Level Of Medium Research Articles

Size-dependent magnetic properties of Mn-Co-NiO based heterostructured nanoparticles

In this work, we investigate the synthesis, along with the structural and magnetic properties, of novel Mn-Co-NiO-based heterostructured nanocrystals (HNCs). The objective is to develop novel, well-structurally ordered inverted antiferromagnetic (AFM) NiO–ferrimagnetic (FiM) spinel phase overgrowth HNCs. Inverted HNCs are particularly promising for magnetic device applications because their magnetic properties are more easily controlled by having well-ordered AFM cores, which can result in magnetic structures having large coercivities, tunable blocking temperatures, and other enhanced magnetic effects. The synthesis of the HNCs is accomplished using a two-step process: In the first step, NiO nanoparticles are synthesized using a thermal decomposition method. Subsequently, Mn-Co overgrowth phases are grown on the NiO nanoparticles via hydrothermal nanophase epitaxy, using a fixed pH level (∼5.3) of the aqueous medium. This pH level was selected based on previous work in our laboratory showing that NiO/Mn3O4 HNCs of constant size have optimal coercivity and exchange bias when synthesized at a pH of 5.0. The crystalline structure and gross morphology of the Mn-Co-NiO-based HNCs have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, respectively. Analysis using these techniques shows that the HNCs are composed of a NiO core and a CoMn2O4 overgrowth phase. Rietveld refinement of XRD data shows that the NiO core has the rocksalt (Fm3̄m) cubic crystal structure and the CoMn2O4 overgrowth has the spinel (I41/amd) crystal structure. Moreover, an increased relative amount of the CoMn2O4 overgrowth phase is deposited with decreasing NiO core particle size during the synthesis of the HNCs. The results from PPMS magnetization and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) characterization of the Mn-Co-NiO-based HNCs are discussed herein.

Antioxidants and Antihyperlipidemia Test of Ethanol Extract of Indonesian Plant Sambang Getih Leaves (Hemigraphis Bicolor Boerl.) In Hyperlipidemia Mice

AIM: Sambih getih leaves (SGL) contain flavonoids acting as an antioxidant and antihyperlipidemia. The purpose of this study is to determine the antioxidant activity and antihyperlipidemia effect of Ethanol Extract of Sambang Getih Leaves (EESGL). METHODS: EESGL was tested for antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo. Antihyperlipidemia test of SGL is done by looking at blood lipid parameters, that are total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of SGL and atorvastatin showed that Inhibition Concentration (IC50) values are 24.15 and 86.75 ppm. In vivo test was divided into six groups: Normal, negative, positive (atorvastatin), low dose 487.5, medium dose 975, and high dose 1950 mg/kg dose groups. RESULTS: Measurements of Malondialdehyde (MDA) plasma levels of mice on that groups on 21st day were 1.91 ± 0.51; 5.86 ± 0.57; 2.18 ± 0.55; 4.33 ± 0.16; 3.08 ± 0.06; and 1.82 ± 0.19 nmol/mL. Measurements of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity for each group were 193.29 ± 3.36; 89.41 ± 2.84; 192.46 ± 4.25; 175.53 ± 1.71; 191.53 ± 3.34; and 192.83 ± 2.88 U/mL. Results of total cholesterol level of positive (atorvastatin), low, medium, and high dose group were 62.16%, 40.50%, 48.55%, and 59.52%. The decrease in triglyceride levels was 48.94%, 27.78%, 34.27%, and 54.02%. The decrease in LDL levels was 82.77%, 57.43%, 65.18%, and 77.67%. Increased HDL levels were 20.24%, 17.94%, 17.08%, and 17.84%. CONCLUSION: Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the EESGL have antioxidant activity and antihyperlipidemia but is not as good as atorvastatin.

