Levels Of Lipid Peroxidation Products Research Articles

Effect of the large-conductance calcium-dependent k<sup>+</sup> channel activator NS1619 on the function of mitochondria in the heart of dystrophin-deficient mice

Dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy (Duchenne dystrophy) is characterized by impaired ion homeostasis, in which mitochondria play an important role. In the present work, using a model of dystrophin-deficient mdx mice, we revealed a decrease in the efficiency of potassium ion transport and the total content of this ion in heart mitochondria. We evaluated the effect of chronic administration of the benzimidazole derivative NS1619, which is an activator of the large-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channel (mitoBKCa) on the structure and function of organelles and the state of the heart muscle. It was shown that NS1619 improves K+ transport and increases the content of the ion in the heart mitochondria of mdx mice, but this is not associated with changes in the level of the mitoBKCa protein and the expression of the encoding gene. The effect of NS1619 was accompanied by a decrease in the intensity of oxidative stress, assessed by the level of lipid peroxidation products (MDA products) and normalization of the mitochondrial ultrastructure in the heart of mdx mice. In addition, we found positive changes in the tissue, expressed in a decrease in the level of fibrosis in the heart of dystrophin-deficient animals treated with NS1619. It was noted that NS1619 had no significant effect on the structure and function of heart mitochondria in wild-type animals. The paper discusses the mechanisms of influence of NS1619 on the function of mouse heart mitochondria in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and the prospects for applying this approach to correct pathology.

Antioxidant Thymoquinone and Its Potential in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases.

Oxidative stress is one of the main pathogenic factors of neuron damage in neurodegenerative processes; this makes it an important therapeutic target to which the action of neuroprotectors should be directed. One of these drugs is thymoquinone. According to modern data, this substance has a wide range of pharmacological activity, including neuroprotective, which was demonstrated in experimental modeling of various neurodegenerative diseases and pathological conditions of the brain. The neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone is largely due to its antioxidant ability. Currently available data show that thymoquinone is an effective means to reduce the negative consequences of acute and chronic forms of cerebral pathology, leading to the normalization of the content of antioxidant enzymes and preventing an increase in the level of lipid peroxidation products. Antioxidant properties make this substance a promising basis for the development of prototypes of therapeutic agents aimed at the treatment of a number of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system.

Changes on proteomic and metabolomic profiling of cryopreserved sperm effected by melatonin

Cryopreservation may reduce sperm fertility due to cryodamage including physical-chemical and oxidative stress damages. As a powerful antioxidant, melatonin has been reported to improve cryoprotective effect of sperm. However, the molecular mechanism of melatonin on cryopreserved ram sperm hasn't been fully understand. Give this, this study aimed to investigate the postthaw motility parameters, antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation, as well as proteomic, metabolomic changes of Huang-huai ram spermatozoa with freezing medium supplemented with melatonin. Melatonin was firstly replenished to the medium to yield five different final concentrations: 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mM. A control (NC) group without melatonin replenishment was included. Protective effects of melatonin as evidenced by postthaw motility, activities of T-AOC, T-SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, contents of MDA, 4-HNE, as well as acrosome integrity, plasma membrane integrity, with 0.5 mM being the most effective concentration (MC group). Furthermore, 29 differentially abundant proteins involving in sperm functions were screened among Fresh, NC and MC groups of samples (n = 5) based on the 4D-LFQ, with 7 of them upregulated in Fresh and MC groups. 26 differentially abundant metabolites were obtained involving in sperm metabolism among the three groups of samples (n = 8) based on the UHPLC-QE-MS, with 18 of them upregulated in Fresh and MC groups. According to the bioinformatic analysis, melatonin may have positive effects on frozen ram spermatozoa by regulating the abundance changes of vital proteins and metabolites related to sperm function. Particularly, several proteins such as PRCP, NDUFB8, NDUFB9, SDHC, DCTN1, TUBB6, TUBA3E, SSNA1, as well as metabolites like L-histidine, L-targinine, ursolic acid, xanthine may be potential novel biomarkers for evaluating the postthaw quality of ram spermatozoa. In conclusion, a dose-dependent replenishment of melatonin to freezing medium protected ram spermatozoa during cryopreservation, which can improve motility, antioxidant enzyme activities, reduce levels of lipid peroxidation products, modify the proteomic and metabolomic profiling of cryopreserved ram spermatozoa through reduction of oxidative stress, maintenance of OXPHOS and microtubule structure. SignificanceMelatonin, a powerful antioxidant protects ram spermatozoa from cryopreservation injuries in a dose-dependent manner, with 0.5 mM being the most effective concentration. Furthermore, sequencing results based on the 4D-LFQ combined with the UHPLC-QE-MS indicated that melatonin modifies proteomic and metabolomic profiling of ram sperm during cryopreservation. According to the bioinformatic analysis, melatonin may have positive effects on frozen ram spermatozoa by regulating the expression changes of vital proteins and metabolites related to sperm metabolism and function. Particularly, several potential novel biomarkers for evaluating the postthaw quality of ram spermatozoa were acquired, proteins such as PRCP, NDUFB8, NDUFB9, SDHC, DCTN1, TUBB6, TUBA3E, SSNA1, as well as metabolites like L-histidine, L-targinine, ursolic acid, xanthine.

