Level Of Public Transport Service Research Articles

Evaluating Public and Private Transport of Lahore

The growth of urbanization, as a result, has led to a higher number of motor vehicles, due to which there has been a considerable increase in traffic volumes in recent years. The existing road capacity and service levels do not fully meet the current needs of commuter traffic and transport. Along with providing fixed route services, transit systems integrated with these services have become a necessity for the community. The research design includes selecting a case study area, Lahore. The means of systemization that have been adopted to achieve the objectives of the research carried out include topic selection, comprehensive literature review in the context of local and international scenarios, data collection covering primary and secondary, data analysis using Excel and SPSS software, interpretation of data and placement of appropriate proposals. The main result of this study is that by improving public transport safety and public transport management, people's preference for using public transport will increase. Also, public transport's cleanliness and service level will increase; hence, the preference for using public transport will increase. The research's recommended solution for the city of Lahore has been designed locally to meet the majority problem, as the solution must be low-cost, environmentally sustainable, and responsive to the social demands of the local community.

Bi-level optimization for customized bus routing serving passengers with multiple-trips based on state–space–time network

The emerging customized bus (CB) can serve personalized trip requests in a more flexible and convenient way, especially for passengers who have multiple-trip requests in a short time period. Considering the CB service for passengers with multiple trips (CSPMT), a loading-state-oriented state–space–time network-based bi-level programming model is proposed to optimize the routing of CBs, with the objectives of maximizing the operational profit and minimizing the travel cost, while considering the characteristics of multiple trips, time windows, capacity and mixed loads. Besides, a nested algorithm combining the genetic algorithm (GA) and the augmented Lagrangian relaxation-based dynamic programming algorithm is proposed. Then, the proposed model and algorithm are verified and analyzed through a Sioux Falls network and a Beijing sketch network. It can be found from the results that the method can optimize a CB routing plan for passengers with multiple-trip requests and for different network scales. The proposed bi-level model and corresponding algorithm can better adapt to passengers’ personalized trip requests, and promote a higher level of public transport service which will attract more residents from private cars to public transportation, ultimately reducing energy consumption and exhaust emissions, and promoting the sustainable development of modern metropolises.

Service evaluation of urban public transportation in Baghdad City

Public transport performance is an important tool for users and operators. It generally allows them to verify whether the service is provided efficiently and effectively, identify areas where performance improvement may be needed, ensure that the community and users are satisfied; and support decision-making. In this research, the public transport routes located in different areas in Baghdad were studied. Public transport lines are used daily by people because they pass through vital areas and serve all passengers, students, employees, and others for several purposes. Data were taken on different days and at peak hours for four routes. The service level of public transport relied upon Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 100 scales was adopted to determine the level of service for each route. The most important problems faced by each line were identified, and based on these problems, appropriate solutions were proposed as they are important lines that serve a large group of people.

Factors and Mechanism Affecting the Attractiveness of Public Transport: Macroscopic and Microscopic Perspectives

Enhancing the attractiveness of public transport is a key objective for transit agencies that seek to achieve sustainable urban mobility. This study identifies the key factors that affect the attractiveness of public transport from the macroscopic and microscopic perspectives and establishes a comprehensive influence mechanism. Weighted least square-Structural equation model (WLS-SEM) is used to quantify the microscopic factors. Conclusions are summarized as follows: ① the macroscopic factors include urban spatial layout, land use pattern, geographical environment, level of economic development, demographic characteristics, public policy, and service characteristics of public transport; ② the microscopic factors include traveler’s individual characteristics, travel demand characteristics, travel characteristics and service level of public transport; ③ service level of public transport most positively impacts the attractiveness, while the travel characteristics of public transport impact it most negatively.

The One E-Ticket Customized Bus Service Mode for Passengers with Multiple Trips and the Routing Problem

To alleviate the problems of traffic congestion, excessive energy consumption, and the environmental pollution caused by private cars, it is essential to use public transportation (PT). However, passengers making multiple trips in a short time period must repeatedly make travel mode choices, purchase tickets, and wait for buses for each trip, which may negatively affect their preference for PT. In order to improve the attractiveness of PT, especially for passengers requiring multiple trips in a short time period, this paper proposes the one e-ticket customized bus service mode for passengers with multiple trips (OECBSM-PMT) by customized buses (CBs). Besides, a CB-routing optimization model for the OECBSM-PMT is also developed in this paper, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming based on a vehicle routing problem with pickup and delivery and time windows (VRPPDTW). The model aims to maximize the profit and minimize the costs of operation with considering passengers with multi-trip requests, homogeneous CB fleets with pickup/delivery-time-window constraints, and mixed loads. A service effectiveness identification procedure based on genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to cope with the calculation considering the characteristics of passengers with multiple trips. Finally, the proposed model and algorithm are verified and analyzed using the case of the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games. It can be found from the results that the method can provide an optimized CB route plan and timetable, and the algorithm GA-I obtains better solutions than other solving strategies in most instances. The proposed OECBSM-PMT and corresponding optimized method can better adapt to diverse travel demands, significantly improve the convenience for passengers, especially those making multiple trips in a short time period and will eventually promote a higher level of public transport service.