Induction of Apoptosis of Melanoma Skin Cancer Cells by Atmospheric Plasma Jet

The apoptotic effect is an important issue in cancer treatment. To achieve this goal, an atmospheric plasma jet (APJ) was set up for use on cultured cells in a temperature-controlled environment. Melanoma skin cancer and normal skin cells were targeted with this device. Following a 5 s plasma exposure, there was a 67% cell death in melanoma skin cancer cells compared with 5% in normal skin cells as measured after 24 h. When the treatment time was increased to 15, a 98% cell death was reported for melanoma skin cancer cells, which was 80% greater than the cell death in normal skin cells. Our observations further indicate that this preferential cell death is largely due to apoptosis. It shows that an APJ is a selective device in the induction of apoptosis in cancer and normal cells. APJ was shown to affect cells directly and indirectly through a plasma-activated medium (PAM). In direct treatment, cells were exposed to plasma while suspended in a culture medium, and in indirect treatment, cells were added to a culture medium previously activated by plasma treatment. PAM was able to induce cell death 29% higher than direct treatment as measured after 48 h. The depth of the growth medium is also one of the factors in the induction of apoptosis of cancer cells. The growth medium protected the cells from plasma exposure. The result shows that the low level (0 mm) of growth medium will cause more cell death as compared with the high level (2 mm) of growth medium. Apoptotic behavior of skin cancer cells was deduced from the fact that treated cells initially grew and died 12 h following the treatment, while untreated cells continued to grow and proliferate.

Зависимость процесса коррозии биорезорбируемого сплава ZX10 от структурных факторов и локального уровня pH

Magnesium biodegradable alloys are a promising material for self-dissolving surgical implants. Magnesium is known to be sensitive to electrochemical corrosion due to the galvanic effect between the matrix and particles of secondary phases and inclusions. Another important factor is the pH level. The behavior of certain chemical reactions depends on the pH level, so one can assume that the pH level of a corrosive medium at the material surface is a factor determining what chemical reactions can occur there. Finally, there is evidence that variability of the crystallographic orientation of the grains may be a cause of anisotropy of corrosion properties. The purpose of this work is to reveal the influence of the electrode potential of the microstructural elements, the crystallographic orientation of the grains, and the pH level of the near-surface volume of the corrosion solution on the corrosion process. In the study, sections of 2×1.5 mm were marked on the ZX10 alloy samples, for which maps of the distribution of crystallographic orientations and chemical composition were drawn. To assess the influence of the electrode potential of the particles, the authors carried out a Kelvin probe mapping in the 90×90 µm area. Next, corrosion tests were carried out with video filming of the surface on the marked area. To determine the pH level influence, the solution circulation in the cell was varied. Upon completion of the tests, corrosion products and corrosion damage were examined in detail. According to the results, the pH level in the liquid near-surface micro-volumes has a greater influence than the electrode potential of the particles as it provokes the formation of corrosion products of a different composition, which leads to passivation of the surface areas around the particles. The authors identified two different types of filiform corrosion. For filiform corrosion, a correlation between the corrosion direction and the crystallographic orientation of the grains was established.

Features of artemia salina ontogenesis in aquaculture depending on the salt level

The work is devoted to the study of influence of salinity level at the rate of hatching, productivity and morphometric parameters of artemia in aquaculture. The cultivation technology of Artemia salina in aquaculture for obtaining live starter feeds has been used in practice for a long time, but it is still far from perfect, since it is developed for a certain averaged artemia, and in practice we have to deal with specific species and their ecomorphs (ecological morphotypes), the optimal conditions of cultivation of which differ in many ways. One of the most important factors determining the development of artemia is the salinity of the environment. The aim of our study was to assess the effect of the salinity level of culture medium at the rate of hatching, productivity and morphometric parameters of artemia grown in industrial aquaculture. The results of the study showed that with an increase in the concentration of salt in the solution for cultivation of artemia, metamorphosis of the free embryo in nauplia is prolonged and the percentage of their yield decreases. Differences in the average population indicators of length and body weight of nauplia were found, which tended to decrease with an increase in water salt concentration. When studying the absolute fertility of female artemia grown at different concentrations of salt, it was found that an increase in water salinity in reproductive age of females makes it possible to increase their absolute fertility when breeding in artificial conditions.

Evaluation of the Performance of Vital Services in Urban Crisis Management

Crisis management assessment and planning include many components. One of the essential elements is the review and analysis of the structure of the existing situation and the performance of Vital services in the face of critical cases. During the occurrence of natural disasters, the issue of crisis management is crucial in order to reduce the damages caused by the crisis. One thing that reduces the damages is the correct and timely access of critical relief centers such as fire departments, emergency, police force, and crisis management centers to their covered areas. Therefore, in this research, the structure of these vital centers' existing situation and location were investigated first, and the operating radius of these centers was measured according to specific standards. In this research, Network Analyst has been used to analyze 8300 streets, taking into account the average speed limit and the length and width of each street in the GIS to calculate the level of coverage of vital relief agencies. This system uses the Dijkstra algorithm to find the best route, the most straightforward algorithm among all existing algorithms. It also has high power and speed in calculations. In this article, after analyzing the performance of four vital services during crisis management in terms of accessibility and zoning, and prioritization based on the level of high, medium, and poor coverage, and according to the obtained results, it is suggested that a new location for creating new service centers should be established in areas with poor coverage so that the balance in the field of relief is done in the face of future crises. Other urban researchers can use this approach.

