Phonological Level Research Articles

FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS OF OMOMORPHEMES IN ENGLISH

The article is devoted to the study of one of the linguistic phenomena - homonymy in the morphological system of modern English. Homonymy at the level of morphemes is a linguistic homonymy subsystem. Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is widely used not only at the level of lexicology, but also at the level of morphology and phonology. The morphological system of the English language is one of the most complex layers of the language structure, and the affix system of this language is a set of morphological devices. In turn, a morpheme is the smallest structural unit that has a dual nature. The difference between a phoneme and a morpheme is that a morpheme is a unit of form and meaning. The article examines the affix system of modern English as a set of morphological devices. Five homomorphemes are the main focus of this study, and the functions and characteristics of these inflectional homonymous morphemes are studied and discussed in the article. The presence of an homomorpheme can cause difficulties in identifying certain grammatical events. Based on the study of theoretical and practical aspects of foreign and domestic linguists on inflectional homomorphemes in English, additional features of homomorphemes were identified and their new tasks were proposed. Thus, as a result of the homonymy of word-changing suffixes, individual forms of words belonging to different parts of speech may have the same appearance.

Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive dataset

AbstractThis paper presents theUralic Areal Typology Online(UraTyp 1.0), a typological dataset of 35 Uralic languages and a total of 360 features, mainly covering the levels of morphology, syntax, and phonology. The features belong to two different datasets: 195 features’ definitions originate from the Grambank (GB) database, developed for comparison of world language typology, whereas 165 features (UT) have been designed specifically to describe the typological variation within the Uralic language family. We present a series of analyses of the dataset demonstrating its scope and possibilities. The complete data set correctly identifies the main Uralic subgroups in a Principal Components Analysis, whereas GB data alone is insufficiently granular to detect this family-internal structure. Similar analyses limited to various typological subdomains also give variable results. A model-based admixture analysis identifies four distinct areas of historical interaction: Saami, Finnic, the Volga area and Ob-Ugric.

Analysis of The Meaning of Sylvia Plath’s Poems Which Reflected To Her Life and Death : A Language Stylistics Analysis

This research uses literary work as the object of research. The literary works analyzed in this research are five poems by Sylvia Plath entitled Daddy, Ariel, Poppies in October, Lady Lazarus, and Edge. The aims of this research to showing the languange features in Plath’s poem and revealing the meaning through languange features using in Plath’s poem. To find out the languange feature in the Plath’s poems it used level languange in Stylistics consist of phonologycal level and semantic level. The phonological level consist of alliteration, assonance, and consonance. And semantic level consist of simile, personification, methapor, imagery, hyperbole, and symbol.This research using pragmatic approach to revealing the meaning in Plath’s poems and features languange as a reference to help in finding meaning in each stanza of the poem. This research uses descriptive qualitative method and the technique use content analysis technique. This is because this research will analyses the all content in Plath’s poems.

З ІСТОРІЇ ІНДОЄВРОПЕЇСТИКИ: ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТОХАРСЬКИХ МОВ І ГЕНЕАЛОГІЧНА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЯ

The task of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the study of “dead” Tocharian languages in their connection with other Indo-European languages at all levels of the language system in linguistics of the XIX — early XXI centuries. It is noted that the discovery and study of Tocharian A and Tocharian B, qualified as centum languages, played an important role in improvement of the genealogical classification of Indo-European languages. The study of Tocharian languages are briefly described in the studios of W. Krause, W. Thomas, A. J. van Windekens, D. Q. Adams, V. V. Ivanov, T. V. Gamkrelidze, S. A. Burlak, etc. The connections of Tocharian A and Tocharian B with Celtic, Italiс, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Thracian-Phrygian, Hittite, Armenian languages are revealed. There is also traced Tocharian non-Indo-European influence of agglutinative language (W. Krause). The author of the article gives a brief description of the Tocharian languages at the phonological, lexical, morphological and syntactic levels. The archaic features of the Indo-European dictionary have been preserved in the Tocharian languages. It is concluded that the place of Tocharian languages among other Indo-European languages has not yet been clearly defined. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of the facts of Tocharian A and Tocharian B for researchers of other groups of Indo-European languages, to review a lot of statements of Indo-European studies.

