Level Of Motor Development Research Articles

Avaliação do perfil motor em crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA)

Foco temático. Uma das principais comorbidades associadas ao autismo em crianças relaciona-se diretamente ao déficit do desempenho motor como resposta ao movimento. Crianças com TEA apresentam uma série de alterações motoras, com atrasos na coordenação, resultando em déficits na aprendizagem de habilidades motoras finas e complexas. Objetivo. Avaliar o perfil motor de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Método. Trata-se de um estudo clínico, observacional, transversal, prospectivo, quantitativo e descritivo. A pesquisa foi realizada com 20 crianças com diagnóstico de TEA, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 05 e 11, em uma Associação em Teresina-PI. Para a realização do estudo utilizou-se a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (EDM), que compreende provas diversificadas e de diferentes dificuldades que permitem avaliar o nível de desenvolvimento motor. Resultados. Os resultados revelaram diferença significativa entre a idade motora e a idade cronológica, com nível de desenvolvimento motor inferior e muito inferior. Conclusão. Foi possível observar que crianças com TEA apresentam idade motora geral inferior à idade cronológica.

Does physical education foster skill acquisition in novices from childhood to adolescence?

The goal of this study was to examine age and gender-related differences in quantitative and qualitative throwing performances of novices across a lifespan six to 16 years of age. Quantitative and qualitative throwing performances of 110 participants were evaluated in a controlled setting. The overall throwing movement was also sub divided into five essential movement characteristics: trunk, forearm, humerus, stepping, and backswing actions (Halverson & Roberton, 1984).The participants had to throw as hard and accurate as possible aiming a target on the wall. Each trial was videotaped for qualitative data analysis which has been conducted by using a modified component approach. The present findings show that across the three age bands, novices stagnated on a low level of movement development. Also, gender differences in the development of the throwing movement characteristics were found for the age band childhood and in some features gender differences were sustained throughout the examined age bands until adolescence. Within the novices, higher performance values in favour of male were found during childhood for trunk, forearm, and backswing actions, and in the quantitative performance-measure. Within the pubescence, gender differences existed only for trunk action and within the adolescence only for backswing action. There were no progress in throwing movement characteristics between the various levels of motor development. Thus, no improvement of the throwing movement quality and accuracy (quantity) could be recognised, which is calling for improvements in physical education. Compared with athletes in the same age, in contrast a study by Gromeier, Koester, and Schack (2017) show that with increasing age, qualitative performance of male and female athletes improves and furthermore it can be seen that male and female athletes demonstrated similar movement patterns in the main function phase. That raises questions concerns issue of physical education.

Motor Development Evaluation of Low Risk Preterm Infants through the First Six Months of Life

Preterm and low birth weight children are at risk for developmental deficits, many preterm children even who do not develop cerebral palsy not having reached normal motor development level regarding their chronological age. Normal motor development starts at conception and continue throughout life according to a typical sequence, pattern and timing. Evaluation and early detection of developmental deviation in preterm infants will improve the concept of early intervention and result in better quality of life to the preterm infants and their families. A longitudinal, quantitative, comparative studyone hundred infants: Preterm and full-term infants were evaluated by Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) through the first 6 months of life. There was significant difference in mean values AIMS of preterm and full term newborns. Further studies are needed to assess motor development in preterm using corrected age.

Examining various factors affecting communication skills in children with cerebral palsy.

Cerebral palsied children may have difficulties in acting as senders and/or receivers in the communication process. The aim of this study is examining that which maternal and child-related factors affect the communication skills of cerebral palsied children. 188 cerebral palsy diagnosed children ages between 2-18 years were assessed by Communication Function Classification System for communication skills. Maternal factors such as occupation, and educational status, and child-related factors such as gender, time of birth, clinical type of cerebral palsy, origin period of cerebral palsy; also daily living activities and gross motor functions of children were included in the assessment for examining how they affect the communication skills of cerebral palsied children. Lower maternal age, higher gross motor function level, ataxic type and hemiparetic involvement (p < 0,05); educational status, maternal unemployment, female gender, and premature birth (p > 0,05) affected positively on the communication skills. There were no effects of delivery method (p > 0,05). Communication skills of cerebral palsied children are affected by maternal age, educational status, occupation, and child's gender, birth term, origin period of cerebral palsy, clinical type of cerebral palsy, extremity involvement, motor development level and gross motor function. But the method of delivery has no effect on the communication functions of cerebral palsied children.

