Level Of Religiosity Research Articles

Religion and Environment: The Role of Religiosity on Pro-environmental Behavior Among University Students in Indonesia

Numerous environmental problems in various countries occur as a result of human misbehavior in interacting with their environment. Therefore, to maintain balance in the relationship between humans and the natural environment, it is necessary to develop pro-environmental behavior. This study aims to investigate the role of religiosity on pro-environmental behavior. This research employed a quantitative-correlational method. The participants in this study were 205 university students aged 18-24 years who were selected by convenience sampling technique. This study used two primary instruments to measure the two research variables: Religious Commitment Inventory - 10 (RCI-10) to measure religiosity and the General Ecological Behavior Scale to measure pro-environmental behavior. The research data were analyzed using regression analysis techniques. The analysis showed that religiosity has a significant role as a predictor of pro-environmental behavior among university students. This means that the higher the level of religiosity, the higher pro-environmental behavior. These findings have practical implications for environmental conservation programs. It is important to develop pro-environmental behavior intervention programs for the community by instilling religious values that could encourage awareness, and then behavior, of environmental sustainability. Keywords: religion, religiosity, pro-environmental behavior, environmental psychology, environment

MACHIAVELLIAN RELATIONSHIP MODEL, LOVE OF MONEY, RELIGIOSITY AND TAX EVASION: MULTI-GROUP ANALYSIS BASED ON GENDER

This study aims to test whether there is an influence of Machiavellian, love of money, and religiosity on tax evasion with gender as a moderating variable. The method in this study is quantitative explanatory type with a correlational approach. The data used is primary data by distributing questionnaires to taxpayers throughout Indonesia using purposive sampling and using the Issac and Michael formula so that 350 respondents were obtained. The analysis technique uses the Partial Least Square Multi-Group Analysis technique (PLS-MGA). The results of the study prove that, first, Machiavellian influences tax evasion, the higher the Machiavellian attitude, the greater the likelihood of tax evasion; Second, love of money influences tax evasion, the higher a person's love of money, tax evasion is considered reasonable. Third, religiosity has no effect. The high or low level of a person's religiosity has not been able to suppress tax evasion. Fourth, Machiavellian influences tax evasion moderated by gender. Machiavellian owned by the male gender is greater than that of the female gender. Love of money owned by men does not affect tax evasion, but becomes a motivation to pursue a career while love of money affects embezzlement moderated by female gender because women have very high needs compared to men. Religiosity affects tax evasion moderated by gender. This means that the higher the level of religiosity of a person, both men and women, are able to suppress tax evasion and people who are more religious tend to be more against tax evasion.

How Aware is Generation Z of Waqf? A Quantitative Study on Maqashid among Indonesian Muslim Students

This study aims to measure the influence of waqf literacy, relative advantage, religiosity, and attitude on waqf intention among Generation Z, specifically Muslim university students in Indonesia. The respondents were 505 Gen-Z students, specifically Muslim students born between 1996 and 2012 in Indonesia who have ever donated to waqf, with primary data collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) technique. In addition, the data were also analyzed using maqashid sharia theory to see the impact of waqf benefits on individuals and society in general. The results show that waqf literacy, perceived benefits of waqf activities, and religiosity level positively contribute to individuals' attitudes towards waqf, influencing Generation Z's intention to participate in waqf activities. As a form of charity derived from the Prophet Muhammad's sunnah, waqf is essential in achieving the maqashid, particularly in protecting wealth (hifz al-mal) and improving social welfare. Therefore, increasing waqf literacy through programs such as the Indonesian Waqf Awareness Movement (GISWAF), as well as improving convenience, accessibility, and regulatory clarity in waqf practices, are proposed to strengthen positive attitudes towards waqf and encourage greater participation of Generation Z in waqf activities.

