Milk Fat Levels Research Articles

The Effects of The Oxytocin Hormone Induction on The Value of The Composition of Etawah Crossbred Goat Milk

This study aims to see the extent of influence of oxytocin hormone induction on the nutritional composition of milk in the Etawah Crossbred goat. This research was conducted in December 2018 in Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The examined parameters were the levels of fat, nonfat dry matter (BKTL), protein content, lactose content and milk density. The research used 18 Etawah goats and oxytocin hormone. A statistical unpaired t test indicated a highly significant influence (P <0.01) on the increase of milk fat injected with oxytocin hormone, i.e. 4.86% or 37.2% or higher than that without hormone injection. The milk density results showed a significant effect (P <0.05) on the decrease in goat milk density (28.81% ) which was lower by 10.65% from that without hormone treatment. The level of nonfat dry matter (BKTL), protein content and lactose content had no effect (P> 0.05) in milk, i.e. 8.39%, 3.91% and 3.76%, respectively. In conclusion, hormone oxytocin injection had a highly significant effect on increasing milk fat levels and significantly affected the decrease in milk density but did not affect the level of nonfat dry matter (BKTL), lactose and protein.

THE USING EFFICIENCY OF PROBIOTICS, BASED ON LACTIC ACID BACTERIA, DURING THE RATION COMPOSITION CHANGE PERIOD AT THE LACTATION TRANSIT PHASE in DAIRY COWS

In a scientific and economic experiment, it was studied the effect of the multifunctional probiotic preparation Bionorm K on the stabilizing digestion process and dairy cow milk productivity-increasing during the transition from one ration composition to another. The probiotic drug Bionorm K is a multi-strain product, which consists of 14 strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus. Moreover, it has a protective shell, which retains the microorganism activity after passing the acid barrier of the cow's abomasum. It was found that the diet probiotic addition is advisable to start from the first day after calving and continues for 45 days in a dose of 5 g per head per day. The experimental group animals outpaced the control animals by the consumption of dry matter of the diet by 2.6 %. At the same time, the likelihood of developing digestive disorders and the incidence of diarrhea is reduced by 2-2.5 times. At the end of the studies, none of the cows suffered from digestive upsets. Besides, cows, which injected the probiotic to the ration, had improved the ruminative processes due to an increase in the frequency of their contractions compared to the control. Already on the fifth day, the number of ruminal contractions at the experimental animals was 12.5% higher than the control. The higher intensity of rumen work at the experimental cows was maintained during the entire time of probiotic addition into the diet, although the difference with the control was constantly decreasing. The feed probiotic addition promotes a gradual increase in milk production by 7.64 % and an increase in the fat level in milk by 0.02 % compared to the control. At the same time, feed costs of 1 kg of milk decreased by 5.6 %. The probiotic stabilizes the biochemical composition of the cow blood quickly and increases the gamma globulin level at blood serum, which indicates an increase in the immune status of cows in the experimental group.

Impact of bovine lipocalin-2 haplotype on milk composition, somatic cell score and incidence of mastitis in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle

ABSTRACT Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein, produced e.g. by neutrophils – the main group of cells involved in inflammatory conditions caused by pathogenic bacteria. So far, no studies have been carried out on the genetic variability of the LCN2 gene in cattle in terms of immunity/susceptibility to mastitis in cows. This study concerns the analysis of polymorphisms within the LCN2 gene in cattle and their impact on the production traits and the incidence of mastitis in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows. Using the PCR-RFLP method, two polymorphisms – g.98784892C > T and g.98784893T > G – were identified in intron 5 of the LCN2 gene, which represent two haplotypes (CT and TG, respectively). The CT haplotype was shown to have a significant impact on the average somatic cell score of milk, however, the CT and TG haplotypes were found to have no impact on the milk yield, protein, fat and lactose levels, or the incidence of mastitis in cows. An analysis of polymorphisms in the bovine LCN2 gene could be employed in future to support selection in dairy cattle breeding programmes focused towards the somatic cell count in milk, and the LCN2 gene itself could become a molecular marker of cows’ immunity to mastitis.