An English Teaching Ability Assessment Method Based on Fuzzy Mean-Shift Clustering

This paper presents an in-depth study and analysis of the assessment of English teaching ability using the algorithm of fuzzy mean-shift clustering. The paper proposes an automatic scoring model for Chinese-English sentence-level interpretation based on semantic scoring. The automatic scoring model calculates candidates’ Chinese-English sentence interpretation scores by fusing the feature parameters at both the phonological and content levels. Adaptive weights are introduced to fuse the current pixel and the neighborhood mean with adaptive weighting, and the weighted entropy constraint term is embedded in the clustering objective function to solve the selection problem of the weighting parameters. Finally, the graphical fuzzy division information of the neighboring pixels is used to construct the local spatial information constraint term of the current pixel, and the graphical fuzzy division term of the current pixel is adjusted to correct the clustering center obtained from the iteration. Fluency is selected as the feature scoring parameter at the speech level, and the automatic scoring model directly scores the fluency features of the candidates’ recordings; two feature scoring parameters, keywords, and sentence semantics are selected at the content level, and the content features are scored after converting the candidates’ recordings to text by manual conversion. The zero-energy product method is used to extract speech features to calculate fluency feature scores; the semantic scoring model introduced in this paper is used to calculate keyword and sentence semantic feature scores; finally, the random forest algorithm is used to fuse the above three feature scoring parameters to obtain the total quality score of Chinese-English interpretation. Considering the correlation of neighborhood pixel affiliation, the KL scatter and affiliation space information is used to supervise the current pixel affiliation, to further improve the segmentation accuracy of the algorithm; finally, segmentation tests are conducted on synthetic images, medical images, and remote sensing images. The results show that the proposed algorithm has a stronger noise suppression ability and can obtain more satisfactory segmentation results than other robust fuzzy clustering algorithms.

Stylistic text characteristics of Mari folk fairy tales

Introduction. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to identify and describe the stylistic characteristics of the texts of folklore genres, as well as revealing the composition of the identified expressive means and figurative techniques of the Mari language. With a modern interest to the spiritual heritage of nations, the development of philological sciences, an analysis of the stylistic characteristics of the texts of Mari fairy tales can provide a more complete picture of the language and style of Mari folklore, which is an integral part of the system of functional styles of the Mari language. The article presents new data on the systemic nature of stylistic devices in the texts of folk tales. Materials and Methods. The empirical material is presented by 133 Mari folk fairy tales borrowed from various sources and considered from the stylistics within the framework of the theory of systems using a combination of general scientific (analysis and synthesis) and specific stylistic (semantic-stylistic, stylistic interpretation of the text) methods. Results and Discussion. The identified and described set of expressive and figurative means testifies to the wide variety of the components of folklore functional style, which is part of the system of styles of the Mari language. The algorithm for studying expressive means and figurative techniques in the texts of fairy tales presented in the article makes it possible to use the theoretical basis and methodological base in the study of texts of other folklore genres that belong not only to the Mari linguistic culture. Conclusion. The relevance and significance of the research is determined by the tasks set in it resulting in definition of new data on the systemic nature and components of the style of folk fairy tales. The main part of the system of stylistic devices is made up of expressive techniques of the phonological and syntactic levels of texts, supplemented by techniques of the morphological and lexical levels.

The effects of phonological content, sentence context, and vocoding on voice cue perception

Recently, we showed the effect of lexical content on just-noticeable-differences (JNDs) in voice pitch (F0) and vocal-tract length (VTL) voice cue perception. Participants performed an adaptive 3AFC task with non-vocoded and vocoded auditory stimuli. When presented with words, participants showed smaller VTL JNDs compared to time-reversed words, also when vocoding was applied. These outcomes inspired two follow-up studies using similar methods. The first study compared words, time-reversed words, and non-words, to investigate if the benefit is related more specifically to lexical (words) and/or phonological (non-words) content. Irrespective of vocoding, reversed words had a detrimental effect on VTL perception, replicating earlier findings. However, VTL JNDs with non-words did not significantly differ from those with words, suggesting linguistic content benefits for VTL perception at a phonological level. The second study compared JNDs with words and sentences and showed, again regardless of vocoding, a benefit in processing a full sentence compared to a single word in both F0 and VTL perception, suggesting that the amount of acoustic speech information and/or semantic context led to increased voice cue sensitivity. These results improve our understanding of the interactive speech and voice perception processes, inspiring rehabilitation tools for CI users with limited access to voice information.