The role of redox status in platelet dysfunction in severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Platelet dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 is a well-known fact; however, its formation mechanisms remain unclear.
 AIM: To evaluate the role of oxidative stress in dysfunction of platelets in the patients with severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study has involved patients with COVID-19 (n = 27) aged 47 to 75 with more than 50% lung damage according to the chest multi-slice computed tomography. The control group has included healthy people comparable in sex and age (n = 24). All the patients have undergone evaluation of the number of platelets in blood, measurement of platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, adrenaline and ristocetin and the level of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modifications products in platelet-rich plasma. The calculation and analysis of the obtained data has been carried out using the IBM SPSS Statistics v. 23.
 RESULTS: For the patients with severe COVID-19, a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood is characteristic. Acceleration of platelet aggregation induced by collagen and ristocetin has been observed on the 1st day, with the induction of adenosine diphosphate, collagen, adrenaline and ristocetin on the 8th day of the admission. Oxidative stress in COVID-19 leads to a significant increase in the level of primary markers of protein oxidative modifications in the platelets and an increase in the level of products of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation markers in the platelets. A direct correlation between the products of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidative modifications in the platelets and their aggregation has been found.
 CONCLUSIONS: The following study deepens the knowledge of the status of oxidative stress in SARS-CoV-2 infection, confirming its important role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. The growth of protein oxidative modifications and lipid peroxidation products in patients with severe COVID-19-associated pneumonia in the course of the disease may be one of the causes of platelet dysfunction and, as a result, lead to lethal thrombotic complications.

Protective Effect of D-Panthenol in Rhabdomyolysis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

We investigated the nephroprotective effect of D-panthenol in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Adult male Wistar rats were injected with 50% glycerol solution to induce rhabdomyolysis. Animals with rhabdomyolysis were injected with D-panthenol (200 mg/kg) for 7 days. On day 8, we examined AKI markers, renal histology, antioxidant capacity, and protein glutathionylation in kidneys to uncover mechanisms of D-panthenol effects. Rhabdomyolysis kidneys were shown to have pathomorphological alterations (mononuclear infiltration, dilatation of tubules, and hyaline casts in Henle’s loops and collecting ducts). Activities of skeletal muscle damage markers (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase) increased, myoglobinuria was observed, and creatinine, BUN, and pantetheinase activity in serum and urine rose. Signs of oxidative stress in the kidney tissue of rhabdomyolysis rats, increased levels of lipid peroxidation products, and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were all alleviated by administration of D-panthenol. Its application improved kidney morphology and decreased AKI markers. Mechanisms of D-panthenol’s beneficial effects were associated with an increase in total coenzyme A levels, activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, and attenuation of protein glutathionylation. D-Panthenol protects kidneys from rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI through antioxidant effects, normalization of mitochondrial metabolism, and modulation of glutathione-dependent signaling.