Impacts of feeding a flax-seed based feed supplement on production and health of mid through late lactation multiparous Holstein cows on a commercial dairy farm

Research in the past 50 years has shown that the general health of dairy cows (i.e., immunity and uterine health) can be improved by higher post-ruminal delivery and absorption of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially omega-3 (n-3) PUFA. Since flaxseed contains high concentrations of n-3 PUFA, our objective was to evaluate effects of feeding flaxseed-based ‘LinPRO-R’ (LinPro), created using dry extrusion, mainly in substitution for cracked Pima cottonseed on production and health of mid-to-late lactation multiparous Holstein cows. Three pens of ∼365 multiparous mid-to-late lactation cows were fed diets formulated to contain 0 g/kg (NoLin), 25 g/kg (LoLin) or 50 g/kg (HiLin) dry matter (DM) of LinPro in a design that rotated cows and diets among pens monthly. Individual body condition (BCS) was scored, and milk yields recorded monthly for four months after assignment to treatment at 154.8 ± 0.10 days in milk (DIM). While ruminal microbial crude protein outflow, estimated using a urine allantoin-based method, was lower (quadratic P < 0.05), and whole tract apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber tended (linear P < 0.10) to be higher, with LinPro feeding, DM intake was unaffected. Milk yield and milk components had treatment*DIM interactions (P < 0.05) which indicated biologically small differences in responses to the three diets as DIM increased. Rapid and substantial BCS losses (quadratic P < 0.05) for the LoLin group in the 1st ∼30 days of LinPro feeding was regained in the next 50 days. The lower proportion of cows culled (i.e., removed from the study) for mastitis in both LinPro fed groups (quadratic P < 0.05) suggests improved health of cows fed LinPro. Feeding LinPro at both levels transferred dietary n-3 PUFA into milk (linear P < 0.05), with marked decreases in the n-6 to n-3 FA ratio, thereby improving the healthfulness of the milk fat to its human consumers. Feeding flaxseed as LinPro at 26.7 g/kg of diet DM, but not at 52.4 g/kg, had net benefits in mid-to-late lactation cows, due to similar DM intake and milk production, improved general animal health (i.e., reduced milk somatic cell counts and culling for mastitis), increased milk fat and protein levels, and a higher nutritional value of the milk to its human consumers as suggested by research of health impacts of dairy products in human diets.

Effect of Milk Fat Level on Salt, Some Mineral Content and Sensory Characteristic of Sudanese White Cheese During Storage

Effect of Milk Fat Level on Salt, Some Mineral Content and Sensory Characteristic of Sudanese White Cheese During Storage

Evaluation of high nutrient diets and additional dextrose on reproductive performance and litter performance of heat-stressed lactating sows.

This study investigated the litter performance of lactating sows fed nutrient-dense diets with or without dextrose at farrowing to weaning, during the summer with an average room temperature of 28.4°C. A total of 60 (13 first parity, 13 second parity, 19 third parity, and 15 forth parity) cross-bred sows were assigned to three treatments. The three treatments were: standard diet (ST), high nutrient diet (HN; ST+3% higher energy and 18.0% protein), and high nutrient diet plus dextrose (HND; 3% higher energy, 18.0% protein, and 5% dextrose). BW loss was reduced in the HND sows compared with the ST sows during lactation. The HN and HND sows had a higher piglet and litter weight at weaning. Also, the HND sows had the highest post-prandial insulin levels at weaning and the shortest weaning-to-service interval (WSI). Serum LH was higher in the HND sows than the ST sows. The milk fat level was higher in the HND sows compared with the ST sows, but similar to the HN sows. In conclusion, these results suggest that it is possible to increase the blood insulin response by supplementing dextrose to a high nutrient diet, thus, improving WSI interval and litter growth during heat stress.