MOTOR DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

The aim of this study was to determine the level of motor development of children with visual impairment and comparison with peers of typical development. The research sample consisted of a total of 135 children with visual impairment and children with typical development, 7-10 years old, of both sexes. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition was used to estimate motor development. The methods of descriptive statistics, as well as the T-test of independent samples, and the Hi square test were used in statistical processing of the obtained data. The results of the study had shown that the level of motor development of the subjects with visual impairment was below and well below the average for their age. Typical development subjects are mostly within the average norms

Effects of Pre-school Play on Motor Development in Children

Motor skills are considered important for children's physical, social, and psychological development. Pre-school age seems to be decisive for the development of motor skills. Our study's aim was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks game education on the motor development of pre-school children aged 4 to 6 years. In the research, experimental method pre-test / post-test and control group design was used. In this study, a total of 30 boys and 30 girls were enrolled. The research consisted of a total of 60 children who were studying in pre-school and were selected via random sampling model. In order to collect data, 12 weeks game education was conducted on participants. Motor Performance test protocol, developed by Morris, Atwater Williams and Willmore in 1980, was used on both experiment and control group children, in order to measure their motor performance before and after 12-weeks game education. Average and standard deviation values were calculated for the data collected. Children's throwing, catching, long jump, vertical jump, running, and stopping skills were measured. Mean and standard deviations of the data obtained in the study were taken. A statistically significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in terms of post-test. A statistically significant difference was found in the experimental group pre-test and post-test comparisons. In these comparisons, the post-test values were found to be higher than the pre-test values. According to the results of the research, it is necessary to apply more long-term applications to increase the positive effect of 12-Weeks basic game education at the levels of motor development in children aged 4 to 6 years old.

보행경로 너비와 운동발달수준에 따른 아동의 보행 가변성 연구

본 연구의 목적은 아동의 운동발달 수준과 보행경로 너비에 따른 보행 가변성을 분석함으로써 그 차이점을 규명하 는 것이다. 만 7-8세의 아동에게 운동발달검사(MABC-2)를 실시하여 목적적 표집방법으로 선정된 16명을 운동발 달 수준에 따라 상·하 집단으로 배정하였다. 실험 참가자들은 경로너비가 지정되지 않은 일반 경로보행과 각자의 전상장골극 50%의 길이에 해당되는 좁은 경로보행을 각 10회 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 일반 경로보행과 좁은 경로 보행에서 보폭 너비와 길이의 가변성은 운동발달 수준 하 집단에서 크게 나타났으며, 특히 좁은 경로보행에서 두 집단의 가변성 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 연속상대위상을 통한 운동발달 수준의 하지협응 가변성은 발목-무릎, 무 릎-고관절에서 두 집단의 차이가 나타났으며, 연속상대위상을 통한 보행 경로너비의 하지협응 가변성은 발목-무릎, 고관절-발목에서 두 집단의 차이가 나타났다. 마지막으로 좁은 경로보행에서 운동발달 수준별 스텝오류 비율을 분 석한 결과, 운동발달 수준 상 집단의 스텝오류 비율이 하 집단의 비율보다 낮게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 아동의 보행 가변성과 하지협응 패턴에 대한 기본적인 정보를 제공할 수 있을 것이며, 추후 아동 보행에 대한 기초 자료로 사용하고자 한다.

Impact of the Professor Kozyavkin Method on Gross Motor Functions in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Background and Aim: Changes of gross motor function during the course of intensive neurophysiological rehabilitation by the Professor Kozyavkin Method were studied in 61 patients with spastic forms of Cerebral Palsy at the age of 2 to 15 years. Material and Methods: All patients were examined before and at the end of a two-week course of treatment, using the Gross Motor Function Measurement GMFM-66 Item Sets test to calculate of scores of motor development. Results: Statistical analysis indicated a significant increase in the level of motor development of children after treatment from 45.1 to 47.6 (p&gt; 0.01). The most significant progress was noted in patients at level II of Gross Motor Function Classification System. The score of motor development has increased from 66.2 to 69.6 with a difference of 3.42 points (p &lt;0.01). Conclusions: The results suggest the effectiveness of the Professor Kozyavkin Method for the improvement of gross motor functions in patients with cerebral palsy. It is necessary to continue this study and conduct blinded randomized clinical trial according to the requirements of evidence based medicine.

Effects on Motor Development and Performance Levels of Physical Activity in Music Accompaniment on Children with Developmental Deficiencies

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of physical activity with music on motor development and performance in children with developmental deficiencies. The study includes twenty children with developmental deficiencies, aged between 10-15 years old. Children were classified into two groups randomly and both groups were given 1 hour of training 3 days a week for 20 weeks. Physical activity with English and Spanish verbal song was used for the first group and only physical activity for the second group. Each participant participated in shuttle, shuttle run, flexibility, standing long jump, vertical jump tests. The fatigue parameter of children was evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale. As a result of this study, it has been shown that physical activity with music is more effective method to improve motor development and performance levels of children with developmental deficiencies.