Religiosity and Attitudes towards Robots: Results from a Global Survey

Religion is one lens in which people understand the world around them and interpret the world around them. However, it is unclear whether religion has an impact upon attitudes towards robots around the world. In this article, the authors investigate how an individual’s religiosity impacts upon perceptions of robots. The article investigates how an individual’s religiosity impacts attitudes towards robots, using data from a large-scale global survey of attitudes towards robots (N=1263). In order to investigate how religion impacts upon such perceptions, cluster, factor and regression analyses were used for data analysis. The findings illustrate that there are discernible clusters of individuals exhibiting different levels of religiosity and that these clusters have different perceptions of robots, showing as hypothesized, that more religious individuals are more likely to be robophobic than robophilic. The relationship between religiosity and attitudes towards robots is negative: less religious people show more positive attitudes towards robots. While there is clear indication that there is a relationship between religiosity and attitudes towards robots, religiosity does not have a particularly strong impact upon perceptions of robots. The analysis of the data illustrates that there are factors more clearly associated with perceptions of robots, meaning that while religiosity may have some impact on perceptions of robots, that there are more important attitudes and other factors that should be taken into consideration to encourage users to use robots in various service environments. In addition, in this particular research, there seems to be no notable relationship between perceptions of robots and demographics of individuals, illustrating that the age, gender, wealth, and education of an individual may not play a strong role in shaping perceptions of robots in service industries.

The Influence of Religiosity, Attachment to God and Education Level on Mental Health of Youth in Gereja Kristen Jawi Wetan (GKJW) Rungkut Surabaya in Indonesia

The purpose of this study was to assess the mental health conditions influences by religiosity, education level and attachment to God on the mental health of youth in GKJW Rungkut, Surabaya. Data were collected using a questionnaire administered to youth in GKJW Rungkut, Surabaya, aged between 16 and 35 years. The sample comprised 120 respondents. The questionnaire used a Likert scale (1-5), and statistical analysis was conducted using Warp-PLS. The results indicate that the levels of religiosity and mental health among the youth in GKJW Rungkut, Surabaya, are significant. However, aspects such as anxiety and low self-esteem are still at a moderate level. This suggests that a significant level of religiosity alone has not been able to fully address anxiety and low self-esteem. Statistical testing revealed that religiosity, education level, and attachment to God have a simultaneous influence on the mental health of the youth in GKJW Rungkut. The research model demonstrated adequate predictive relevance (Q² > 0), indicating that it can be used for further research.

Satisfaction with Life Among Elderly Participants in Active Maturity Groups: A Comparative Study with Institutionalized and Community Elderly Individuals

Objective: To compare levels of life satisfaction among three distinct groups of elderly individuals: those residing within the community, those in institutional care, and those engaged in an active aging program. Additionally, to explore the factors associated with this measure of well-being within each group. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2022 to May 2023. Participants aged 60 years or older were recruited from three groups: community-dwelling individuals, those in institutional settings, and participants in an active aging program. Data collection included sociodemographic variables, self-rated general health status, duration of sedentary behavior, levels of intrinsic religiosity, feelings of hope, and degrees of social isolation. The primary outcome assessed was life satisfaction. Results: The study included 305 elderly individuals: 115 (37.7%) from the active aging program, 119 (39.0%) from the community, and 71 (23.3%) institutionalized individuals. Institutionalized participants were older, engaged in longer durations of sedentary behavior, had lower educational attainment, and reported poorer health perceptions. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that hope, social isolation, and self-rated health were significantly associated with life satisfaction. Conclusion: The findings highlighted the importance of hope, social support, and self-rated health as primary determinants of life satisfaction among the elderly. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, group affiliation (community, active aging program, or institutionalized) did not emerge as a significant factor, suggesting the need for personalized, person-centered approaches to optimize elderly well-being.

Persepsi Pelayanan dan Minat Nasabah Bank Syariah Indonesia: Peran Religiusitas Islam sebagai Pemoderasi

This research investigates the functional relationship between customers' interest in using Islamic banking services and service quality by placing Islamic religiosity as a moderator variable. The research sample consisted of 231 financing customers of Bank Syariah Indonesia in Banda Aceh, selected through purposive sampling. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire, and the data were analyzed using the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) statistical model. The research findings reveal that services have a positive and significant impact on customers' interest in using financing services. Similarly, Islamic religiosity also has a positive and significant influence. However, Islamic religiosity plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between customer interest and services. The positive impact of services on customer interest decreases with the increasing level of Islamic religiosity.