INFLUENCE OF GENOTYPIC AND PARATHIPIC FACTORS ON THE TRAITS OF MILK PRODUCTION OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY BREED

The research was carried out to study the influence of genotypic and paratypical factors on the traits of milk production of cows Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed LLC "Mena-Avangard" Chernihiv region. In the conditions of pedigree herd, studied four groups of crossbred animals with conditional share heredity of Holstein breed: I – &lt; 62.5%; ІІ – 62.6–75.0; III – 75.0–87.5 and IV – 87.6 and &gt; .&#x0D; According to results of researches cow’s crossbred groups of breeding herd Ukrainian Red-and-White breed with a different conditional blood by Holstein breed, was found reliable influence of heredity of improving breed on the level of milk yield and output of milk fat in the dynamics of estimated lactation. Cow’s milk yield with each heredity increase of improver breed grew respectively by 12.5% within crossbred groups. Thus, when comparing cow's group of Holstein blood &lt; 62.5% with their counterparts with blood 62.6–75.0%, advantage was 301 kg in favor of the latter with reliable difference at P &lt; 0.01. Next blood increase to 75.0–87.5% led to a corresponding increase in yield at 262 kg (P &lt; 0.01). Animals with heredity Holstein breed 87.6% higher than the previous generation dominated with a high difference 345 kg of milk (P &lt; 0.001). The blood flow of Holstein breed by 25% resulted in increased milk yield of first-calf cows by 908 kg (P &lt; 0.001). The fat content in milk through this crossing the blood decreased only 0.05% and was not confirmed by reliability, whereas milk fat yield increased with a high significance difference of 31.9 kg (P &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; According to results of one-factor dispersion analysis, was found that value of yield and output level of milk fat in the first lactation cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy breed, respectively, by 5.5–6.2 and 4.7–9.2%, depend on paratypical factors (year and season of birth and year and season of the first calving), as confirmed by high reliability according to Fisher's criterion.&#x0D; The level of milk yield and milk fat cows in first lactation significantly - correspondingly 25.3 and 15.8%, depending on the conditional share of heredity Holstein breed. However, the highest rates of influence on yield level and milk fat of the first-calf cows were obtained by size of comprehensive selection index of cow's mother (57.1 and 44.7%), average breeding value of mother for milk yield (64.4 and 45.4%), and for milk fat (53.5 and 38.9%).&#x0D; With high reliability on indicators of milk production influencing standardized breeding value parent by quantity of milk yield and milk fat (= 0.283 and 0.178).&#x0D; Calculations show that dispersion of traits development of yield and milk fat of cows first-calf due to the influence of heredity of sires used lines and is respectively 15.7 and 10.9%. Fisher's criterion reliability by these indicators exceed the threshold of the third level (P &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; Thus, the power of influence heredity of Holstein breed, selection indexes of mothers and parents of cows and father lines on the milk yield level and milk yield output indicating the possibility of effective breeding of the studied dairy cattle by selection of ancestors with a high estimation of selection indices and pedigree value.

Polymorphism of bovine lipocalin-2 gene and its impact on milk production traits and mastitis in Holstein Friesian cattle

Mastitis is one of the most serious diseases of dairy cattle, causing substantial financial losses. While predisposition to reduced somatic cell count in milk has been considered for in cattle breeding programs as the key indicator of udder health status, scientists are seeking genetic markers of innate immune response, which could be helpful in selecting cows with improved immunity to mastitis. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a protein involved in the response of the immune system by eliminating iron ions which are necessary for the growth of pathogenic bacteria, so LCN2 may be considered as a natural bacteriostatic agent and could become a marker of infection. A total of five SNPs were identified in LCN2 gene (one in the promoter, three in exon 1, and one in intron 1). A single haplotype block was identified. The locus g.98793763G > C was found to have a significant impact on protein levels in milk, and alleles of this locus were identified to have a significant positive dominance effect on this trait. None of the four analysed loci had a statistically significant impact on the milk yield, fat levels in milk or the somatic cell score. LCN-2 gene had no significant impact on the incidence of mastitis in the cows. Although the identified SNPs were not found to have any impact on the somatic cell count or the incidence of mastitis in cows, it seems that further research is necessary, covering a larger population of cattle, to confirm the association between lipocalin-2 and milk production traits and mastitis. How to cite: Pokorska J, Piestrzyńska-Kajtoch A, Kułaj D, et al. Polymorphism of bovine lipocalin-2 gene and its impact on milk production traits and mastitis in Holstein Friesian cattle. Electron J Biotechnol 2019;40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2019.04.004