EARLY MALTREATMENT AND CURRENT QUALITY OF RELATIONAL CARE PREDICT SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROBLEMS AMONG INSTITUTIONALIZED INFANTS AND TODDLERS.

The present study is focused on child socioemotional problems 6 months after institutionalization, by considering the putative predictive role of child maltreatment, of developmental functioning at admission and the following months, and of the quality of institutional relational care. Fifty institutionalized infants and toddlers participated in this study. Child developmental functioning (i.e., cognitive, language, and motor development) was assessed at admission to the institution (Wave 0), and 3 (Wave 1) and 6 months (Wave 2) thereafter. The quality of institutional relational care-operationalized in terms of caregivers' sensitivity and cooperation-was measured at Wave 2. Caregivers reported on the presence of disturbed socioemotional behaviors at Wave 2. Child gestational age, birth weight, age, and stunted growth at admission to the institution served as covariates. Results revealed significant associations between socioemotional difficulties and lower levels of motor development at Waves 0 and 1, child maltreatment, and less sensitive caregiving. A logistic regression showed that child maltreatment and caregiver insensitivity were the only significant predictors of disturbed socioemotional functioning by the end of 6 months of institutionalization.

Neurobehavioural outcome in 6-18 year old children after trauma in pregnancy: Case-control study.

Maternal trauma complicates pregnancy in approximately 7%. Long-term development of children exposed to maternal trauma is unknown. To determine neurobehavioural outcome of children (6-18 years) born after maternal trauma in pregnancy compared to a matched control group. Case-control study performed at a tertiary medical centre. All consecutive children born after maternal hospitalization for trauma during pregnancy between 1995 and 2005. Controls were children born at the same hospital and period after an uneventful pregnancy. Trauma type and severity (Injury Severity Score, ≥9: severe); information from medical files at admission (cases). All mothers filled out two questionnaires about the infant; 1. concerning health, motor development and educational level, 2. concerning behavioural development through the validated Dutch version of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Questionnaires were returned by 34 cases and 28 controls. The traumas concerned mainly motor vehicle accidents and falls, and 3/34 had severe injuries. No differences in health, motor development, educational level and CBCL was found between the cases and controls, except for more hospitalization in the cases (p=0.009). Long-term follow-up of a limited population of children 6-18 years after exposure of mainly non-severe trauma before birth is similar to a control population except for unexplained more hospitalization in the cases.

Gross motor development level among Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan student

Gross motor development is an essential factor for specific skills required in different sports. This study aimed at assessing the level of gross motor development of school children in the district of Kuala Pilah. The objectives of this study are to identify the level of locomotor and object control amongst the children in the area, identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst children based on their gender and identifying the different developments of gross motor skills amongst the children based on the location of the schools. This study is non-trivial as the development of gross motor control in children are significant for their involvement in sports, games and recreational activities. Failure to control motor skills may have an impact on the children in the context of their daily interactions, self-confidence, and learning ability. This study involves 160 children aged 7 years old pooled from 8 different primary schools. The data collected was analysed based on the TGMD (Test of Gross Motor development) and interpreted via the GMQ (Gross Motor Quotients). The result from the t-test suggests that there is no significant difference between the genders concerning the gross motor development of children in the district of Kuala Pilah. However, if was found that there is a significant differences between children of urban and rural schools based on the measured gross motor development.

Growth Motor Development Levels of Young Children in Cricket, Volleyball and Athletics

The purpose of this study was to identify the gross motor development level of primary school students playing three different sports (athletics, volleyball and cricket). A total of 90 subjects (athletics = 30, volleyball=30, cricket =30) participated in the study. Gross motor development tests Ulrich (2000) with a coefficient of 0.88-0.96 (Hardy, 2009) was conducted to assess the level of gross motor development of young athletes from different sports. There was a significant difference [F (2,87) = 108.2, p = 0.00 ] for gross motor development among young athletes for different sports (athletics, crickets, and volleyball). Post hoc analysis on the GMDQ mean scores showed cricket and volleyball players differed from athletics (p<0.01). Age of locomotor (AEL) scores for the three types of sports also shows significant differences [F (2,87)=86.6, p<0.00] for all three sports. For control object scores (AEM), there were significant differences [F ( 2,87 ) = 61.2 , p = 0.00 ] between volleyball and cricket (p <0.01) players. There are differences in gross motor development among young children participating in sports such as athletics, volleyball, and cricket.