Level of Depression among Health Students at Al-Quds University

Background Students' physical and psychological well-being, particularly with a focus on depression, is a significant public health concern. Objective This study aims to explore the level of depression among health students at Al-Quds University. Methods In this assay, a cross-sectional study using a self-reporting questionnaire was conducted. To evaluate the degree of depression among students, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used. The sample comprised 357 students from Al-Quds University in the West Bank. Results The results of the study showed that depression impacted 40.3% of the subjects. Of these, 32% experienced moderate to severe depression symptoms, 24% had thoughts or wishes related to suicide, and 6.7% believed that death was the answer to their issues. The findings demonstrated that there were statistically significant variations in depression based on gender, age, study year, study geographical area, place of residence, level of religiosity, and thoughts of death (p < 0.05). Conclusion To protect their well-being, mental health professionals should advise students to seek assistance and therapy. University administrators should assist students in learning time management and stress-reduction strategies so they can finish their assignments and fulfill other course obligations.

HINDERING POLICY CHANGE: Under What Conditions Have Marriage Equality Policies Been Hampered in Latin America?

Since 1993, over a hundred bills have been submitted to National Congresses in Latin America, proposing a shift from restrictive to permissive marriage equality or same sex partnerships regulations. Only five of 19 countries have approved legal changes, and five have done so in courts. Extant research has focused on the explanatory factors of the positive policy changes, but few studies have examined cases of hampered policies. This article aims to identify under what conditions marriage equality, as a moral policy, has stalled in Latin America. It contributes to our understanding of policy non-decisions by offering a cross-national analysis and overcoming the limitations of “mirror” strategies that explain negative cases solely by the absence of factors associated with positive change. It highlights the importance of studying conditions conjunctionally. High levels of religiosity can significantly influence political decisions and may obfuscate religious cleavages, as left-wing parties also engage in moral discourse.

Religiusitas dan Toxic Friendship di Kalangan Peserta Didik

In modern times like this, teenagers are faced with pressure and influence from various sources, such as social media, western culture, and the surrounding environment. Religiosity has an important role, because religiosity can be a source of support, moral guidance and spiritual strength in facing life's challenges. Teenagers' level of religiosity will influence their behavior. If teenagers' level of religiosity is high, they will tend to show behavior that reflects religious life. On the other hand, teenagers with a low level of religiosity will show behavior that is less related to religious aspects. By understanding the field of religion, students are able to differentiate between friendship relationships that support individual growth and those that can hinder individual development. This arises because it can avoid detrimental friendships or what is usually called toxic friendship. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of religiosity on toxic friendship in students at Wachid Hasyim 10 Prambon Middle School. The research method used is quantitative with simple linear regression analysis. The data collection technique was through a questionnaire filled out by 200 respondents. The results of data analysis using SPSS show that the level of students' religiosity is in the high category with an average value of 178.35. Meanwhile, the level of toxic friendship is in the low category with an average value of 38.98. The normality test shows that the data is normally distributed with a sig value of 0.896 which is greater than 0.05. Based on the results of inferential analysis, there is a significant negative influence between religiosity and toxic friendship with a significance value of 0.000 which is smaller than 0.05, and tcount of -5.900 which is greater than ttable of 1.653. Religiosity influences toxic friendship by 15%, while 85% is influenced by other factors. This research concludes that the higher the level of religiosity of students, the lower the level of toxic friendship they experience. These results emphasize the importance of strengthening religious values ​​in an effort to reduce toxic friendships among students.