Relationship between biochemical analytes and milk fat/protein in Holstein cows

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between biochemical analytes and milk fat/protein in high-yield (DIM: 42 ± 10 d postpartum) and low-yield (DIM: 91 ± 11 d postpartum) Holstein cows. Stepwise regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationships of biochemical analytes with the fat and protein content of the milk from 126 Holstein cows belonging to nine intensive housed dairy farms. The comparison between the two groups showed differences ( P< 0.05) in the milk yield, milk fat and milk fat/protein ratio, with the higher values in high-yield cows. The correlations between milk fat, milk protein, milk fat/protein ratio and biochemical analytes concentrations, were assessed within each group. Milk fat level was positively correlated to cholesterol, triglycerides, β-hydroxybutyrate and albumin in high-yield cows. Milk protein level was positively correlated to urea, and negatively correlated to sodium ion, potassium ion and chlorine ion in high-yield cows. A virtually linear dependence has also been found between milk fat and triglycerides, between milk protein and urea, and between milk fat/protein ratio and cholesterol, and triglycerides in low-yield cows. The metabolic profiles provide a practical tool, to present an insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms of lactation, and the identification of relationships between key analytes and components of milk, such as protein and fat content. Key words : dairy cow, blood chemistry, milk fat, milk protein.

Studies on sensory and textural properties of milk cake using response surface methodology

Milk cake is one of the most popular traditional sweets of India especially popular in Northern and Central part of India. High sugar content in milk cake poses severe restriction in its consumption. Sucrose was successfully replaced with artificial sweetener sucralose along with addition of bulking agent maltodextrin to provide a characteristic texture to the product. The level of milk fat and sucralose were optimised using response surface methodology. Central composite rotatable design was used with two independent variables i.e. milk fat (3-6%) and sucralose (0.03-0.07%). The optimisation was done on the basis of sensory profile assessment and important textural parameters i.e. hardness and adhesiveness. Milk cake prepared with 6% milk fat and 0.07% sucralose level gave optimised product.

Optimization of processing conditions of milk “coagulum” rings and the effect of incorporation of extenders on their quality and storage stability under ambient temperature conditions

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to optimize the processing conditions of ready-to-eat (RTE) milk “coagulum” rings.Design/methodology/approachMilk “coagulum” rings were prepared from milk coagulum. Milk at four different level of milk fat (0.1, 1.5, 3 and 4.5 percent) were used to obtain milk coagulum of four different fat level for preparing milk “coagulum” rings. Unripe banana powder (UPB) and banana peel powder (BPP) were incorporated at three different levels separately. The incorporation levels were also optimized to be 11 percent for UPB and 6 percent for BPP on the basis of sensory evaluation.FindingsThe yield, ash, moisture and total dietary fiber content of products with optimized level of UPB and BPP were significantly higher as compared to control while the protein and fat contents were lower. Incorporation of extenders resulted in a significant reduction in the color value of the treated products. The water activity was highest for T2 and lowest for control at the end of 42 days. TBARS as lipid oxidation parameter was highest for control and the microbial count was comparable in T1 and T2 where as it was higher in control. The sensory scores of the control was higher than the two treated products during the entire storage period.Originality/valueThe shelf stable RTE milk coagulum-based snack using 1.5 percent fat can provide a nutritious, palatable and healthy product to the consumers.