Diet and SIRT1 Genotype Interact to Modulate Aging-Related Processes in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: From the CORDIOPREV Study.

We investigated whether long-term consumption of two healthy diets (low-fat (LF) or Mediterranean (Med)) interacts with SIRT1 genotypes to modulate aging-related processes such as leucocyte telomere length (LTL), oxidative stress (OxS) and inflammation in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). LTL, inflammation, OxS markers (at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up) and SIRT1-Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7069102 and rs1885472) were determined in patients from the CORDIOPREV study. We analyzed the genotype-marker interactions and the effect of diet on these interactions. Regardless of the diet, we observed LTL maintenance in GG-carriers for the rs7069102, in contrast to carriers of the minor C allele, where it decreased after follow-up (p = 0.001). The GG-carriers showed an increase in reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio (p = 0.003), lower lipid peroxidation products (LPO) levels (p < 0.001) and a greater decrease in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (p < 0.001) after follow-up. After the LF diet intervention, the GG-carriers showed stabilization in LTL which was significant compared to the C allele subjects (p = 0.037), although the protective effects found for inflammation and OxS markers remained significant after follow-up with the two diets. Patients who are homozygous for the SIRT1-SNP rs7069102 (the most common genotype) may benefit from healthy diets, as suggested by improvements in OxS and inflammation in patients with CHD, which may indicate the slowing-down of the aging process and its related diseases.

Oxidative Stress Is a Potential Cost of Synchronous Nesting in Olive Ridley Sea Turtles.

Olive ridley sea turtles, Lepidochelys olivacea, exhibit a polymorphic reproductive behavior, nesting solitarily or in mass aggregations termed “arribadas”, where thousands of individuals nest synchronously. Arribada nesting provides fitness benefits including mate finding during nearshore aggregations and predator satiation at the time of hatching, but it is unknown if such benefits come with a physiological cost. We used plasma metabolite profiling, stable isotope analysis, biochemical and endocrine assays to test whether metabolic parameters differ between nesting modes, and if arribada nesting is associated with increased levels of oxidative damage compared to solitary nesting. Arribada nesters were bigger and had higher circulating thyroid hormone levels than solitary nesters. Similarly, pathways related to phospholipid and amino acid metabolism, catabolic processes, and antioxidant defense were enriched in individuals nesting in arribada. Stable isotope signatures in skin samples showed differences in feeding zones with arribada nesters likely feeding on benthic and potentially more productive grounds. Arribada nesters had increased levels of plasma lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products compared to solitary nesters. These results suggest that metabolic profiles differ between nesting modes and that oxidative stress is a trade-off for the fitness benefits associated with arribada nesting.

Salivary Concentrations Of Lipid Peroxidation Products Represent Plasma Concentrations In Athletes Before And After Exercise