En Face Choroidal Vascularity in Both Eyes of Patients with Unilateral Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the choroidal vascularity analyzing en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in patients with unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). We retrospectively evaluated 40 eyes of 20 CSC patients and 20 eyes of 10 gender- and age-matched healthy individuals. The sample consisted of: (1) CSC affected eyes; (2) unaffected fellow eyes; (3) healthy eyes. Multiple cross-sectional enhanced depth imaging OCT scans were obtained to create a volume scan. En face scans of the whole choroid were obtained at 5μm intervals and were binarized to calculate the choroidal vascularity index (CVI). The latter, defined as the proportion of the luminal area to the total choroidal area, was calculated at the level of choriocapillaris, superficial, medium and deep layers. No significant differences between choriocapillaris, superficial, medium and deep CVI were found in both eyes of CSC patients, whereas a significant different trend of changes was found in healthy eyes. Nevertheless, the en face CVI shows no difference between affected fellow and healthy eyes. In conclusion, CSC-affected eyes and fellow eyes showed a similar vascular architecture, with no statistical difference between all choroidal layers.

Analisa Kerentanan Sistem Dengan Menerapkan Open Vulnerability Assessment System Menggunakan Greenbone Vulnerability Management (GVM)

A computer network is a network telecommunication that connects one or more computers to exchange data and information with each other. Such huge benefit will certainly be reduced by the presence of interference that arises in the network, when the network only involves local devices or in other words, is not connected to the internet network then interference may be less calculated. However, when the local network is connected to the internet network, a security system will be something that must be considered. Every system and network will undoubtedly have vulnerabilities and can cause damage to the system and even data to cause losses. Tracing activities and identifying system vulnerabilities are effective ways to minimize the risk of continuous vulnerability, therefore this study aims to conduct network analysis to determine vulnerabilities system by applying the open vulnerability assessment system method using Greenbone Vulnerability Management (GVM) as a platform of network scanning and vulnerability management system. The results are achieved by doing the vulnerability analysis to evaluate the results of vulnerability findings and then categorized according to the level of risk, namely high, medium and low. Conducting a vulnerability assessment will improve information security and avoid bad risks that can cause losses. The results achieved doing the vulnerability assessment activity are to provide an evaluation of the risk of vulnerability found and the impact that can be generated and as a preventive measure to increase security system awareness.

Linguocognitive and sociocultural aspects of bilingualism

The concepts and data accumulated to date on bilingualism are summarized and generalized in the article. Bilingualism is the presence of two or more languages in a person’s actual life and operating them whenever necessary, regardless of the level of proficiency and medium of language acquisition (natural or artificial). In the cognitive- psycholinguistic perspective, the study of a foreign/second language is primarily about the goals of language training: with a distinct lag from a first language (top-down training) to gain conceptual knowledge of one’s own and foreign cultures and read cognitively complex works in two languages VS together with a first language from early childhood (bottom-up training) to gain the skills of authentic usage of both languages and be fluent in everyday communication. In in the socio-cultural perspective, in multinational states bilingualism is an objective necessity, provided that it is endoglossic. This is an alternative to the full or partial assimilation of linguistic minorities to the language and culture of the majority. The ideal is not linguocultural assimilation, but mutual integration, the formation of a single nation. As for an external foreign language learnt for international communication, it should be mastered less zealously and generally perceived as a mere substitute for an “international auxiliary language” - a simple code, universal and flexible, to convey a person’s individual and national meanings. Acculturation in the spirit of a foreign culture is excluded, it is optimal to focus on the heritage of the internal, national and indigenous, cultures and literatures and learn them in both national/ethnic languages and a foreign language.

Effects of ceramic additives and bioactive coatings on the degradation of polylactic acid-based bone scaffolds under hydrolytic conditions.