The Effect of State Minimum Wage Increases on CEO Compensation: Evidence of Labor Donation in Nonprofit Organizations

ABSTRACT In this paper, we test the “labor donation” hypothesis, which posits that intrinsically motivated individuals willingly accept lower compensation to work in nonprofit organizations (NPOs). We do so by examining the response of NPO CEO compensation to exogeneous increases in labor costs resulting from state-level minimum wage hikes, finding these increases are followed by declines in CEO compensation. Consistent with the labor donation hypothesis, we find the declines in compensation are larger for CEOs who we expect to have greater intrinsic motivation, i.e., those whose NPOs are headquartered in counties with higher levels of religiosity, in counties with greater levels of social capital, and those who work for a local NPO as opposed to a national NPO. In contrast to the decline in compensation we observe for NPO CEOs, we do not find an impact on for-profit CEO compensation. JEL Classifications: G3; J33; J38; L3; L3.

AFTER ATHEISM: A SOCIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

The fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, the processes of nation building in five Central Asian states have changed the status of religion in these post-soviet countries. The religious freedom is recognized as one of the fundamental humans right in the Republic of Kazakhstan. This essay aims to highlight a unique form of secularism in Kazakhstan, one that is based on the low level of everyday religiosity and evidence that the eventual expansion of Islam in the physical and spiritual spaces does not negate the influence of established secular cultural attitudes. This study examines Kazakh religiosity through a comparative examination of World Values Survey data from 2011 and 2018. The examination of the features of religiosity and the proposition of the distinction between a believer and a religious person define this paper’s subject. The empirical data indicates that Islam has the capacity to transcend moral norms, despite the fact that the majority of Kazakhs' national attitude does not align with Islamic religion in the twenty-first century. Finally, the study draws the conclusion that since most people in post-atheistic Kazakhstan continue to keep secular attitudes, state policy must preserve the secular character of the state while adjusting state-confessional relations to changing Kazakhstan's religious landscape.

The Importance Level of Islamic Tourism Attributes: Will Religiosity Distinguish?

Research Originality: How Islamic attribute fulfilment may influence Muslim tourists' preferences has been widely known. Yet, the way the model is examined the other way around is relatively scarce in halal tourism literature. The originality of this research lies in the model use in testing the effect of companion type and destination choice, moderated by different levels of religiosity, on Muslim tourists’ assessment of the importance of Islamic attributes in halal tourism.Research Objectives: This study aims to examine the effect of Muslim tourists’ preferences in terms of companion type and destination choice, moderated by their level of religiosity, on their assessment of the importance of Islamic attributes in halal tourism. Research Methods: Friedman and Cochran's Q non-parametric tests were conducted on 189 data collected online to examine the direct effects of companion type, destination choice, and religiosity on Muslim tourists’ assessment of the importance of Islamic attributes. Model 1 of the Hayes Process Macro with binary logistic was employed to examine the moderating effect of religiosity.Empirical Results: The results showed that companion type, religiosity, and destination choice significantly affected Indonesian Muslim travellers' assessment of the importance of Islamic attributes. However, the moderating role of religiosity was not observed.Implications: The findings have implications for Muslim travellers' decision-making literature and may offer better strategies for tourism businesses to attract and retain more Muslim tourists.JEL Classification: C14, C83, Z12, Z32How to Cite:Suci, A., Wiyati, R., Siregar, I. F., & Nanda, S. T. (2024). The Importance Level of Islamic Tourism Attributes: Will Religiosity Distinguish? Etikonomi, 23(2), 433 – 448. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v23i1.34369.

Religiosity and Health Outcomes in a Cohort of Romanian Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19.

There is a growing body of evidence for the interrelation between health status and religious beliefs. Our aim was to evaluate the level of religiosity in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and to assess the link between religiosity and measurable health outcomes.This was an observational, single-center study which included patients with moderate-to-severe forms of COVID-19.A total of 112 patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 77 were highly religious (CRS-15 score ≥ 4) and 35 non-highly religious (CRS-15 score < 4).There was no difference in demographics or prevalence of comorbidities between the two groups. Furthermore, we found no difference between groups in radiological extension of lung lesions, length of hospital stays, or ICU need; however, in-hospital mortality rate was significantly lower in highly religious group (1% vs. 14%, p = 0.005). Serum ferritin level at admission was significantly lower (p = 0.03) and prevalence of post-COVID-19 pulmonary sequelae significantly higher in highly religious group (p = 0.02).

