motor evoked potentials (MEP) and electroneurography (ENG) recordings induced at levels of spinal roots and Erb’s point showed a decrease of more than 40% in amplitudes on the symptomatic side in comparison to the asymptomatic side. This diffeence was recorded for the axillary and radial innervation and the C5, C6, and C7 root domains, ranging from 57% to 66%; the lowest decrease was recorded following electrical stimulation at Erb’s point for the ulnar nerve (34%). The latency prolongation on the symptomatic side in CMAP and MEP tests ranged from 0.2 to 1.7 ms, with the most following magnetic stimulation of the C5 cervical root for the axillary innervation. Most of the results indicated the axonotmesis and neuropraxia type of injury in motor fibers (40%) confirmed by EMG results. The sensory conduction studies (SNCS) in distal nerve branches did not confirm the severe advancement of the brachial plexus injury (63%). The proposed algorithm of the physiotherapeutic procedures should be mainly targeted for recovery of motor dysfunction as the consequence of brachial plexus injury. Rehabilitation should incorporate the treatment supporting nerve regeneration, muscle strengthening, and maintaining functional ranges of motion of the injured extremities. The rehabilitation treatment for patients with brachial plexus injuries is an individualised process, and the selection of procedures and the effectiveness of the treatment undertaken should be confronted with results of neurophysiological tests verifying the motor neural transmission from the level of the cervical motor centre to the effector, peripheral nerve function, and muscle’s motor unit activity.

An Efficient Method for the Propagation of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ (Nyctaginaceae) from In Vitro Stem Segments

Bougainvillea, an evergreen climbing shrub of the Nyctaginaceae family, holds significant ornamental, economic, and medicinal value. Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ is widely used in landscapes due to its strong adaptability to the environment, abundance of flowers, and frequent flowering. Traditionally, Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’ cultivation has relied on methods such as cuttings or grafting, with limited research on in vitro tissue culture propagation. This study aimed to optimize the tissue culture system, exploring a combination of plant growth regulators (PGRs) for Bougainvillea regeneration from in vitro stem segments. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), and 1-naphthlcetic acid (NAA) was employed. The optimal sterilization of Bougainvillea stem segments involved a 30 s treatment with 75% alcohol and 10 min with 1% NaClO. The synergistic effect of 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA and 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA maximized the shoot sprouting frequency, while 2.5 mg·L−1 of 6-BA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA produced the maximum shoots. Furthermore, 1.5 mg·L−1 of IBA and 0.1 mg·L−1 of NAA induced the highest rooting levels. This work demonstrates the successful adaptation of a greenhouse environment to efficiently regenerate plants in vitro from stem segments. This approach allows for the mass production of Bougainvillea glabra ‘New River’.

Experimental accumulation and depuration kinetics and natural occurrence of microcystin-LR in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a hepatotoxic metabolite that naturally occurs during some cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waterbodies, and irrigation of edible plants with MC-LR-contaminated water causes bioaccumulation of the toxin. However, sufficient information about accumulation and depuration mechanics in hydroculture-grown herb plants is still lacking. This work aimed at 1) investigating bioaccumulation and depuration of MC-LR in basil, 2) verifying the possible MC-LR detoxification mechanisms in the plant, and 3) detecting the natural occurrence of MC-LR in basil (n = 50) collected from the Belgian market. Basil plants grown in a hydroculture were exposed to MC-LR (5, 20, and 50 μg L−1) spiked in a Hoagland solution for seven days. MC-LR depuration was also studied by transferring the plants to a non-contaminated Hoagland solution after exposure to MC-LR for another seven days. MC-LR concentrations in Hoagland solution, basil leaves, and roots were quantified using a validated UHPLC–MS/MS method. In addition, ELISA and LC–HRMS (only basil leaves) were used for confirmation. The results showed an increase in the accumulated levels of MC-LR at higher exposure doses, with higher MC-LR levels in roots than in leaves for all the treatment conditions. For MC-LR depuration, significant reductions were observed in all the treatment conditions for roots only. No MC-LR conjugates, potentially related to metabolism, were detected by LC–HRMS. Finally, MC-LR was detected in one store-bought basil sample, representing the first occurrence of cyanotoxins in an edible crop from Belgium.

Two-way NxP fertilisation experiment on barley (Hordeum vulgare) reveals shift from additive to synergistic N-P interactions at critical phosphorus fertilisation level.

In a pot experiment, we investigated synergistic interaction of N and P fertilisation on barley biomass (Hordeum vulgare) on both shoot and root level with the aim to determine whether N-P interaction would be the same for all levels of N and P fertilisation. We further aimed to determine whether there was a critical level of N and/or P fertilisation rate, above which, a decrease in resource allocation to roots (as nutrient availability increased) could be demonstrated. Barley plants were grown from seed on a nutrient poor substrate and subjected to a two-way NxP fertilisation gradient using a modified Hoagland fertilisation solution. We observed N-P interactions in shoot and root biomass, and N and P use-efficiencies. A synergistic response in biomass was observed only above a critical level of P fertilisation when P was not limiting growth. Furthermore, we found that the same incremental increase in N:P ratio of applied fertiliser elicited different responses in shoot and root biomass depending on P treatment and concluded that barley plants were less able to cope with increasing stoichiometric imbalance when P was deficient. We provide, for the first time, stoichiometric evidence that critical levels for synergistic interactions between N-P may exist in crop plants.

The Intellectual Representative of the School of objective Criticism: Azhar Ghouri

Object oriented approach of criticism has its roots in post continental philosophies based on perdiction and vision. Azhar Ghouri has strong advocacy for universalization of values and global adaptation of critical thinking styles. He believes in sublimity of Art and architecture regardless of classic or modern as a label for critical analysis. He believes in exploration of ideas and vision with insight in any piece of literature beyond its mechanical structure. Colonialism, exploitation, industrialisation, hunger, fear, shelter, peace and justice are controversial in global village according to A. G which needed to be reflected in art and literature in modes of individual’s interest. Author of this artical has explored gross root level realities and fundamental beliefs of object oriented approach in literary works of A.G. The agitation through pen has always been an eye opener initiative to stimulate the reader same has been highlighted by the author in the artical.

Design and Implementation of CMOS and Transmission Gate Based Full Adder Using 45nm Technology

Abstract: In electronic industry the level of integration is an important aspect as it makes the electronic device simpler and more reliable. The device density increases with the better level of integration. Power dissipation, Area occupied, and Propagation delay are some of the important factors that need to be considered. These parameters play a vital role in manufacturing portable electronic gadgets. Many binary adders are formed using full adders. Hence, if any enhancements have to be made to improve the performance, it can be made at the root level i.e., adders circuits itself. This in turn helps in bettering the performance of the electronics circuits which follow adder circuits. The low power VLSI design is of great importance due to portable electronic products. Full adder is a type of adder circuit that adds three inputs and gives two outputs. Out of three, two will be the present inputs and the third input will be the carry from the previous stage. ‘A’ and ‘B’ are the actual inputs, ‘C’ is the carry from the previous operation. SUM and CARRY OUT are the two outputs. In this work, Design and Implementation of full adder using conventional CMOS design and Transmission gate based Full adder circuits are carried out. At last comparison is made between the two designs with respect to power dissipation, delay and area (number of transistors). Cadence Virtuoso Tool is used in design and simulation conventional CMOS design and Transmission gate based Full adder circuits. The entire circuit is simulated in Cadence Tools at 45nm CMOS process.