Perfil do desenvolvimento motor em escolares com excesso de peso

Introdução: Diferenças relacionadas ao peso e as habilidades motoras em crianças em idade escolar ainda apresentam controversias. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre desenvolvimento motor e nível de atividade física com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) de escolares com excesso de peso. Métodos: Foram avaliados 85 escolares de ambos os sexos, de 6 a 10 anos, de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a classificação do IMC/idade, a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor e o Questionário do Nível de Atividade Física Modificado e Adaptado. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: grupo com excesso de peso (GEP), com 50 escolares com diagnostico nutricional de sobrepeso e obesidade; e grupo com normopeso (GNP), com 35 escolares eutroficos. Para analise dos dados obtidos foram utilizados: Shapiro Wilk (normalidade), teste t de Student não pareado ou Mann Whitney (amostras independentes), teste de Spearman (correlação) e teste do χ2 (proporção), com nível de significância p&lt;0,05. Resultados: O GEP apresentou resultados inferiores significantes no desenvolvimento motor geral (91,32±10,68 versus 97,14±9,06; p=0,010), nas áreas de motricidade fina – QM1 (93,21±21,59 versus 103,1±13,12; p=0,0138) e motricidade global – QM2 (90,31±23,54 versus 112,6±16,07; p&lt;0,0001). Observou-se correlação positiva significativa entre o nível de atividade física e o desenvolvimento motor no GEP, nas áreas de equilibrio – QM3 (0,35080; p=0,0125) e organização espacial – QM5 (0,41820; p=0,0025). Conclusão: O GEP, quando comparado com o GNP, demonstrou resultados inferiores no quociente motor geral (QMG), QM1 e QM2.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Developmental Milestones and Movement: Results From the Gemini Cohort Study

ABSTRACTPurpose: Variability in the timing of infant developmental milestones is poorly understood. We used a twin analysis to estimate genetic and environmental influences on motor development and activity levels in infancy. Method: Data were from the Gemini Study, a twin birth cohort of 2,402 families with twins born in the United Kingdom in 2007. Parents reported motor activity level for each of the twins at age 3 months using the Revised Infant Behavior Rating Scale and reported the ages at which they first sat unsupported, crawled, and walked unaided. Results: Activity level at 3 months and ages when first sitting and crawling were about equally influenced by the shared family environment (45%–54%) and genes (45%–48%). Genetic influences dominated for age when children took their first independent steps (84%). Conclusion: Aspects of the shared family environment appear to be important influences on motor activity levels and early milestones, although the timing of walking may have a stronger genetic influence. Further research to identify the specific environmental and genetic factors that promote early activity may be important for longer-term health outcomes.

Balance, Proprioception, and Gross Motor Development of Chinese Children Aged 3 to 6 Years

ABSTRACTThe authors' aim was to find the features of balance, proprioception, and gross motor development of Chinese children 3–6 years old and their correlations, provide theoretical support for promoting children's motor development, and enrich the world theoretical system of motor development. This study used a Tekscan foot pressure measurement instrument (Tekscan, Inc., Boston, MA), walking on a balance beam, Xsens 3-dimensional positional measuring system (Xsens Technologies, Enschede, the Netherlands), and Test of Gross Motor Development-2 to assess static balance, dynamic balance, knee proprioception, and levels of gross motor development (GMD) of 3- to 6-year-old children (n = 60) in Beijing. The results are as follows: children had significant age differences in static balance, dynamic balance, proprioception, and levels of GMD; children had significant gender differences in static balance, proprioception, and levels of GMD; children's static balance, dynamic balance, and proprioception had a very significant positive correlation with GMD (p < .01), but no significant correlation with body mass index.

P.48 - Novel compound heterozygous mutations in PLEC gene causing epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy, case series of two affected sisters

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex with muscular dystrophy (EBSMD) is a rare clinical entity characterized by childhood onset of progressive muscular dystrophy and blistering skin changes. It is caused by homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the plectin gene (PLEC). Genetic defects have been reported in a limited number of patients. The precise phenotype-genotype correlations have yet to be defined. Here we describe two affected sisters with detailed clinical presentation, exam findings including timed motor function tests, MRI images and results, and confirmed novel PLEC compound heterozygous mutations. CASE SERIES: #1 Five-year-old female born premature at 25 weeks was evaluated for motor delay. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) was diagnosed at age 5 months with recurrent skin blisters. She sat alone at 18 months, walked at 2 years of age and never could jump with both feet. Physical exam revealed small stature and dysmorphic findings including micrognathia, high-arched palate, poor dentition with erosions, hand and foot blisters and nail deformation. Neurological examination showed generalized muscle weakness, decreased reflexes and delayed time-with-sit-to-stand, 30-feet-run, and 4-steps-climbing. CPK was elevated at 519 unit/L. Muscle MRI showed asymmetric atrophy of the quadriceps muscles, mild fatty infiltration in the quadriceps and gluteus maximus muscles and subtle increased T2 signal in the quadriceps muscles bilaterally. Genetic testing confirmed heterozygous mutations in PLEC (c.11912delA and c.6276dupA) causing frame shift stacking leading to premature stop codons. #2 Three-year-old sister was also diagnosed with EB was found to have same heterozygous PLEC mutations. She had delayed motor development and elevated CPK level. Muscle MRI was unremarkable. We presented clinical evidence that the novel compound heterozygous PLEC mutations are pathogenic for EBSMD.