The family transmission of religion in Canada: An intergenerational approach to religious socialization

This article seeks to measure the effect of parental socialization on the intergenerational transmission of religion and religiosity levels in Canada. Basing the analysis on the cohort replacement theory, the author is able to quantify the intergenerational change in religiosity. The use of a novel database – The Transmission of Religion across Generations – allows the author to demonstrate that there was an intergenerational decline in affiliation within all of the religious groups analysed (Catholicism, mainline Protestant, evangelical and Pentecostal, Islam, and ‘other religions’) and that the average level of religiosity is also decreasing. Among the socialization factors examined, only ‘talking about religion with certain family members’ and ‘the presence of religion in the household during childhood’ had a positive effect on the religiosity of the respondents. However, despite the positive effect of these indicators, the results reveal that their strength is not sufficient to reverse the overall trend of intergenerational religious decline and general secularization.

Counterfeit Cosmetics Perception Among Muslim Government Servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu, Kelantan

The objective of this study is to determine if there is a notable disparity in the perception among Muslim consumers regarding counterfeit cosmetic items in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu based on their level of religiosity and brand consciousness. A total of 219 questionnaires were gathered from Muslim government servants residing in Wisma Persekutuan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan through the simple random sampling technique, and the data were then subsequently examined using SPSS software. The study's results indicated a notable correlation between brand consciousness and the impression of Muslim government servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu regarding counterfeit cosmetics. Additionally, the results indicated that there is no significant correlation between religiosity in relation to the attitude of Muslim government servants in Wisma Persekutuan Kota Bharu regarding counterfeit cosmetics. This study enhances the existing literature pertaining to the research in the field of Halal cosmetics and offers valuable insights to authorities regarding the perception of counterfeit cosmetic products among Muslim consumers. These findings can assist authorities in improving the regulation of the halal cosmetic industry.

The moderating effect of religiosity between climate change anxiety and death anxiety among a sample of Lebanese adults

BackgroundAcknowledging the increasing worry over climate change and its psychological effects, the aim of this research is to clarify the dynamics between religiosity, climate anxiety and death anxiety, seeking to figure out the way religiosity mitigates the psychological effects of existential anxieties and climate related anxiety.MethodsUsing Google Forms, a questionnaire was developed and disseminated through a variety of messaging platforms, such as WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook Messenger. Through a snowball sampling technique, 763 participants were recruited in this cross-sectional during September 2023.ResultsThe subsequent variables were adjusted in the moderation analysis: age, gender, and place of living. The results suggested that religiosity levels moderated the association between climate anxiety and death anxiety (Beta = 0.02, t = 1.97, p = .05, 95% CI 0.001, 0.035). At low, moderate, and high levels of religiosity, higher climate anxiety was significantly associated with more death anxiety. In addition, at low levels of climate anxiety, individuals with higher levels of religiosity (22.66) had more decreased levels of death anxiety compared to those with lower levels of religiosity (11.99). As climate anxiety levels increase, inverted patterns can be observed, with highly religious individuals showing higher levels of death anxiety than those with lower levels of religiosity. Overall, the relationship between climate anxiety and death anxiety was found to be weakest at low levels of religiosity and strongest at high levels of religiosity.ConclusionOur findings suggest a possible beneficial effect of high religiosity at low levels of climate anxiety. This effect is reversed as climate anxiety starts to increase. Therefore, clinicians and policy-makers should bear in mind these complex interactions when designing strategies to mitigate mental health problems in the context of climate crisis.