ACQUISITION OF PHONEMES FROM PARENTS' SPEECH ACT TO CHILDREN AGED 3-5 YEARS IN MAMOLO VILLAGE, NUNUKAN REGENCY

This research is motivated by an interest in the process of language acquisition in children, especially at the phonological level, namely the acquisition of phonemes aged 3-4 years. This research study uses psycholinguistics and pragmatics. This study describes how acquiring phonemes for children aged 3-4 years in Mamolo village, Nunukan district is described in source from speech act the parents. The type of research used is qualitative research, namely by observing and taking notes. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that children aged 3-4 years have difficulty pronouncing consonant phonemes. The object has not mastered the phonemes /x/ and /z/ and has not distinguished the sounds /p/, /f/, and /v/. As well as the release of sounds such as the phoneme /s/ becomes /c/ in [pain] becomes [cakit].

Influence of Mother-Tongue On English Language Use Selected Mother-Tongue Factors Affecting English Language Usage, A Case Study of Ikom Local Government Area

Over the years, English Language has been accorded a very high prestige in Nigeria.The status and functions given to English in Nigeria has made it become imperative for every Nigerian citizen to learn how to speak, read and write the language. This is as a result of the pluralistic linguistic situation of Nigeria which has made it impossible for national language. This accounts for why English has been allotted prestigious domains of use in Nigeria. This study was undertaken to investigate and shed more light on the effect that mother-tongue influence has on spoken English in Nigeria. The focus of this study is on selected mother-tongue factors affecting English language in Nigeria. In order to manipulate variables properly to achieve tenable results, this study will focus on the phonetic and phonological levels of mother-tongue interference. 150 Ikom learners/users of English were sampled from SSS3 students selected from three secondary schools in Ikom Local Government Area, Cross-River State, where Ikom is their native language. Tape recorders and smart recorders were instruments of data collection alongside (phonetic) articulation tests. The technique employed in the analysis of data was descriptive and quantitative. The sources of data were relevant textbooks, magazines, journals, libraries (online and offline) and the internet. The findings revealed that, the mother-tongue of Ikom learners/and users of English negatively influences their spoken English, significantly in their articulation of English consonants, vowels and consonant clusters; and suprasegmentals such as stress and intonation.

Consonant, vowel and lexical neighbourhood processing during word recognition: New evidence using the sandwich priming technique

ABSTRACT Studies on French adults using a written lexical decision task with masked priming, in which targets were more primed by consonant- (jalu-JOLI) than vowel-related (vobi-JOLI) primes, support the proposal that consonants have more weight than vowels in lexical processing. This study examines the phonological and/or lexical nature of this consonant bias (C-bias), using a sandwich priming task in which a brief presentation of the target (pre-prime) precedes the prime-target sequence, a manipulation blocking lexical neighbourhood effects. Results from three experiments (varying pre-prime/prime durations) show consistent C-priming and no significant V-priming at earlier and later processing stages (50 or 66 ms primes). Yet, a joint analysis reveals a small V-priming, while confirming a significant consonant advantage. This demonstrates the contribution of the phonological level to the C-bias. Second, differences in performance comparing the classic versus sandwich priming task also establish a contribution of lexical neighbourhood inhibition effects to the C-bias.

Analisis Bahasa Anak pada Usia 2 Tahun dari Aspek Fonologi, Morfologi, Sintaksis, dan Semantik

Mother tongue is the first language mastered by humans since the beginning of their life through interaction with fellow members of the language community, such as family and the environmental community. This shows that the first language is an initial process obtained by children in recognizing sounds and symbols called language. The process of language acquisition also develops with increasing age of children, from months of age to years of age, but what is discussed in this study is the age of 2 years 6 months in which the language process has begun to be clearly seen in the vocabulary spoken by the child. This study aims to determine the language acquisition of children aged 2 years 6 months at the level of phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. This research is expected to be one of the information materials in terms of research on language acquisition. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method with a case study approach. Through this qualitative method, the fathian phonetic system will be described at the age of 2 years and 6 months.