Effect of Duration and Temperatur Breastmilk Storage and The way of Diluting Breastmilk on Protein and Fat Levels in Breastmilk

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best method of nutrition for infant to grow and develop. Changes in social often make women become to work increased from 50.77% (2016) to 50.89% (2017), so they think there is no time to give exclusive breastfeeding to her baby. But with the storage of breast milk, the baby will still get breast milk when the mother is at work. This study aims to determine the effect of duration and temperature of breastmilk as well as how to dilute frozen milk to protein and fat levels. The design of this study was one group pretest-posttest design with the pre experimental study. The data were analyzed by using T-dependent test. The sample of this study is breast milk obtained from 5 breastfeeding mothers in the work area of LubukBuaya Public Health and Laboratory Animal Biotechnology of Andalas University in July in 2017 to May in 2018.There was significant decrease mean of protein and fat content in breastmilk during 5 days storage at refrigerator that mean of protein content 0,50±0,44 g/dL and fat content 2,57±0,45 g/dL statistically (p 0.05). The conclusion, there is no effect of protein and fat content in breast milk storaged for 4 hours in the room temperature, 14 days in freezer (-15 C), 28 days in freezer (-18 C) and how to dilute frozen milk. But there is adecrease on the levels of protein and fat in breast milk in 5-day storage in the refrigerator.

Effect of Duration and Temperatur Breastmilk Storage and The way of Diluting Breastmilk on Protein and Fat Levels in Breastmilk

Exclusive breastfeeding is the best method of nutrition for infant to grow and develop. Changes in social often make women become to work increased from 50.77% (2016) to 50.89% (2017), so they think there is no time to give exclusive breastfeeding to her baby. But with the storage of breast milk, the baby will still get breast milk when the mother is at work. This study aims to determine the effect of duration and temperature of breastmilk as well as how to dilute frozen milk to protein and fat levels. The design of this study was one group pretest-posttest design with the pre experimental study. The data were analyzed by using T-dependent test. The sample of this study is breast milk obtained from 5 breastfeeding mothers in the work area of LubukBuaya Public Health and Laboratory Animal Biotechnology of Andalas University in July in 2017 to May in 2018.There was significant decrease mean of protein and fat content in breastmilk during 5 days storage at refrigerator that mean of protein content 0,50±0,44 g/dL and fat content 2,57±0,45 g/dL statistically (p&lt;0,05). There was no significant decrease in the mean of protein and fat content in breast milk, which was dissolved in refrigerator and warm water is average protein content 0.89±0.46 g/dL and mean fat content 3.21±0.19 g/dL, direct melted breastmilk with mean of protein content is 0.91±0.52 g/dL and mean of fat content is 3.05±0.25 g/ dL statistically (p&gt;0.05). The conclusion, there is no effect of protein and fat content in breast milk storaged for 4 hours in the room temperature, 14 days in freezer (-15 C), 28 days in freezer (-18 C) and how to dilute frozen milk. But there is adecrease on the levels of protein and fat in breast milk in 5-day storage in the refrigerator.

Estimasi nilai heritabilitas, ripitabilitas, korelasi genetik produksi susu dan kadar lemak Sapi Perah Fries Holland pada laktasi pertama dan kedua di Balai Besar Pembibitan Ternak Unggul – Hijauan Pakan Ternak Baturraden

This study aims to determine the value of heritability, ripitability, genetic correlation and fat level of dairy cows in the first and second lactation. The results showed that the heritability value obtained was categorized high. The heritability value of daily milk production in the first lactation was 0.402 ± 0.259 and in the second lactation was 0.54 ± 0.301. Heritability value of fat content obtained is high that is 0.63 ± 0.39. The average value of milk production ripitability and the value of ripitability of fat level including high value category that is equal to 0.49 ± 0.325 and 0.93 ± 0.13. The genetic correlation value of milk production and fat level obtained in this study was 2.91 ± 0.83.