Research on the strategy of improving the service capacity of district and county governments under the PPP model

The provision of public transport services through the PPP model is unquestionable and common. Since the implementation of the reform, the supply mode of public transport services in various places has become stable, and the clear division of labor between government and enterprises has ensured the stable and effective supply of public transport services. However, in districts and counties where the reform started late, there are still some obvious shortcomings in the process of improving the level of public transport services through the PPP model. The public transport reform in all districts and counties should also be led by the government to achieve moderate competition in the market. The government must work with enterprises to improve urban and rural public transport services. They should also unite with the masses, strengthen information disclosure and mass supervision, and ensure that the reform is in place.

Characterizing the public transport service level experienced by users: An application to six Latin American transit systems

We present a method oriented to determine indicators representing different dimensions of users' travel time, such as in-vehicle time and its variability. We focus the service level measurement on users, but not their subjective perception, since we build the indicators from objective data. We apply the method to six Latin American cities, which shows the method's flexibility to fit different available information collected from sources such as in-field measurements or electronic control systems for bus operations. The method's core is the selection of a representative sample of trips. We estimate the service level based on different variables (e.g., speed, frequency, travel time, and waiting time) for every sampled trip. The contribution of this work is the design and implementation of a methodology for service level evaluation. As a byproduct, we compare public transportation systems' levels of service in the studied cities.

Nonlinear Influence Model of Built Environment of Residential Area on Electric Vehicle Miles Traveled

In this study, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) and ordinary least squares (OLS) models were constructed to systematically ascertain the influencing factors and electric vehicle (EV) use action laws from the perspective of travelers. The use intensity of EVs was represented by electric vehicle miles traveled (eVMT); variables such as the charging time, travel preference, and annual income were used to describe the travel characteristics. Seven variables, including distance to the nearest business district, road density, public transport service level, and land use mix were extracted from different dimensions to describe the built environment, explore the influence of the travel behavior mode and built environment on EV use. From the eVMT survey data, points of interest (POI) data, urban road network data, and other heterogeneous data from Chongqing, an empirical analysis of EV usage intensity was conducted. The results indicated that the deviation of the GBDT model (9.62%) was 11.72% lower than that of the OLS model (21.34%). The charging time was the most significant factor influencing the service intensity of EVs (18.37%). The charging pile density (15.24%), EV preference (11.52%), and distance to the nearest business district (10.28%) also exerted a significant influence.

Analysis of Bus Line Operation Reliability Based on Copula Function

To promote the development level of urban sustainability, more and more cities have been paying attention to the improvement of public transportation. City managers intend to attract people from private cars to public transport by improving the service level of urban public transport. The operational reliability of bus lines plays a crucial role in maintaining high-level service of public transportation. Previous studies have focused on the service level of the whole line by investigating the overall stability of departure punctuality, line running time, and punctuality. This study aims to clarify the relationship between the whole line and sites in terms of the influence on the operational reliability of bus lines. This study proposes a bus route reliability evaluation method, based on copulas connect function, and the actual line data are taken as a case study. The results show that the method reveals the relationship between the overall line and the interstation paths in the context of operational reliability. This study finds the interstation path, which is more critical to the whole line. This method can provide a good reference for the diagnosis and evaluation of line operation and the optimization of bus routes. The results can support the sustainable development of public transportation.

Evaluating Performance of Public Transport Networks by Using Public Transport Criteria Matrix Analytic Hierarchy Process Models—Case Study of Stonnington, Bayswater, and Cockburn Public Transport Network

To mitigate car traffic problems, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) issued a document that provides guidelines for sustainable development and the promotion of public transport. The efficiency of the policies and strategies needs to be evaluated to improve the performance of public transportation networks. To assess the performance of a public transport network, it is first necessary to select evaluation criteria. Based on existing indicators, this research proposes a public transport criteria matrix that includes the basic public transport infrastructure level, public transport service level, economic benefit level, and sustainable development level. A public transport criteria matrix AHP model is established to assess the performance of public transport networks. The established model selects appropriate evaluation criteria based on existing performance standards. It is applied to study the Stonnington, Bayswater, and Cockburn public transport network, representing a series of land use and transport policy backgrounds. The local public transport authorities can apply the established transport criteria matrix AHP model to monitor the performance of a public transport network and provide guidance for its improvement.

