Readiness Level Research Articles

Main Stages and Results of the Development of Mobile Space Environment Simulation Facility “Metamorphosis”

Abstract This article presents the main stages and results of the project “Mobile Space Environment Testing Equipment Development of “Metamorphosis” Prototype for Transportation Intermodal Traffic”. For successful implementation of the project, the project has been divided into four stages: 1) Design calculations and design documentation for the design elements of the prototype; 2) Prototype software development; 3) Manufacturing of construction details and prototype assembly; 4) Industrial research and prototype testing. The goal of the project is, based on industrial research, to develop a prototype of the Mobile Space Environment Test Facility (MSTF) “Metamorphosis” transported in an intermodal environment, and to achieve the level of scientific and technical readiness of MSTF from TRL2 to TRL4 (by the scale of the European Space Agency (ESA)) for further development of the project. This project is unique and has no comparable analogues, as all existing test facilities are stationary. The project is implemented by Riga Technical University in cooperation with Cryogenic and Vacuum Systems Ltd.

The current status of primipara’s childbirth experience and its correlation with their reproductive intention: a cross-sectional survey study

BackgroundThe childbirth experience of primipara profoundly impacts her future physical and mental health, reproductive intention, and choice of childbirth mode. This study aimed to explore the current situation of primipara’s childbirth experience, to analyze the factors influencing negative childbirth experience, and to explore the relationship between childbirth experience and reproductive intention.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 522 primipara 1–5 days postpartum was conducted at five hospitals in Guangdong Province (May to July 2024). Data were collected using the General Information Questionnaire, the Social Support Rating Scale, the Childbirth Readiness Scale, the Caring Behaviors Inventory Scale, the Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire, and the Questionnaire on Reproduction Intention of Primipara.ResultsThe mean score of fear of childbirth was 68.86 ± 17.68. A total of 137 respondents met the clinical criteria for fear of childbirth (≥ 85 points), indicating that 26.2% of primipara had a negative experience of childbirth. Binary logistic regression model showed that elderly primipara [odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 11.167 (2.737–45.559)], pregnancy comorbidities or maternal childbirth complications [OR (95%CI): 6.596 (3.046–14.287)], childbirth intervention [OR (95%CI): 6.168 (2.869–13.258)], and severe pain [OR (95%CI): 4.660 (2.197–9.882)] were risk factors for negative childbirth experience. Childbirth accompaniment [OR (95%CI): 0.081 (0.018–0.368)], high level of social support [OR (95%CI): 0.768 (0.704–0.839)], and high level of childbirth readiness [OR (95%CI): 0.878 (0.812–0.950)] protected against a negative birth experience. There was a negative correlation between the fear of childbirth score and reproduction intention scores.ConclusionsChildbirth accompaniment and high levels of social support and childbirth readiness can reduce primipara’s perception of negative childbirth experience. Negative childbirth experience can reduce reproduction intention.

The Effect of Different Education Methods Before Invasive Urodynamics on Patients’ Anxiety, Pain, Readiness and Satisfaction Levels: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Urodynamic testing is an invasive procedure that causes pain and anxiety. Patient education is an evidence-based nursing intervention that relieves pain and anxiety and increases patient satisfaction. This study was carried out to compare the effects of different education methods utilized before a urodynamic testing procedure on patients' pain, anxiety, readiness for the procedure, and satisfaction. The study is a randomized controlled clinical trial. Participants (n = 80) were randomly assigned to four groups. While patients in the control group were provided with routine clinical information, patients in the intervention group were given education with brochures, videos, and brochure-supported videos. The research data were collected by using a Data Collection Form with items about participants' descriptive characteristics, the Visual Analog Scale, and the State Anxiety Inventory. It was determined that pain expectation before urodynamics and the severity of pain during urodynamics were lower in intervention groups than in the control group. Pain expectation before urodynamics was lower in the brochure-supported video education group than in the brochure education group. Anxiety levels were lower and satisfaction levels were higher in the video education and brochure-supported video education groups than in the control and brochure education groups. Of the methods utilized, it was determined that the most effective one was brochure-supported video education as it affected all parameters positively.