Many types of muscular exercise promote the production of reactive oxygen species and result in oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased levels of lipid peroxidation products in both blood plasma and saliva. PURPOSE: To assess the agreement between quantitative measurements of lipid peroxidation products in plasma and saliva of athletes at rest and following the Åstrand-Rhyming test. METHODS: 20 elite athletes, aged 18-22 years, participated in the study. Athletes underwent the Åstrand-Rhyming cycle ergometer test. Blood and saliva samples were collected before (pre-exercise) and immediately after the exercise (postexercise). Diene conjugates (DC), triene conjugates (TC) and Schiff bases (SB) were photometrically determined. Optical densities were measured at 220 nm (absorption of isolated double bonds), 232 nm (absorption of DC), 278 nm (absorption of TC), and 400 nm (absorption of SB). Assumption of normality was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Since all data were normally distributed, comparisons were made using paired Student’s t-test. Bland-Altman (B&A) analysis was applied. RESULTS: DC levels were elevated in plasma (0.17 + 0.02 vs. 0.19 + 0.02 a.u., p < 0.001) and saliva (0.17 + 0.02 vs. 0.19 + 0.02 a.u., p < 0.01) in response to exercise, as were the plasmatic (0.12 + 0.04 vs. 0.14 + 0.04 a.u., p < 0.05) and salivary (0.11 + 0.03 vs. 0.14 + 0.03 a.u., p < 0.05) TC concentrations. SB levels were also significantly higher at postexercise compared to pre-exercise in both plasma (21.46 + 4.63 vs. 31.14 + 6.25 a.u., p < 0.001) and saliva (20.83 + 4.06 vs. 30.19 + 6.45 a.u., p < 0.001). The bias calculated for DC (0.005, pre-exercise; 0.004, postexercise), TC (0.002, pre-exercise; 0.004, postexercise) and SB (0.64, pre-exercise; 0.95, postexercise) using the B&A statistics was not significant both at pre-exercise and at postexercise because the line of equality was within the confidence interval of the mean difference. All of the data points lay within the respective agreement limits. CONCLUSIONS: High agreement between quantitative measurements of plasmatic and salivary DC, TC and SB was detected both at rest and following the Åstrand-Rhyming test. Saliva may be considered as an attractive option for identifying exercise-induced oxidative stress in athletes.

Changes of Lipid Peroxidation after Administration of Nanomodified Resuspending Solution into Donor Red Blood Cells

The problem of increasing the functional activity preservation of red blood cells is priority for the Blood Service and clinical transfusiology. Taking into account the previously discovered unique properties of magnetite nanoparticles, namely: nonspecific modulation of metabolic processes, strengthening of adaptive mechanisms of cellular organelles, acceleration of reparative processes at the level of membranes and macromolecules, for the first time an attempt was made to use the upgraded saline solution of sodium chloride (nanotechnologically upgraded solution - NUS) as a resuspending of erythrocyte-containing components (ECC). Objective: to improve the preservation of red blood cells containing donor blood components using NUS for resuspending. To achieve this goal, the first stage of the study examined the effect of a new resuspending solution (NUS) on lipoperoxidation, catalase activity, and red blood cell peroxidation resistance in donor blood components containing red blood cells. Object of Research: red blood cells from preservation blood of donors, which are intended for component transfusion therapy. As a result of the study, the advantages of using NUS were established, namely: a significant decrease in the levels of primary and secondary lipid peroxidation products in the first 15 days of observation, an increase in catalase activity and resistance of red blood cells to peroxidation in the first stages of the study, inhibition of the shear reaction with neutral lipid peroxidation in the late stages of observation.

Effect of a novel thiazole derivative and its complexes with polymeric carriers on the processes of lipid peroxidation in lymphoma cells