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been extensively used for the manufacturing of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. Due to the low hydrophilicity and the acidic degradation process of this biomaterial, different strategies have been proposed to increase the biofunctionality of the support structure. The use of ceramic particles is a generally preferred option to increase the osteoconductivity of the base material, while acting as buffers to maintain the pH level of the surroundings tissues. Surface modification is another approach to overcome the limitations of PLA for tissue engineering applications. In this work, the degradation profile of 3D-printed PLA scaffolds containing beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) particles has been studied under hydrolytic conditions. Composite samples treated with plasma and coated with Aloe vera extracts were also studied to evaluate the effect of this surface modification method. The characterization of the 3D structures included its morphological, calorimetric and mechanical evaluation. According to the results obtained, the proposed composite scaffolds allowed an adequate maintenance of the pH level of the surrounding medium, with no effects observed on the morphology and mechanical properties of these structures. Hence, these samples showed potential to be further investigated as candidates for bone tissue regeneration.

Creative thinking ability and student learning motivation with project based blended learning model for students of class XI

The purpose of the research is to describe the students' ability in creative thinking and the students' learning motivation while obtaining the Project Based Blended Learning (PjB2L) learning model with descriptive feedback in class. The population of this study were students of class XI SMAN 2 Rembang with six subjects selected based on the level of high, medium, and low student motivation. This research is a qualitative descriptive design. Data analysis was carried out by collecting data through tests, observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The indicators used in creative thinking skills include fluent, flexible, original and elaboration. The results of the study are that students in the category of high learning motivation meet four indicators of creative thinking skills. Students who have high learning motivation are active during learning and study diligently to work on questions. For students in the category of moderate or moderate learning motivation, they are able to three indicators. Students with low category, can only one indicator of creative thinking. The PjB2L model with descriptive feedback can be an innovative model used when learning mathematics.

Risk or License? Precautionary Principle’s Transition in Genetically Modified Organisms’ Benefits After Job Creation Law

This article aims to discuss the implementation of precautionary principle on the use of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) in Indonesia as well as to identify and evaluate the changes of provisions on precautionary principles related to the use of GMOs as stipulated in the Environmental Law and the later Job Creation Law in Indonesia. This article employs normative legal research that descriptively examines humans, circumstances, and other phenomena to strengthen old theories and support new theories that are still in the drafting stage. It uses secondary data sources consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The result shows that the implementation of precautionary principle on the use of GMOs is based on the Environmental Law and the Job Creation Law which can be seen in the AMDAL. Under the Environmental Law, the implementation of precautionary principle prioritizes the importance of a risk's impact before the activity is carried out. Whereas in the Job Creation Law, the operation of an activity adjusts the level of risk, namely low, medium, and high. Hence, based on Job Creation Law, a business activity that already utilizes GMOs is allowed to conduct its operation if the risk is assessed as low. It is due to a transition between the risk approach in the Environmental Law and the licensing approach in the Job Creation Law. This article suggests that in GMO usage, the government should find more specific precautionary implementation than regulations and labels since regulations alone are too abstract to comprehend in a society.

Capping ligand initiated CuInS2 quantum dots decoration on, ZnIn2S4 microspheres surface under different alkalinity levels resulting in different hydrogen evolution performance

Surface distribution of quantum dots (QDs) at the semiconductor matrix caused by synthesis condition (e.g. pH of solution during coupling) could lead to different photocatalytic activity. Thus, achieving an optimal covering of semiconductor matrix by QDs has been challenging. Herein, the influence of the alkalinity level of aqueous decoration medium for the coupling of mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) capped CuInS2 quantum dots (CIS) and ZnIn2S4 microspheres (ZIS) on photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) performance was investigated. Aqueous decoration medium with different alkalinity levels for the formation of ZIS/CIS photocatalytic system resulted in significantly different PHE performances in the presence of (0.5 wt%) Pt co-catalyst deposition without any change in crystal structure of ZIS matrix up to pH 12.5. The photocatalytic system obtained at pH 10.5 possessed the highest performance followed by the decrease at pH 11.5 and again the remarkable increase was detected at pH 12.5 that was the pH level for uniform dispersion of CIS in aqueous medium. This work remarks the importance of the nanoparticle’s aggregates on PHE performance over non-toxic ZnIn2S4/CuInS2 photocatalytic system.

Conflict Identification and Zoning Optimization of "Production-Living-Ecological" Space.