MIDWIFERY SERVICE MANAGERS’ READINESS FOR PREVENTION OF OBSTETRIC VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA: A COMMUNITY READINESS MODEL

Obstetric violence is a public health problem that needs to be prevented at all levels to improve maternal and newborn health outcomes. The midwifery service managers, as custodians of patient care in maternity centres are in a prime position to develop and implement effective obstetric violence prevention interventions. This study explored the midwifery service managers’ level of readiness for the prevention of Obstetric Violence in three maternity centres at three separate hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria. Data was collected from six midwifery service managers as midwifery community leaders, using the adapted Community Readiness Model as a data collection tool. The Community Readiness Model scoring guide was used to score the six dimensions of community readiness. In addition, a thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data from their views on each of the six dimensions of the Community Readiness Model. The findings revealed an overall level of readiness for the prevention of obstetric violence among midwifery service managers was at level five which is the preparatory level. This means that the community has a modest readiness for Obstetric violence prevention, and it would be easier to develop sustainable prevention interventions for obstetric violence. Understanding the midwifery service managers’ level of readiness for the prevention of obstetric violence is important for governments and other stakeholders intending to develop obstetric violence prevention interventions that are contextually appropriate and acceptable to communities.

Ethical Benefits and Challenges in Insurance: Framework of Introducing Pillar IV Regulation to Solvency II

The paper delves into the concept of Pillar IV, which addresses the recovery, resolution, and orderly exit from the insurance market within the framework of Solvency II - an essential tool for insurers' supervision. While Solvency II has undoubtedly reduced the risk of insolvency for insurers, it hasn't eliminated it. Therefore, this research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of various market models and proposals from authorities to come up with the best possible solutions for recovery stages, mechanisms to be implemented in the case of economic non-viability of the insurer, and resolution mechanisms to ensure a seamless exit from insolvency. The article evaluates different resolution methods, weighing their benefits and challenges, considering the interests of consumers, and the roles of regulatory and resolution authorities. The authors suggest a set of best practices, solutions, and guidelines to implement a resolution through regulations, which can be used to establish Pillar IV and enhance the level of preparedness of insurers. The goal is to avoid the adverse systemic effects of a traditional bankruptcy, which could significantly impact consumers, the economy, and public funds. Keywords: Solvency II; Resolution; Insurance; Recovery; Bail-in

A life cycle assessment of CCU process to produce a nanocomposite from ethanol plant CO2 emission

The use of rubber septa for controlled release of semiochemicals has raised important discussions about their efficiency and environmental impact since they are composed of fossil raw material. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of the synthesis of a nanocomposite type calcium nanocarbonate/Kraft lignin (NC-CN-KL) obtained from CO2 capture aimed to quantify the environmental loads involved in the production process. The synthesis evaluated by the LCA was performed on a laboratory scale, since it is a synthetic route classified as technological readiness level 4 (TRL-4) and is in the study and development stage. The LCA was performed according to the principles of the ISO 14044/2006 series of standards, from 101.854 g of nanocomposite as a functional unit. The limitations of the study arose from its synthesis scale, absence of LCA data on the rubber septa and other nanocomposites. The results obtained in the LCA identified electricity and other energy generation processes as the largest contributors to environmental loads for all environmental impact categories studied and suggest that research should focus on these inputs when choosing the sources used in energy nanocomposite formulation processes. LCAs for this synthesis to obtain NC-CN-KL should be carried out on a pilot scale, and it is expected that this work will contribute to the formulation of the material and decision-making, especially regarding the choice of the energy matrix.

The Readiness Of Ips Teachers In Facing The Change In The Kurikulum Merdeka At Smp Negeri 1 Martapura

The ‘Merdeka Belajar’ learning system is a form of new policy in updating the previous curriculum or what is known as the 2013 Curriculum and in implementing it, of course, it requires careful preparation so that the obstacles that arise can be overcome properly. This study aims to determine the readiness of social studies teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Martapura in implementing independent learning. Data for this type of research was collected through documentation, interviews and observations. The results show that teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Martapura are ready to implement an independent curriculum. This research uses teachers' cognitive, physical and psychological readiness as an indication of their readiness level. Teachers' cognitive, physical and psychological readiness are indicative of the level of readiness.