Background. Many types of tumors are sensitive to changes in prooxidant-antioxidant balance. Thus, further studies on reactive oxygen species inducing antitumor drugs that generate oxidative stress-dependent cytotoxic effects are promising. Our previous works showed that thiazole derivatives in combination with polymeric carriers have a pronounced cytotoxic effect on tumor, while not being cytotoxic against pseudo-normal cells in vitro. It was found that thiazole derivatives in complex with PEG-based polymeric carriers affected the antioxidant system of lymphoma cells in vitro. The aim of this work was to study the in vitro effect of the complex of thiazole derivative N-(5-benzyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-3,5-dimethyl-1-benzofuran-2-carboxamide (BF1) in combination with polymeric carriers poly(VEP-co-GMA)-graft-mPEG (Th1), poly(PEGMA) (Th3) and poly(PEGMA-co-DMM) (Th5) on the level of lipid peroxidation products in NK/Ly cells. Materials and Methods. The experiments were conducted on white wild-type male mice with a grafted NK/Ly lymphoma. Ascites tumor cells were inoculated into mice intraperitoneally. Abdominal drainage with ascites of anesthetized mice was performed with a sterile syringe on the 7th–10th days after inoculation. Investigated compounds BF1, polymeric carriers Th1, Th3, Th5 and combination of BF1 + Th1 (Th2), BF1 + Th3 (Th4) and BF1 + Th5 (Th6) at a final concentration of 10 μM were added to the lymphoma samples and incubated for 10 minutes. The level of lipid peroxidation products, such as lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid-positive products) were determined according to the techniques described below. Results. All applied complexes based on thiazole derivative BF1 and PEG-based polymeric carriers at a concentration of 10 μM increased the activity of lipid hydroperoxi­des in the lymphoma cells by 29–36% compared to control. Complexes Th2 and Th6 increased the significance of BF1 influence on lymphoma cells from P &lt;0.05 to P &lt;0.01. Among all of the studied complexes, Th4 and Th6 significantly increased the level of TBA-positive products, while Th2 and BF1 did not change the content of the secondary products of lipid peroxidation. None of the unconjugated polymeric carriers affected the level of lipid peroxidation products. Conclusions. Thus, based on the results of this work, thiazole derivative BF1 in complex with polymeric carriers increases the level of primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation in lymphoma cells. Polymeric carriers enhanced the effect of thiazole derivative on the studied parameters, so complexes of thiazole derivatives and PEG-containing polymeric carriers should be taken into consideration and further investigated as potential antitumor agents.

Metabolic Tolerance to Atmospheric Pressure of Two Freshwater Endemic Amphipods Mostly Inhabiting the Deep-Water Zone of the Ancient Lake Baikal.

Simple SummaryDeep-water habitats are the largest ecosystem on the planet: over half of the Earth’s surface is covered with a water layer deeper than 200 m and remains poorly explored. Lake Baikal is the only freshwater body inhabited by animals adapted to the deep-water zone independently from their marine counterparts. Comparing these convergently evolved freshwater and marine animals is invaluable for revealing the basic mechanisms of adaptation to high hydrostatic pressure. However, laboratory experiments on deep-water organisms still usually require lifting them to the water’s surface and exposing them to potentially hazardous decompression, while endemics from Lake Baikal are poorly studied in this regard. Here, we compared metabolic reactions to such pressure decreases in two Baikal deep-water amphipods (shrimp-like crustaceans) from the genus Ommatogammarus: one species is known to tolerate pressures close to atmospheric levels, while the second was only observed at the pressures from 5 atm and above. We expected that the energy metabolism of the shallower-dwelling species would function better under the atmospheric pressure but found no substantial differences. Thus, despite some difference in long-term survival at atmospheric pressure, both species are suitable for laboratory studies as freshwater model objects adapted to large pressure variations.Lake Baikal is the only freshwater reservoir inhabited by deep-water fauna, which originated mostly from shallow-water ancestors. Ommatogammarus flavus and O. albinus are endemic scavenger amphipods (Amphipoda, Crustacea) dwelling in wide depth ranges of the lake covering over 1300 m. O. flavus had been previously collected close to the surface, while O. albinus has never been found above the depth of 47 m. Since O. albinus is a promising model species for various research, here we tested whether O. albinus is less metabolically adapted to atmospheric pressure than O. flavus. We analyzed a number of energy-related traits (contents of glucose, glycogen and adenylates, as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity) and oxidative stress markers (activities of antioxidant enzymes and levels of lipid peroxidation products) after sampling from different depths and after both species’ acclimation to atmospheric pressure. The analyses were repeated in two independent sampling campaigns. We found no consistent signs of metabolic disturbances or oxidative stress in both species right after lifting. Despite O. flavus surviving slightly better in laboratory conditions, during long-term acclimation, both species showed comparable reactions without critical changes. Thus, the obtained data favor using O. albinus along with O. flavus for physiological research under laboratory conditions.

Local and Systemic Oxidative Stress Biomarkers for Male Infertility: The ORION Study.