Exploring patterns of evolution acceptance, evolution understanding, and religiosity among college biology students in the United States

BackgroundSome of the most consistent factors associated with college students’ evolution acceptance are how much they know about evolution (understanding), and the extent to which they identify as religious (religiosity). However, few studies explore how the relationship between understanding and acceptance can be impacted by student religiosity levels. Further, students show different levels of acceptance of evolution depending on the scale of evolution and context of evolution, but few studies explore how evolution understanding is related to acceptance at different scales and in different contexts. In this study, we analyzed survey responses from 11,409 college biology students sampled from across the United States. Using linear mixed models, we explored the relationship between students’ understanding and acceptance of evolution and how their religiosity impacted that relationship. We also explored how these relationships changed based on scale and context of evolution.ResultsWe found evidence of six different scales or contexts of evolution ranging from acceptance of microevolution to accepting that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor. We found that students were most likely to accept microevolution while they were the least likely to accept the common ancestry of life. Interactions between student religiosity and understanding of evolution were significant predictors of their acceptance of macroevolution, human evolution within the species, human common ancestry with other apes, and the common ancestry of life. Notably, among highly religious students, how much they understood about evolution was not related to how much they accepted the common ancestry of life.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for six different scales or contexts of evolution for which college students have different levels of acceptance. Students accepted the common ancestry of life the least indicating that this might be important to expand upon in future research. Further, we provide evidence that the relationship between evolution acceptance and understanding depends on scale and context of evolution as well as student religiosity levels. These results indicate that acceptance of evolution among college students is more multifaceted than previously thought and that highly religious students may find it particularly difficult to translate their understanding of evolution to their acceptance.

Religiosity Influences Legalization of Marijuana among Chaldean Americans.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Chaldean American perspectives towards legalization and moral acceptability of recreational and medicinal marijuana in the state of Michigan. An online survey was created and distributed through various social media groups, churches, and Chaldean organizations which resulted in a total of 637 respondents following the removal of respondents who did not meet criteria. The survey was open from March 20th, 2022 to April 20th, 2022. The independent variable was level of religiosity. The dependent variables were moral acceptability, opinion towards legalization of recreational and medicinal marijuana, and risk of cannabis use disorder. Logistic regression was used to estimate the strength of the association between the independent and dependent variables. Approximately 64% of the sample was female and 54.6% were between the ages of 21 to 29. Almost 80% of respondents reported high religiosity and 83.4% strongly or somewhat supported the legalization of medicinal marijuana. In addition, 85.8% felt medicinal marijuana was morally acceptable and 58.9% believed recreational marijuana was morally wrong. In the fully adjusted models, individuals who reported high religiosity (compared to low/moderate) were more likely to oppose legalization of recreational marijuana (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.46, 5.39) and believed that marijuana was morally wrong (OR = 2.36; 95% CI = 1.16, 4.78). This trend was not observed with medicinal marijuana. These findings have important implications in better understanding a traditionally conservative ethnic minority group in their attitudes towards marijuana and how religion influences their perspectives. Additional studies are needed to examine any changes in opinion overtime as this is the first study of its kind.

Factors affecting financial well-being: the mediating role of financial behavior towards religiosity and anti-consumption lifestyle – evidence from Indonesia

Research on financial well-being not only employs objective measures such as income, but also utilizes a psychological approach to measure subjective well-being, which is beneficial for alleviating stress stemming from financial conditions, enhancing overall mental health, and augmenting individuals’ quality of life. This study devises a metric for financial well-being, incorporating variables such as religiosity, anti-consumption lifestyle, and financial behavior through a quantitative approach using Structural Equation Model. The research model is examined using LISREL 8.0 for data analysis drawn from a questionnaire administered to 256 Muslim respondents. The research findings revealed that good financial behavior is the main key to achieving better financial well-being, with support from an anti-consumerist lifestyle towards such financial behavior. Meanwhile, religiosity does not significantly influence financial behavior. While religiosity can have a direct positive effect on financial well-being, it does not do so through the mediation of financial behavior. An anti-consumption lifestyle itself does not directly affect financial well-being without the help of mediating supportive financial behavior. The practical implications of these research findings suggest that financial education programs should not only focus on the aspect of religiosity alone, but also be practical and applicable to all individuals regardless of their level of religiosity.