Departmental case study of physics doctoral students’ perspectives of written qualifying exams

Little research in physics education focuses on graduate student experiences related to structural elements of their programs. This departmental case study examines the impact and perceptions of written qualifying exams (QEs) from a student perspective, following recent research which questions the role and utility of such exams. We conducted semistructured interviews with two physics doctoral students at a large research university before and after taking their QEs, capturing their expectations, preparedness levels, and apprehensions regarding the exam. We also conducted a survey of the rest of their student cohort one month before and one month after their exams to understand further variation in the students’ perspectives. The students’ experiences reflected substantial frustration with the nature and transparency of the QE process, as well as substantial negative emotional and mental impacts of the exams. The students’ experiences with the QEs are consistent with psychological responses to traumatic events. The responses further indicate that building trust and establishing transparency around the QE process, as well as creating emotionally and academically safe spaces that allow students to fail on exams and in coursework without the threat of punitive action, are important trauma-informed pedagogical strategies that faculty can use to support students through this process and help them build resilience. While we do not suggest that the current QE process in this department follows best practices for assessment, the students and faculty in this department do agree on the need for some kind of assessment indicating research readiness early in the graduate program; this provides a common perspective from which departmental change can begin. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Disaster Preparedness among Households in the Municipality of Pura, Tarlac: An Analysis

This research endeavors to evaluate the level of disaster preparedness among households in the Municipality of Pura, Tarlac, employing a quantitative descriptive research approach. A survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data from 112 household respondents, selected through random sampling across barangays most vulnerable to disasters. Data analysis, facilitated by SPSS analytical statistics software, focused on identifying trends and correlations between disaster preparedness levels and encountered challenges. The findings reveal both strengths and challenges in disaster preparedness. While emergency plans, risk awareness, and response capacity demonstrate commendable efficacy, deficiencies in emergency supplies, community engagement, and infrastructure persist. Correlation analysis underscores the positive relationship between proactive measures and mitigation of challenges, emphasizing the importance of investing in comprehensive disaster management strategies. Recommendations are proposed based on the research findings. Strengthening emergency supplies and resources through equitable distribution mechanisms and community collaboration is advised. Fostering greater community engagement and collaboration, enhancing emergency plans, and improving response and recovery capacity are also recommended. These measures, encompassing workshops, collaboration initiatives, and resource provisions, aim to empower households with the necessary knowledge and resources for effective disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. Implementation of these recommendations is crucial for enhancing disaster resilience and readiness in the Municipality of Pura, Tarlac. By addressing identified challenges and bolstering proactive measures, the community can better safeguard its residents and infrastructure against future disasters, ensuring their safety and well-being.

Analysis of The EwacsPro Auto Dispatch System in XYZ Company Using Technology Readiness Level (TRL) and Technology Acceptance Model 2 (TAM2) Adoption

Fleet Management System (FMS) is a system that quite good to manage the haul cycle and can be useful for reducing the idle time of the conveyance. The development of an FMS with an Auto Dispatch System (ADS) that utilizes digital information technology can make management easier. ADS is the system which has assignment logic systems for transport equipment, either directly suggesting to the operator through computerized systems or through dispatchers. XYZ Company developed its own ADS, called Early Warning & Control System Pro (EwacsPro), which has been tested on 1 of 4 total pits they have in ABC jobsite, using the LTE Communication network, which is the first in Indonesia. The problem behind this research is that the system has never been tested for readiness. This research aims to analyze, evaluate and explore the level of readiness of the EwacsPro system using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method and also analyze the level of operator acceptance of the use of the EwacsPro system adopting Technology Accetance Model 2 (TAM2) using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The research will provide recommendations to the XYZ management for improvements related to EwacsPro at ABC Jobsite so that it can provide benefits according to the technological design which has been made, using Business Model Canvas (BMC) tool. The EwacsPro system reached level 9 TRL with a fulfillment rate of 80%. There are 7 variables that significantly influence EwacsPro's Usage Behavior directly and 1 variable that significantly influences using 2 influencing moderator variables of the TAM2 analysis. The R-square test also shows that all values are above 0.75, which means that there is a strong influence from the measurement of the exogenous latent variable on the endogenous latent variable.