Support Development and Intermodal Transportation at Station to Help Reactivate The Cibatu-Garut Railroad

The implementation of sustainable transport systems has become a requirement in the policy and management strategies in handling the problems of not fully integrated transportation infrastructure network, transprotation service network and the level of public transport service in the development of a transportation network. As today, reactivation of the Railway line from Cibatu-Garut is being carried out, with the length of the Cibatu-Garut railway line being around 19.2 km. Some of the old stations used include Garut Station, Wanaraja Station and Pasir Jengkol.Station. From the results of data collection that has been carried out, it is necessary to increase the role of other public transportation as advanced transportation and increase accessibility and integration of public transport services at the transportation node (train station) by developing advanced transportation services and good modal transfer facilities. So that a sustainable transportation system will be done.

Spatial Access by Public Transport and Likelihood of Healthcare Consultations at Hospitals

As healthcare is a right in Canada, analyzing the distribution of spatial access to medical consultations, which are crucial for the prevention, diagnosis, and early treatment of illnesses, is fundamental to understanding health equity. Spatial accessibility can influence whether individuals can reasonably reach the services they seek. However, as an indicator of potential access, it does not guarantee realized access because of predisposing and need factors. This study examines the relationship between spatial accessibility to hospitals and the likelihood of consulting with a healthcare professional at a hospital in eight Canadian metropolitan regions while controlling for individual characteristics through multilevel regression modeling. Spatial accessibility was computed using the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method. Self-reported consultations and socio-demographic characteristics were obtained from the Canadian Community Health Survey. We found that the likelihood of consultations differed between genders (female OR: 1.133, CI: 1.023–1.255; compared with male) and followed a positive household income gradient (high-income OR: 1.236, CI: 1.094–1.397; middle-income OR: 1.039, CI: 0.922–1.172; compared with low-income), but is not influenced by age. Living in areas with higher spatial accessibility was positively linked to consultations (OR: 1.014, CI: 1.000–1.028), even after controlling for perceived health (OR: 0.540, CI: 0.471–0.621), chronic conditions (OR: 1.738, CI: 1.587–1.904), and having a regular doctor (OR: 1.313, CI: 1.187–1.452). Policies that may improve spatial accessibility to healthcare services through increasing supply, managing demand, and enhancing level of public transport service should be considered to improve individuals’ ability to consult healthcare professionals, potentially leading to better health outcomes.

The effect of public transport quality on car ownership – A source of wider benefits?

This paper discusses the potential impact of public transport service levels on car ownership and it is discussed whether this connection can be seen as a source of wider economic benefits that would ensue from improving the public transport system. To study the interrelationship between public transport demand and car ownership, a model is estimated using data from 21 Swedish counties from 1986 to 2015. It is concluded that car ownership is affected by the service levels in the public transport system, and that this effect results in additional benefits from improving the public transport system.

Determination of Level of Service for bus transit using method of successive interval scaling in Mumbai City

Study of commuters’ attitude towards public transport and their perception of existing service quality for different service attribute of public transport have gained immense importance for determining appropriate public transport service level. In this context, level of service (LOS) is identified as a vital tool to measure service quality, as per users’ perception, ranging from LOS A to LOS F which denotes ‘the best’ to ‘worst’ levels. However, the LOS existing benchmarks are defined as per the expert’s judgment. Method of ‘Successive Interval Scaling’ is used to develop LOS values for bus service as per users’ perception which converts ordered categorical scale into an interval scale. Service attributes are selected which are considered important for bus transit and LOS for each attribute is evaluated based on users’ opinion. The results obtained in this study for the city of Mumbai highlights the difference in LOS values between users’ perception and experts’ opinion given by Ministry of Urban Development in India (MoUD), India and the Transit Capacity & Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM).

Evaluation of Bus Accessibility Based on Hotspot Detection and Matter-Element Analysis

The paper aims to assess bus accessibility considering the matching between supply and demand for effectively optimizing the level and fairness of urban public transport service, which realizes the quantification of regional balance and accurate positioning the area with the worst balance. We firstly employ hotspot detection procedure based on taxi trajectory data and kernel density analysis to identify the travel sensitive areas, the heat values of which are deployed to represent travel demand spatial-temporally and evaluate weight factors for bus accessibility modeling. Matter-element theory is selected to establish multi-parameter evaluation model of bus accessibility, which has potential for solving incompatibility problems by systematically considering all factors. The correlations between accessibility indexes and heat value are deployed to evaluate weight factors rather than analytic hierarchy process or expert assessment method to improve subjectivity and dynamic updating. An index called the Level Ratio of Accessibility to Demand ( LRAD ) is addressed finally to quantify the balance between accessibility supply and travel demand of travel sensitive areas, which identifies the regional imbalance to assist the public transport system assignment. Xi’an, a large city, is selected as a case study for methodology verification. Bus accessibility degree of the whole city as well as its travel sensitive areas is evaluated by the matter-element model. It is found the bus transport accessibility of Xi’an is moderate level $(M_{3})$ . The LRAD results identify the priority-processing area with the poor balance between accessibility supply and travel demand, which is cross referenced with local urban plans for verification.