Towards a Complex Theory of Writing: The Case of Aztec and Mixtec Codices

The aim of this paper is to propose the elements of a new theory of writing and writing systems. It concentrates on the decades-long controversy about whether to consider the highly pictorial communication system present in Aztec, Mixtec and other non-Maya Mesoamerican pictorial codices as writing. After exposing the history of this controversy and the problematic elements in contemporary grammatological and semasiographic visions, I propose to treat Aztec and Mixtec writing as complex systems which depict language through bottom-up strategies (logograms and/or syllabograms, which are signs that try to represent the morphological and phonological levels of language), and top-down strategies (pictography, which is a semantic depiction aided by contextual inferences grounded in pragmatics), strategies that roughly correspond to the bottom-up and top-down language processing operations. Based on this idea, I propose that semiotic writing strategies are possible, and that writing should not be seen as a mere surrogate of phonetics: this vision could solve the long-standing question of why writing systems that developed phoneticism seem to start in a non-phonetic stage that is still treated, in an unclear way, as ‘proto-writing’.

ПАВЛО ЖИТЕЦЬКИЙ: ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ В ЗАГАЛЬНОСЛАВІСТИЧНОМУ КОНТЕКСТІ

Frontal study of Slavic studies of the 19th century – 30s of XX century testified: the problem of the relationship between vocalism and consonantism in the history of Slavic languages (based on Ukrainian language material) was presented by the Ukrainian linguist Pavlo Zhytetskyi. P. Zhytetskyi put forward a concept within which each considered phonological phenomenon occupies a certain, logically justified place; it is organically included in the general concept, derives from it. According to P. Zhytetskyi, a certain phonological change (the decline of reduced vowels) is the cause of a number of other phonological changes: the decline of reduced vowels as a key process in the «prehistory» and history of the phonological systems of East Slavic languages causes a «chain reaction» in the corresponding vocal and consonant subsystems. P. Zhytetskyi’s thesis that in Slavic languages and their history «poor» vocalism is combined with «rich» consonantism and vice versa, laid the foundations of the historical typology of Slavic languages (on the phonological level) and proved to be very productive in linguistics of the 20th century. It became the basis for the division of Slavic languages into two types – vocalic and consonantal, which were interpreted both in the synchronic and in the diachronic aspect (А. Isachenko, K. Gorshkova, V. Ivanov, V. Kolesov). P. Zhytetskyi reconstructed systems of archetypes and systems of phonetic laws with a similar mechanism (united by a common cause). Thanks to this, the history of the phonetic system of the Ukrainian language in the interpretation of P. Zhytetskyi appears as a chain of causally connected phonetic processes at the level of subsystems (vocalism and consonantism) and signs of sounds (strength and weakness, deafness and sonority, hardness and softness of consonants). This led to the fact that the concept of the connection between vocalism and consonantism in the history of the Ukrainian language by P. Zhytetskyi retained its relevance in comparative-historical and typological linguistics of the 20th century – the beginning of the 21st century.