Readiness and Satisfaction with Online Learning Among Medical Students Undergoing Clinical Rotation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Online learning has become an important teaching method across academic programmes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Students’ readiness and satisfaction with online learning and their association with selected variables were examined. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students who undergo clinical rotation during restricted movement orders when face-to-face teaching and learning are converted into an online method. Participants were recruited conveniently by inviting students from targeted clinical years to fill up the Online Learning Readiness Scale (OLRS) and E-Course Satisfaction Scale (ECSS) distributed via the digital platform. One-hundred and eighty-three (n = 183) students in the clinical posting of Years 3 (33.9%), 4 (32.2%), and 5 (33.9%) completed the survey voluntarily. The majority were female (n = 142, 78%), with a mean age of 22.85 [standard deviation (SD) = 1.19]. Overall, they reported high readiness and satisfaction with online learning. A positive moderate to good correlation existed between readiness and satisfaction (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Readiness was significantly associated with age (β = 1.12, p = 0.037), type of clinical posting (β = –4.09, p = 0.003), online attendance (β = 0.45, p = 0.008), and learning duration (β = 3.44, p = 0.036). Only the duration of learning showed a significant linear relationship with satisfaction. Medical students reported high levels of readiness and satisfaction with online learning, despite heavily relying on this online learning mode to complete their clinical posting during the COVID-19 pandemic.

READINESS OF SCIENCE & MATH TEACHERS TO APPLY STEM TECHNOLOGIES IN PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES ACCORDING TO THE COGNITIVE CRITERION INDICATORS

The development of STEM education requires teachers to have knowledge in science and mathematics, comprehensive interdisciplinary knowledge, and the ability to integrate various fields of science, technology, and engineering into the educational process. That calls for new approaches to building teachers' readiness that involve the development of cognitive abilities, including the ability to analyze and critically think creativity, and the ability to innovate. In the article, we present a brief theoretical analysis of scientific sources of domestic and foreign scholars, which allowed us to clarify the concept of "readiness of teachers of natural and mathematical disciplines to use STEM technologies in their professional activities." Considering the approaches to determining the readiness criteria, the criteria are formulated, among which we single out the cognitive criterion, which characterizes the totality of knowledge and ideas about the nature of professional activity, professional knowledge, skills, and abilities to implement STEM in the educational process. The indicators of the cognitive criterion are highlighted: 1) "awareness in the field of STEM," which reflects the level of knowledge of the future teacher about current trends in the development of STEM education and technologies used in STEM projects; 2) "comprehensive interdisciplinary knowledge," which reflects knowledge of various disciplines of the natural and mathematical cycle, as well as an understanding of interdisciplinary connections within STEM and the ability of the future teacher to make connections. The methods of calculating indicators for determining the readiness levels of teachers of natural and mathematical disciplines to use STEM technologies in their professional activities are described. The results of the pedagogical experiment, which was processed according to the Student's criterion, are presented. It has been confirmed that the level of formation of the knowledge component of readiness according to the indicators of the cognitive criterion (awareness of STEM and the availability of comprehensive interdisciplinary knowledge) has positive dynamics in the experimental group.

디자인이 연구개발 성과에 미치는 영향 및 성공 사례 분석

The Technology Readiness Level (TRL), which is a research and development stage, is an indicator of the maturity of technology and is used to judge the progress of research and technology. As the TRL stage increases, the development is completed and the level of commercialization is nearing completion. During this process, design intervention is acting as an essential element in commercialization and technology transfer, unlike in the past. In particular, the definition of design concepts and detailed design elements must be made at the prototyping stage of TRL stage 3, which is very advantageous for future technology commercialization. Accordingly, we analyzed the impact and success factors of design by reviewing major domestic and international cases that achieved results through design in various research and development fields (6T) and research purposes. In addition, we investigated the contribution of design through interviews with experts in the field of advanced industrial technology (IT, ET, etc.) using the Good Design evaluation index. In particular, we specified the role of design applicable to each TRL stage based on the design process and presented specific methods such as the definition of design specifications. In conclusion, we have once again confirmed that recognizing the need for designers' active participation in R&D projects and establishing a convergence process centered on commercialization through design convergence are very important factors in creating R&D results.