&lt;b&gt;Gir and Guzerat cow milk production and composition according to lactation stage, somatic cell count, physiological state and body condition

ABSTRACT. This work was realized to evaluate lactation stage, physiological state, somatic cell count (SCC) and body condition score (BCS) on production and composition of cow's milk from Gir and Guzerat breeds were studied. Ninety-eight cows were analyzed and classified according to their physiological state, lactation stage, SCC and BCS. Milk production was weighed monthly to obtain production data. Composed samples were collected in vials containing preservatives and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Data were used for statistic descriptive analysis and analysis of variance. Higher milk production in the first 60 days of lactation was observed. Fat, protein and total solids concentration increased according to the increase of days in milk; while lactose concentration decreased. Higher levels of fat, protein and total solids in milk of non-pregnant cows were observed; while pregnant cows had higher daily production and higher lactose content in their milk. Higher lactose levels in milk were observed in animals with lower SCC. The BCS had no effect on milk composition or on somatic cell count. Zebu cow milk production and composition are influenced by lactation stage, physiological state and SCC.

Eliciting the Sensory Modalities of Fat Reformulated Yoghurt Ice Cream Using Oligosaccharides

In the present work, fat reduction of Greek strained yoghurt ice cream (YIC) was carried out in three proportional milkfat levels i.e. 30, 50 and 70% using three types of oligosaccharides namely long-chain inulin, oligofructose and maltodextrin 12 DE. Greek strained yoghurt was blended with ice cream mixes in ratios of 1:3 and 1:1. The physico-chemical, textural and thermal characteristics of the YIC mixes and their obtained frozen end products were determined. The sensory modalities (olfactory, gustatory, tactile and oro-tactile) of the YIC were monitored following 2 and 16 weeks of quiescent frozen storage at −25 °C. Milkfat reduction impaired significantly (p < 0.05) the perceived creaminess and mouthcoating sensation stimuli, whist it intensified the oral tissue friction associated sense stimuli such as astringency, wateriness and coarseness. Long-chain inulin- and maltodextrin-based samples received the highest scores for creaminess, mouthcoating, gumminess, hardness and iciness. The increase of the yoghurt to ice cream mix ratio escalated the friction/recrystallization-associated sensations e.g. astringency, sourness, coarseness and wateriness. Notwithstanding yoghurt supplementation reinforced the pseudoplasticity and macroviscosity of the ice cream mixes, it suppressed their aeration capacity leading to heavy-bodied ice creams. However, no significant effects of yoghurt supplementation level on the colligative and meltdown rate of the YIC formulations were identified. Partial least squares coupled discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed that fat reformulation of YICs using oligosaccharides results in a substantially diversified sensory profile. Generally, a 50% fat reduction of YICs using long-chain oligosaccharides appears to be a technologically tangible solution.

Beneficial Effects of Stinging Nettle Supplementation on Milk Production

After having demonstrated the beneficial effects of stinging nettle supplementation in poultry and pigs, a month long on-station pilot trial in 10 lactating cattle of second to third stage of parity at Cattle Research Programme at Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur was carried out. Daily supplementation of 20 gm nettle powder to dairy cattle resulted in enhanced milk production by 0.9 litres on an average compared to milk yield before nettle supplementation (3.2 litres/day versus 4.1 litres/day). After the on-station pilot trial; an on-farm trial in Tanahun, 150 km west of Kathmandu was carried out in 12 lactating Jersey cross cows by daily supplementation of 20 gm (T1) and 40 gm (T2) of nettle powder in two groups (n=4 cows/group) of cattle and productive performance was compared with control. Milk yield in terms of quantity and quality was recorded one week prior and during nettle supplementation. Qualitative analysis of milk samples was done every 14 days to measure levels of milk fat, solid non-fat and milk protein using Lactoscan. Available data on on-farm trial showed that there was increment in milk production in both treatment (T1 and T2) groups by 8.08% and 10.19%, respectively against control. Similarly, fat percentage was also increased compared to fat level prior to nettle supplementation in both T1 (3.52% vs. 4.15%) and T2 (3.46% vs. 4.46%) groups while in control group there was very negligible change (3.24% vs. 3.33%). Likewise, there were also remarkable increment in solid non-fat (SNF) and milk protein in nettle fed groups against control. Furthermore, overall body condition score in nettle supplemented group was better than that of control towards the end of supplementation. Our findings exhibited the beneficial effects of stinging nettle supplementation in enhancing the quantity and quality milk yield besides improving body condition score of the dairy cattle.