MELANCHOLIC ORIENTATION OF THE POETRY “NEUTRAL TONES” BY THOMAS HARDY

A large number of scientific works are devoted to the interpretation of aesthetic ideas of the poetry collection “Wessex Poems and Other Verses” (1898), and less attention is paid to each poem separately. The relevance of the study is due to the small number of works in Ukrainian and foreign literature on linguostylistic analysis of the lyrics “Neutral Tones” by Thomas Hardy with further substantiation of late Victorian English literature features. Therefore, the aim of this work is to study the dynamics of imagery in the work of art “Neutral Tones” and the embodiment of ideological and artistic ideas of the artist with phonics, stylistically coloured vocabulary, complex syntactic structures etc. The methodological basis of the study is the literary-critical works devoted to the study of the peculiarities of linguostylistic analysis of the literary text and foreign works of English researchers who investigated poetic works by T. Hardy through the prism of the poet’s private life. The method of scientific analysis and synthesis, the method of comparison, generalization and identification, historical-literary and system-functional methods were used in the scientific paper. This study showed that T. Hardy’s poem “Neutral Tones” has a gloomy tone that contrasts with hope. This is a characteristic feature of Victorian realistic texts. Feelings of melancholy and sadness are embodied in the depiction of the theme of separation through unhappy love. Within poetry technique T. Hardy experiments with size, feet, rhyme and line length. At the phonological level, the phenomena of alliteration and assonance influence melody structure and appeal to the recipient’s sensory perception. T. Hardy conveys the meaning and descriptions, by taking into account the denotative and connotative meaning of the word, as he uses different stylistic devices. At the syntactic level, a stanza is basically a complex sentence with subjunctive, conjunctive and/or incoherent connections, where there is a game with structural elements. In this way, we highlighted the main features of the poetry poetics and the tropics of “Neutral Tones” which characterize Thomas Hardy’s poetry individual style.

Stylistics Analysis Of National Geographic Magazine’s Cover June Edition

This research presented the Stylistics analysis of National Geographic magazine’s cover June edition. The magazine was chosen because it is one of the magazine's newest issues by the time the researcher conducting this research. The Stylistic approach was employed to understand and reveal the magazine editor's purposes in using specific language and visual features. Considering this research analyzes visual feature; therefore, the theory of visual grammar was employed. To achieve the analysis's goal, the researcher analyzed the language features from three language levels and a feature from visual grammar. In the level of phonology, the features are assonance, alliteration, and consonance. In the level of graphology, the features are italicization, uppercase, and lowercase. In the level of typography, the features are font size and the position of the text. In the visual grammar, the feature is distance. The researcher found that the language and visual features are used in purposes. They were used to give some effects to the reader that can attract them to read the magazine. In conclusion, the stylistics was proven in revealing the editor’s purposes of using language and visual feature in the magazine cover. Keywords: stylistics, visual analysis, magazine cover

Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa dalam Menulis Teks Pidato Bahasa Arab Siswi Kelas 5 Pondok Modern Arrisalah Ponorogo

This study aims to describe and explore: 1) Forms of language errors, 2) Factors causing language errors, 3) Efforts that can be made to minimize language errors in writing Arabic speech texts for grade 5 students. This study uses a qualitative content analysis approach. on language errors in 3 samples of Arabic speech texts for 5th grade Arrisalah Islamic Boarding School students in the 2019 Academic Year. The results showed language errors at the phonological level, morphological level, syntactic level, and semantic level. Factors that cause language errors that affect these errors are: mother tongue interference, inability to obey Arabic rules, compulsion to use Arabic, and ignoring penalties for language violators. Solutions to minimize errors are: nahwu and sharaf learning innovation, referring to Arabic mu'jam, adding insight into Arabic and improving language skills, being serious in writing speech texts, motivating students to be enthusiastic in using Arabic holding ishlah al-lughah and activities with Arabic themes, as well as increasing discipline in the use of language.

Consonant and vowel transposition effects during reading development: A study on Italian children and adults.

Recently, Colombo, Spinelli, and Lupker, using a masked transposed letter (TL) priming paradigm, investigated whether consonant/vowel (CV) status is important early in orthographic processing. In four experiments with Italian and English adults, they found equivalent TL priming effects for CC, CV, and VC transpositions. Here, we investigated that question with younger readers (aged 7-10) and adults, as well as whether masked TL priming effects might have a phonological basis. That is, because young children are likely to use phonological recoding in reading, the question was whether they would show TL priming that is affected by CV status. In Experiment 1, target words were preceded by primes in which two letters (either CV, VC, or CC) were transposed versus substituted (SL). We found significant TL priming effects, with an increasing developmental trend but, again, no letter type by priming interaction. In Experiment 2, the transpositions/substitutions involved only pairs of vowels with those vowels having either diphthong or hiatus status. The difference between these two types of vowel clusters is only phonological; thus, the question was, "Would TL priming interact with this factor?" TL priming was again found with an increasing trend with age, but there was no vowel cluster by priming interaction. There was, however, an overall vowel cluster effect (slower responding to words with hiatuses) which decreased with age. The results suggest that TL priming only taps the orthographic level, and that CV status only becomes important at a later phonological level.