Transition readiness assessment in Portuguese adolescents and young adults with pediatric-onset rheumatic diseases: a single-center study.

In this study, we aimed to assess the transition readiness levels amongst patients with childhood-onset rheumatic diseases. Additionally, we sought to identify and analyze predictive factors associated with better transition readiness skills in adolescent and young adult (AYAs) patients. This is a monocentric cross-sectional study that includes patients between 14 and 26 years of age who attended outpatient pediatric and young adult rheumatology appointments between October and December of 2023 and that were diagnosed with an immune-mediated rheumatic disease before reaching 18 years of age, with at least 1 year of disease duration. Patients were presented with a questionnaire that contained demographic and clinical questions, TRACS (Questionário de Preparação da Transição para a Autonomia nos Cuidados de Saúde) questionnaire - a validated Portuguese version of the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Data was analyzed to assess the significant associations between the different variables and transition readiness outcome measured by the TRACS. Descriptive statistics, statistical comparisons and logistic regression analysis were performed. A total of 69 patients with a median age of 20 [17.5-22.5] were included in this study. The median TRACS score was 4.41 [4.09-4.74]. Significantly higher TRACS scores were observed in patients who were female, 18 years of age or older, had a higher level of education, were employed, had active disease or that belonged to middle-class (when compared to patients belonging to upper- middle class). The logistic regression analysis demonstrated that being a female or having an educational status equal to 12th grade or superior emerged as predictors of higher transition readiness levels. Our study identified female sex and higher level of education as predictors of increased transition readiness levels. Therefore, healthcare providers should consider these variables when assessing patients for transition readiness and focus on improving transition process, especially in male and less educated AYAs.

Evaluating flood early warning system and public preparedness and knowledge in urban and semi-urban areas of Johor, Malaysia: Challenges and opportunities

Flood Early Warning System (FEWS) play a crucial role in mitigating the impacts of floods by providing timely information to the public, which is particularly important for flood-prone areas in the Malaysian State of Johor that have suffer significant damages and disruptions almost every year. This research presents an assessment into the current state of FEWS through expert interviews and consultations with the concerned department to understand the management and institutional status and challenges in employing FEWS. In addition, a total of 106 structured questionnaires were administered as part of the survey research to a sample of residents in urban Johor Bahru and semi-urban Kota Tinggi, two regions vulnerable to floods, to collect data on their level of preparedness and knowledge, and their perceived effectiveness of FEWS. The analysis revealed that 69.8 % of the respondents did not have any knowledge on the FEWS in their place, and 60.5 % respondents turn to social media to gain information on flood warning, occurrence and forecast. This study also evaluates the opportunity for the messaging application as an additional support system for FEWS. The research highlights and identifies the challenges and barriers to accessing and utilising FEWS. The study calls for the incorporation of messaging application, preferable WhatsApp to transmit early warnings to the end-users and to use their feedback in designing/redesigning the FEWS. The findings can inform policy and decision-making processes aimed at improving flood preparedness and response strategies, and contribute to the existing literature on FEWS in Malaysia and other similar regions.

An Update on the Waste Management of the Amazonian Açaí Berry for the Civil Engineering Sector

The rising demand for açaí berries in Amazonian Brazil and French Guiana generates a significant amount of waste, namely the fruit’s stone, which accounts for 80% of the dry fruit’s mass. Recently, various studies have explored the potential valorization of açaí waste in the civil engineering sector, including the functionalization of the fibers surrounding the stone and the multiphysics testing of composite materials based on açaí fibers and/or stones, treated or untreated. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of the existing techniques capable of reducing the environmental impact of both the cultivation and management of naturally occurring açaí. While the research to date is promising, it remains at the prototype stage, and the mass ratio of waste in composites, regardless of their type, limits addressing the underlying ecological problem of açaí waste processing. Further experimental investigations are required to improve the functionalization processes, enabling the use of higher proportions of fibers and/or stones in cementitious composites and their large-scale production.