With the acceleration of economic and social development and the increasing competition between multi-functional spaces, the coordination and stability of land space have been seriously affected. In order to simulate the conflict pattern of “production, living ecological” space and analyze its evolution characteristics, taking Qianjiang City as the research area and based on the current data of land use, the FLUS (Future Land Use Simulation) model and spatial conflict measurement model are used to calculate the change trend of “production, living ecological” spatial conflict in Qianjiang City in the past and in the future. The research results are of great significance for the scientific use of land space and the optimization of regional development patterns. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the level of spatial conflict in Qianjiang City showed an upward trend, the proportion of medium and above conflict units gradually increased, and the conflict level in the study area gradually became dominated by strong conflict. (2) Due to the process of urbanization and the continuous growth of population and GDP (Gross Domestic Product), the construction land in Qianjiang City shows a rapid increase trend under three scenarios, and the cultivated land area shows a downward trend. (3) In 2035, under the three scenarios, the spatial conflict in Qianjiang City will be strengthened, mainly at the level of medium and above. (4) According to the change degree of conflict transformation, 15 change types are divided into five functional zones: ecological protection zone, ecological conservation zone, modern agriculture zone, urban–rural development coordination zone and urban optimization zone.

Keefektifan Teknik Bibliotherapy dan Cinemeducation terhadap Peningkatan Multicultural Awareness Siswa SMA

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of bibliotherapy and cinemeducation techniques to increase students' multicultural awareness. This study uses a single subject experimental design with multiple baseline accros subject design. Where the study subjects were given the intervention as well as a control study. there are four subjects namely LIP, CDN, MTA and DMC. In this study, using visual anaslisis chart, which consists of phases baseline, the intervention of short stories and films. Analysis carried out under conditions and circumstances beyond the baseline phase and phase baselines intervention. Results of the analysis of graph and tables on the baseline condition shows the behavior of multicultural awareness at a stable low level, but the intervention of short stories and films have increased general behavior at the level of medium after being given bibliotherapy and cinemeducation techniques. The mean change from each subject experienced an increase varied. LIP for short stories behavioral intervention by 29.25 points and 23.75 points for intervention film, while the CDN increased by 26 points for interventions of short stories and 21.25 points for intervention movies. MTA has increased by 20 points for interventions of short stories and 27 points for intervention films and DMC increased for interventions of short stories by 23.5 points and 32.5 points for intervention movies. Intervention highest to lowest short story is LIP, CDN, MTA, DMC and intervention highest to lowest films is DMC, MTA, LIP and CDN, while an increase in a given intervention technique cinemeducation bibliotherapy first followed by 25.05 points to LIP and CDN, while the increase given intervention technique bibliotherapy cinemeducation first followed by 25.75 points to MTA and DMC.

Profile of MTs Students' Spatial Reasoning in Solving Contextual Problems Based on Mathematical Ability

Spatial reasoning as an important component in students' mathematical thinking and problem solving. How do students think spatially, how is the flow in solving contextual problems, this is spatial reasoning. Spatial reasoning consists of three characteristics, namely perceiving, visual-spatial and transforming. This research is included in descriptive qualitative which aims to describe the spatial reasoning of MTs students in imagining and explaining parts of objects, mentioning and describing parts of objects and changing the shape of objects from the problems given. The subjects in this study were three students from class VIII of MTs Negeri 3 Muara Ampolu Tapanuli Selatan who were taken from each level of mathematical ability, namely high, medium and low abilities after being given an initial math ability test. To find out the profile of students' spatial reasoning in contextual solving, the research subjects were given a spatial reasoning test. The results showed that students with high and moderate mathematical abilities in solving contextual problems that required spatial reasoning had good results. Meanwhile, low-ability students have difficulty in solving contextual problems so that their spatial reasoning has poor results.

PEMETAAN DAERAH RAWAN EROSI DENGAN MENNGUNAKAN METODE UNIVERSAL SOIL LOSS EQUATION (USLE) DI KOTA KUPANG

The research has done about mapping of erosion-prone areas using the USLE method in Kupang city. The purpose of this research is to map erosion-prone areas and determine the potential level of erosion hazard in Kupang city. The parameters used are rain erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope (LS), and land cover (CP). The process of overlaying erosion parameters and calculating the rate of erosion produces erosion hazard map which are categorized into five class, namely very light, light, medium, heavy and very heavy. Very light erosion (<15 tons/ha/year) has the largest area of 104.92 km², light erosion class (15-60 tons/ha/year) with an area of 28.32 km², medium erosion class (60-180 tons/ha/year) with an area of 13.37 km², heavy erosion class (180-480 tons/ha/year) with an area of 2.37 km², and very heavy erosion class (>480 tons/ha/year) has the smallest area of 0.526 km². The level of erosion hazard is very light and light spread throughout the city of Kupang. While the level of medium to very heavy erosion hazard is widely spread in Alak sub-district, especially the villages of Alak, Manutapen, Nunbaun Sabu, Batuplat, Manulai II. In the Maulafa sub-district spread in the villages of Sikumana and Belo. And several points in the villages of Tuak Daun Merah and Liliba, especially in the river area.