Storing and Retrieving Information in the framework of the Phonemic Spectrum Theory

This research is entitled (storing and retrieving information in the framework of the phonemic spectrum theory), and its analysis focuses on the perception mechanism and the production and representation of speech sounds within the internal components of the mind. It means producing sounds, storing them and then retrieving them from mental memories. The level of phonology, but these sounds within their wavelengths are converted into white light compounds and connections, in terms of the surface feature, but in terms of their verbal features they are hidden and retain features that distinguish them from others. This research is divided into two main sections: The first section is devoted to the introduction of the theory of the night and the history of the uprising, and the definition of each of the sounds, speech, and language according to this theory. The second section deals with how to store and retrieving sounds. also in the second section the phonemic features are discussed, as a basis for the separation of the sounds. in concludes with representing most important results and laying out the references.

Assonance and alliteration in the introductory lines of english translations of the bosniak ballad “Hasanaginica”

Within the methodological framework of a phono-stylistic analysis, with respect to one of its two main aspects, this paper offers an analysis of assonance and alliteration in English translations of the Bosniak ballad "Hasanaginica". Taking into account the limited scope of this paper, we analyzed these figures of sound on the examples of introductory lines of the Slavic antithesis. The quoted lines are representative with respect to the aim of the paper. The paper emphasizes the importance of adequate translation of these phonetic and phonological figures as stylistic dominants, in whose microstructures the very literariness of the oral ballad is reflected. The paper seeks to detect, describe and explain the phono-stylistic similarities and differences between the original text and its English translations in order to shed light on the effects that a particular text exerts at the phonetic and phonological level of expression. Thus, aiming to raise awareness about the importance of style in translation, the paper further confirms the value of the results obtained by a properly conducted phono-stylistic analysis of the text. Keywords: phono-stylistic analysis, figures of sound, assonance, alliteration, English translations of Bosniak ballad "Hasanaginica".

The concept of “Linguistic structure” as the basis of the Methodic for analyzing Vocal Composition

Relevance of the study. In the art vocal music of the second half of the 20 th — early 21st centuries the approaches to the selection of verbal texts are changing, they become the fundamental principle of musical works. The variety of verbal lines gives rise to a variety of composer’s work with them. Composers offer different, including previously unused, ways of working with a verbal text. In this regard, it is necessary to find new methods for the analysis of modern compositions, because traditional methods are no longer suitable for such material.
 The purpose of the study. The using of the concept of linguistic structure for the analysis of modern vocal scores and its approbation on the example of “Choven” (“Boat”) for three voices a cappella by Alla Zagaykevych is proposed.
 Methods. The article is based on general scientific and especially scientific methods. Among general scientific methods descriptive, comparative, systemic ones are applied. Among special scientific methods structural and functional ones are used.
 The results and conclusions. The conception of “language structure” was developed in structural linguistics and is now common in linguistics. It is based on the consideration of verbal language as a holistic system, which is divided into four tiers: phonological, morphological, lexicalsemantic and syntactic. Each tier has a main element, which is the smallest component in its layer. The composer, choosing a specific verbal text, works with it, applying changes at different language levels, which leads to individualization in the interpretation and sound embodiment of the verbal source. Based on the concept of language structure, a method of analysis of a modern vocal work is proposed, which in the article finds approbation on the example by Alla Zagaykevycs work “Choven” [“Boat”] on the text by Mykola Vorobyov’s poetry. It is proved that the composer works only on three language levels: phonological, morphological and lexical-semantic. It was found that when the composer is working at the phonological level it is important to highlight a separate phoneme, presenting its sound color. At the morphological level, the key is the morpheme, which becomes the main expression of the image. If M. Vorobyov works only at the lexical-semantic level, then A. Zagaykevych develops two other levels (phonological and morphological), based on the fact that the lexeme is a combination of smaller quantities. To identify the core of the lexeme, the composer breaks it down into smaller details: from the most important lexeme “choven” the phoneme “ch” stands out, which becomes the core of the whole composition.