Qualitative Analysis of Dairy and Powder Milk Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique was used to compare various types of commercial milk products. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy spectra were investigated for the determination of the elemental composition of soy and rice milk powder, dairy milk, and lactose-free dairy milk. The analysis was performed using radiative transitions. Atomic emissions from Ca, K, Na, and Mg lines observed in LIBS spectra of dairy milk were compared. In addition, proteins and fat level in milks can be determined using molecular emissions such as CN bands. Ca concentrations were calculated to be 2.165 ± 0.203 g/L in 1% of dairy milk fat samples and 2.809 ± 0.172 g/L in 2% of dairy milk fat samples using the standard addition method (SAM) with LIBS spectra. Univariate and multivariate statistical analysis methods showed that the contents of major mineral elements were higher in lactose-free dairy milk than those in dairy milk. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to discriminate four milk samples depending on their mineral elements concentration. In addition, proteins and fat level in dairy milks were determined using molecular emissions such as CN band. We applied partial least squares regression (PLSR) and simple linear regression (SLR) models to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk samples. The PLSR model was successfully used to predict levels of milk fat in dairy milk sample with the relative accuracy (RA%) less than 6.62% using CN (0,0) band.

Effect of feeding Rumen-protected capsule containing niacin, K2SO4, vitamin C, and gamma-aminobutyric acid on heat stress and performance of dairy cows

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental rumen-protected capsule (RPC) on animal performance, serological indicators, and serum heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) of lactating Holstein cows under heat stress (HS). During summer months, 30 healthy multiparous lactating Holstein cows with a parity number of 3.1 ± 0.44, 70 ± 15 d in milk, an average body weight of 622 ± 62kg, and an average milk yield of 32.28 ± 0.96kg/d, were used. The cows were randomly allocated to two groups: a control group and an RPC-supplemented group (0.13373kg K2SO4, 0.02488kg vitamin C, 0.021148kg niacin, and 0.044784kggamma-aminobutyric acid per cow). During the 42-d experiment, ambient air temperature and relative humidity inside and outside the barn were recorded hourly every day for the determination of temperature-humidity index (THI). Milk and blood samples were collected every week, and body weight and body condition scoring were measured on day 0. Based on the THI values, the animals had moderate HS. On day 42, the RPC group had lower HSP70, adrenocorticotropic hormone (P = 0.0001), lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.0338), and IL-6 (P = 0.0724) levels than the control group, with no significant differences in creatine kinase, glucocorticoid, or IL-2 levels. Milk yield, energy-corrected milk, and dry matter intake were higher in RPC than in the control group (P = 0.0196). There were no significant differences in milk fat or daily protein levels between the two groups; however, daily protein and milk fat levels were higher in the RPC group than in the control group (P = 0.0114 and P = 0.0665, respectively). Somatic cell counts were no different between the two groups. In conclusion, RPC may alleviate HS and improve dairy cow performance.

Effects of dietary energy levels and β-mannanase supplementation in a high mannan-based diet during lactation on reproductive performance, apparent total tract digestibility and milk composition in multiparous sows

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of β-mannanase and energy level on reproductive performance of multiparous sows during lactation. In Exp. 1, 30 multiparous sows were randomly allotted to three treatments (0400 and 800 units β-mannanase). In Exp. 2, 60 multiparous sows were fed diets containing 3250 or 3350 kcal ME/kg diet and 0 or 400 units of β-mannanase in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. A linear reduction in sow body weight (BW) loss during lactation was observed with increasing levels of β-mannanase. The BW change during lactation was significantly lower in sows fed high-energy diets or dietary β-mannanase. β-mannanase supplementation increased the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy and mannose. Diets supplemented with β-mannanase or high-energy diet increased milk fat level. Furthermore, high-energy diet increased lactose level in milk. Collectively, our data indicate that dietary inclusion of β-mannanase has the potential to improve digestibility of nutrients and reduce sow BW loss during lactation.