Design and Simulation of Urban Variable-route Bus

As a new mode of public transport service, variable-route bus service can further improve the service quality of urban public transit system, and will become an important part of integrated urban comprehensive public transit system. Therefore, this paper studies the operation scheduling model of variable-route bus, aiming at improving the service level of public transport and reducing the operating cost. Based on the theoretical research, the service area maximum width of variable-route bus is obtained according to the relationship between the system slack time and the travel time. Then a two-stage vehicle scheduling model which comprehensively considers the reservation demand and the dynamic real-time demand is proposed. The operation mode conversion model of variable-route bus and the conventional bus are further established, which provides powerful guarantee for the application of variable-route bus service. Finally, by designing simulation experiment, the comparison of relevant operation service parameters between variable-route bus and conventional bus is conducted. This paper aims to study the influence of variable-route bus to operation and scheduling, and provides a theoretical basis for the promotion and application of variable-route bus in China.

Does Regular School Transport Influence the Provision of Public Transport Services? Evidence From Norway

Basic education and public transport services are often provided by local or regional governments. In Norway, they fall within the remit of two different tiers of government, with public transport being the responsibility of regional government (fylke), while basic education (primary and secondary schools) is the responsibility of local government (kommune).
 Current efforts to consolidate and reorganize the school structure have yielded mixed results. On the one hand, such changes can help reduce public spending by exploiting economies of scale in the provision of education, for instance by having fewer and larger schools. On the other hand, they are likely to lead to cost increases by expanding the geographic coverage of school transport. Furthermore, transporting schoolchildren during peak commuting hours may exacerbate cost increases for regional governments.
 Our paper examines the cost effect of changing the school structure with respect to transport provision. Applying econometric analysis to panel datasets at the municipal and regional levels, we seek to identify the impact of the number of pupils and school size on the costs of providing school transport. We combine these data with data on transport provision to look at the effects of school-related transport on costs and competitive tendering in public transport. We show that a school closure can increase the cost of providing public transportation both by increasing the cost of maintaining the current level of public transport services and by necessitating the expansion of the supply. The empirical results indicate that municipalities’ economic gains from school consolidation generally outweigh the corresponding cost increases related to the provision of public transport.

Architecture Design of China National Urban Transit Database

Transport policy making process of national and local governments should be supported by a comprehensive database to ensure sustainable and healthy development of urban public transport. China National Urban Transit Database (CNUTD) has been built to play such a role. This paper is to make an introduction of CNUTD framework including different user’s demands, sustainable data exchange mechanism from different level and application modules. Considering the urban transport development features of Chinese cities, sustainable urban transport development indicators are proposed to evaluate public transport service level in Chinese cities. The application of CNUTD in monitoring sustainable transport development in China is introduced in this paper as well.

Road Traffic Safety in Latvia

The article discusses development trends in road traffic safety indicators in Latvia. Changes in society and vehicle fleet after the regain of independence created new situation on the roads. More dynamic vehicle fleet allowed achieving higher average speed of the traffic flow. Reduction in the service level of public transport resulted in much higher use of cars which in turn led to increased traffic flow density. Currently the use of cars in Latvia and in particular in the rural areas has become an integral part of everyday life. It is obvious, that road traffic safety improvement is a complex and complicated task. Despite some achievements during past years, general road traffic safety situation in comparison to other EU countries has still relatively big improvement potential. The article is thus aimed at showing the influence of automobilization increase on road traffic safety level and discussing the reasons for improving road traffic safety level.

An Evaluation Method of Urban Public Transport Facilities Resource Supply Based on Accessibility

The two indices of the supply level of urban public transport facilities resource and the public transport-private cars traveling time ratio are used to evaluate the public transport accessibility in urban networks. An evaluation method for urban public transport facilities resource supply is proposed based on accessibility by taking Shenzhen as the research area and by using the London PTAL evaluation system. The method takes into account the walking time outside the public transit station and the spatial layout of public transit stations, reflects regional development opportunity, and can reflect regional differences regarding public transport facilities resources in various spatial scales. This paper evaluates the relative service competiveness of public transports and private cars in the entire travel of individuals based on the public transport-private cars travelling time ratio, which lays a foundation to judge the service level of public transport and to make a purpose-specific transportation policy and public transport development scheme.