Talaromyces amestolkiae uses organic phosphate sources for the treatment of uranium-contaminated water.

Fungi have received particular attention in regards to alternatives for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated locales. Enzymes produced by filamentous fungi, such as phosphatases, can precipitate heavy metal ions in contaminated environments, forming metal phosphates (insoluble). Thus, this research aimed to analyze fungi for uranium biomineralization capacity. For this, Gongronella butleri, Penicillium piscarium, Rhodotorula sinensis and Talaromyces amestolkiae were evaluated. Phytate and glycerol 2-phosphate were used as the phosphate sources in the culture media at pH 3.5 and 5.5, with and without uranium ions. After 4 weeks of fungal growth, evaluated fungi were able to produce high concentrations of phosphates in the media. T. amestolkiae was the best phosphate producer, using phytate as an organic source. During fungal growth, there was no change in pH level of the culture medium. After 3 weeks of T. amestolkiae growth in medium supplemented with phytate, there was a reduction between 20 and 30% of uranium concentrations, with high precipitation of uranium and phosphate on the fungal biomass. The fungi analyzed in this research can use the phytic acid present in the medium and produce high concentrations of phosphate; which, in the environment, can assist in the heavy metal biomineralization processes, even in acidic environments. Such metabolic capabilities of fungi can be useful in decontaminating uranium-contaminated environments.

W-type and Graded-index bismuth-doped fibers for efficient lasers and amplifiers operating in E-band.

In this paper, we focus on the fabrication and investigation of optical properties of W-type and Graded-index single-mode Bi-doped germanosilicate fibers. The laser and gain characteristics of Bi-doped fibers of new designs were studied. It was shown that by variation of doping profile, it is possible to change characteristic parameters (active absorption, unsaturable loss level) of the active medium and, as a consequence, achieve an improvement of the performance of the optical devices based on these types of fibers. As a progress one can consider the creation of a Bi-doped fiber laser operating at 1460 nm with a record efficiency of 72% using a relatively short active fiber (L = 75 m); and a 20-dB Bi-doped fiber amplifier (L = 120 m) with a pump power of 45 mW (for the input signal powers lower than 30 µW) having a high gain efficiency of 0.52 dB/mW. We suggest that the obtained results could be a driver for further investigation in this direction.

Study of vulnerability three-story school buildings with reinforced concrete construction in Banda Aceh to earthquake and tsunami hazards

The city of Banda Aceh is an area located between two active faults, namely, the Aceh segment and the Seulimuem fault. In 2004, an earthquake measuring 9.3 on the Richter Scale rocked the city of Banda Aceh, followed by a tsunami on the Burma Plate. As a result, almost all school buildings were damaged. This study aims to determine the vulnerability of school buildings in Banda Aceh City to earthquake and tsunami hazards from the capacity of the building structure, so that the level of damage is obtained from the developed fragility curve. The object of this research is a typical three-story reinforced concrete school building, namely the private school of Budi Dharma and the national school of SD Negeri 50 in Banda Aceh City. The research was conducted by means of a field survey to collect data on the structure of the school building. The data consists of building data, material quality and building dimensions. Then the loadings are inputted into the SAP2000 program in the form of dead loads, live loads, earthquake loads consisting of the USGS earthquake recording and an estimated map of the Indonesian earthquake, and tsunami loads in 2017. Then pushover analysis was used to get the level of damage from the capacity curve to see the probability percentage comparison. In addition, the large value of Sa is equal to the percentage of probability as the level of damage to the building which was influenced by the building of the private school of Budi Dharma that was established before the tsunami on December 26, 2004. We concluded that the greater the value of the height of the tsunami inundation is equal to the level of light, medium, heavy and total damage, at the building of the national school of SD Negeri 50, Banda Aceh as the value of the deviation between the floors of the building from the tsunami load.