The use of digital storytelling in the teaching of reading at a rural primary school

The myriad challenges confronting schools have stimulated proposals to adopt digital storytelling as both an innovative teaching strategy and learning resource. Due to inadequacy in reading skills of our school learners, language teachers have acceded to a proposal to use digital storytelling as a vehicle for curriculum delivery. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of the rural primary school teachers regarding the use of digital storytelling in the teaching of reading. To do so, the researcher employed a three-cyclical process of qualitative action research which involved pre-implementation, implementation and post-implementation stages. To gather data from five language teachers, interviews were used during pre-implementation phase, observations were conducted during the implementation phase, and document analysis and interviews were employed during the post-implementation phase. Results show that the teachers’ readiness levels in terms of technological skills, beliefs and attitude improved after attending the Digital Storytelling Workshop. The notable end-product of the Digital Storytelling Workshop was three digital stories that teachers developed by teachers. In sum, teachers demonstrated an adequate degree of readiness to adopt digital storytelling after the post-implementation phase. The positive outcomes of this action research study suggest that digital storytelling should be used as an innovative strategy to teach reading.

THE USE OF VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES IN MILITARY EDUCATION

The article examines the topical topic of introducing virtual reality technology into military education to increase the level of effectiveness and safety of training military personnel. In the context of the latest challenges to global security and rapid technological progress, the need to improve the quality of military personnel training has become extremely urgent. The purpose(s) of the article is to analyze the state, problems and prospects of introducing virtual reality into military education in order to increase the level of efficiency and safety of training military personnel. The advantages of using virtual reality technology in the field of military education are outlined, in particular, reproduction of close to reality combat scenarios, immersive simulations and optimization of team interaction. Having analyzed in the article modern approaches to military training and the shortcomings of classical methods, we singled out the prospects of using virtual reality to increase the effectiveness of the educational process, balancing the realism of the experience and the safety of military training. The introduction of virtual reality into the educational process of military education will require investments, the development of specialized software and the training of qualified instructors, although over time these efforts can increase the level of combat readiness of the armed forces. The conclusion of the article emphasizes that the introduction of virtual reality into military education should become one of the key decisions in the framework of the reform of military personnel training. The use of this technology helps to increase the level and speed of knowledge acquisition, the safety of military training and exercises, to develop key skills and readiness to act in a real combat environment. Investments in innovative technologies and the latest training tools are critical to maintaining the combat capability of the armed forces and the successful execution of combat missions. The results of the article will have important implications for commanders, military instructors, and researchers trying to improve the effectiveness and safety of military personnel training. They should be able to use the latest virtual reality technology for greater flexibility and efficiency of the educational process, which will help strengthen the combat capability of the military personnel of the armed forces.

Prospects of autonomous railway transport development

The implementation of unmanned train control systems offers a number of advantages, such as increasing the capacity of railway lines and traffi c volumes, reducing the ‘human factor’, as well as reducing operating costs. The paper considers the challenges arising from the use of automatic train control systems, and presents the prospects for the implementation of automatic technologies in railway transport for various railway systems. The social and economic aspects of changing professional activities in railway transport are described. Grades of automation applicable to surface urban railwaytransport are presented. The issues of proving the functional safety of machine vision systems as part of the train traffic control system and determining their level of safety completeness are discussed. Examples of railway transport automation in Russia and other countries are given. Basic scenarios of automatic control system operation describing normal and abnormal situations are formulated. In conclusion, the levels of technological readiness of the reviewed solutions in the fi eld of train traffic automation are defi ned. The tasks faced by railway companies in implementing these technologies are outlined, and possible ways of overcoming obstacles to the introduction of automatic systems are proposed, taking into account the current political situation.

Prevalence and perspective directions for correction of behavioral risk factors of cardiovascular diseases associated with unhealthy diet and low physical activity in young people

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. According to statistics from the American Heart Association (AHA), the prevalence of CVD among young people aged 20–39 years varies: 14.2% men, 9.7% women. Behavioral risk factors for CVD, in other words those related to lifestyle, include sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, overweight and obesity, and depression. These risk factors are modifiable and therefore there is great potential for reducing CVD risk through primary or secondary prevention. Young people are the most perspective group for primary prevention, since young people may be more susceptible to information influence. In addition to young people's awareness of CVD risk factors, the initial level of young people's readiness to make lifestyle changes plays a key role in reducing the risk of developing CVD.