Clinical utility of the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants within the child health services.

AimThis study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants (SOMP-I) when used by nurses in routine child healthcare by analyzing the nurses’ SOMP-I assessments and the actions taken when motor problems were suspected.MethodInfants from three child health centers in Uppsala County, Sweden, were consecutively enrolled in a longitudinal study. The 242 infants were assessed using SOMP-I by the nurse responsible for the infant as part of the regular well-child visits at as close to 2, 4, 6 and 10 months of age as possible. The nurses noted actions taken such as giving advice, scheduling an extra follow-up or referring the infant to specialized care. The infants’ motor development was reassessed at 18 months of age through review of medical records or parental report.ResultsThe assessments of level of motor development at 2 and 10 months showed a distribution corresponding to the percentile distribution of the SOMP-I method. Fewer infants than expected were assessed as delayed at 4 and 6 months or deficient in quality at all assessment ages. When an infant was assessed as delayed in level or deficient in quality, the likelihood of the nurse taking actions increased. This increased further if both delay and quality deficit were found at the same assessment or if one or both were found at repeated assessments. The reassessment of the motor development at 18 months did not reveal any missed infants with major motor impairments.InterpretationThe use of SOMP-I appears to demonstrate favorable clinical utility in routine child healthcare as tested here. Child health nurses can assess early motor performance using this standardized assessment method, and using the method appears to support them the clinical decision-making.

The Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants can detect cerebral palsy early in neonatal intensive care recipients

BackgroundThe detection of motor problems in infancy requires a detailed assessment method that measures both the infants' level of motor development and movement quality. AimsTo evaluate the ability of the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants (SOMP-I) to detect cerebral palsy (CP) in neonatal intensive care recipients. Study designProspective cohort study analyzed retrospectively. Subjects212 (girls: 96) neonatal intensive care recipients (mean gestational age 34weeks, range: 23–43). Twenty infants were diagnosed with CP. Outcome measuresThe infants were assessed using SOMP-I at 2, 4, 6 and 10months' corrected age. Accuracy measures were calculated for level of motor development, quality of motor performance and a combination of the two to detect CP at single and repeated assessments. ResultsAt 2months, 17 of 20 infants with CP were detected, giving a sensitivity of 85% (95% CI 62–97%) and a specificity of 48% (95% CI 40–55%), while the negative likelihood ratio was 0.3 (95% CI 0.1–0.9) and the positive likelihood ratio was 1.6 (95% CI 1.3–2.0). At 6months all infants with CP were detected using SOMP-I, and all infants had repeatedly been assessed outside the cut-offs. Specificity was generally lower for all assessment ages, however, for repeated assessments sensitivity reached 90% (95% CI 68–99%) and specificity 85% (95% CI 79–90%). ConclusionsSOMP-I is sensitive for detecting CP early, but using the chosen cut-off can lead to false positives for CP. Assessing level and quality in combination and at repeated assessments improved predictive ability.

The Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants has convergent and discriminant validity in preterm and term infants.

Methods are needed to evaluate the level of early motor development and quality of motor performance in infants. We examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants (SOMP-I) for evaluating the level of motor development and quality of motor performance in preterm and term infants. A regional cohort of 111 preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks and 72 healthy term born infants were assessed with the SOMP-I, at two, four, six and 10 months of corrected age. Convergent validity was analysed with a mixed model analysis of the motor performance over time. Discriminant validity was analysed with the Mann-Whitney U-test in groups with different neonatal characteristics. Convergent validity was supported, as the level of motor development increased with age and the quality of motor performance improved over time. The method discriminated for both level and quality between the preterm and the term infants. The preterm infants demonstrated different quality deficits regardless of the level of motor development. Convergent validity and discriminant validity of the SOMP-I were supported in preterm and term infants and facilitates early identification of infants with atypical motor development.