Infertility problems occur in around 10% of all couples worldwide, with male-factor infertility as the sole contributor in 20–30% of these cases. Oxidative stress (OS) is suggested to be associated with the pathophysiology of male infertility. In spermatozoa, OS can lead to damage to the cell membrane, resulting in disruption of DNA integrity and a decrease in motility. Established biomarkers for OS include free thiols and malondialdehyde (MDA), both representing different components of the reactive species interactome (RSI). This exploratory study aimed to investigate seminal plasma-free thiol and MDA levels in relation to semen parameters as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) to determine if these markers are adequate to define local OS status. Furthermore, this study investigated if there is a relation between systemic and local OS status by comparing seminal concentrations of free thiol (R-SH, sulfhydryl groups, representing the extracellular redox status) and MDA (lipid peroxidation product) levels to those measured in serum. Free thiol and MDA measurements in both serum and semen plasma were performed in 50 males (18–55 y) of couples seeking fertility treatment. A significant positive correlation was found between seminal plasma-free thiol levels and sperm concentration and progressive motility (r = 0.383, p = 0.008 and r = 0.333, p = 0.022, respectively). In addition, a significant positive correlation was found between MDA levels in seminal plasma and sperm concentration (r = 0.314, p = 0.031). This study supports that seminal plasma-free thiols may be promising as local OS biomarkers. No associations were observed between local and systemic OS biomarker concentrations.

α-lipoic acid ameliorates inflammation state and oxidative stress by reducing the content of bioactive lipid derivatives in the left ventricle of rats fed a high-fat diet

Lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid (AA) are implicated with the occurrence of inflammation and oxidative stress. The current knowledge of AA metabolism focuses on searching for the therapeutic strategy to subvert affected AA metabolism. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of chronic α-lipoic acid (α-LA) supplementation on myocardial inflammation state and oxidative stress in obesity-related cardiovascular dysfunction. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats receiving a standard or a high-fat diets with intragastric α-LA administration for 8 weeks. Plasma and myocardial AA concentrations were determined using the gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The Western blot technique was used to examine the expression of proteins from the inflammatory pathway. The content of selected cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress indicators was detected by the ELISA, colorimetric, and multiplex assay kits. Our results revealed that α-LA caused a notable reduction in AA content, mainly in the phospholipid fraction with a simultaneous diminishment in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, i.e., prostaglandin E2, leukotrienes B4 and C4 by decreasing the expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX. α-LA also augmented the level of antioxidative SOD2 and GSH and decreased the level of lipid peroxidation products, which improved oxidative system impairment in the left ventricle tissue. The data clearly showed that α-lipoic acid has a significant role in inflammation and oxidative stress development ameliorating the risk of cardiac obesity induced by high-fat feeding.

Reactive Oxygen Species Induce Fatty Liver and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Promoting Inflammation and Cell Death.

Liver transplantation is the ultimate method for treating end-stage liver disease. With the increasing prevalence of obesity, the number of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver, a common cause of chronic liver disease, is on the rise and may become the main cause of liver transplantation in the future. With the increasing gap between the number of donor livers and patients waiting for liver transplantation and the increasing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver, the proportion of steatosis livers among non-standard donor organs is also increasing. Ischemia-reperfusion injury has historically been the focus of attention in the liver transplantation process, and severe ischemia-reperfusion injury leads to adverse outcomes of liver transplantation. Studies have shown that the production of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver. Furthermore, the sensitivity of fatty liver transplantation to ischemia-reperfusion injury has been suggested to be related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. In ischemia-reperfusion injury, Kupffer cell and macrophage activation along with mitochondrial damage and the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system promote marked reactive oxygen species production and the inflammatory response and apoptosis, resulting in liver tissue injury. The increased levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation products, vicious circle of ROS and oxidative stress along with mitochondrial dysfunction promoted the progress of non-alcoholic fatty liver. In contrast to the non-fatty liver, a non-alcoholic fatty liver produces more reactive oxygen species and suffers more serious oxidative stress when subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury. We herein review the effects of reactive oxygen species on ischemia-reperfusion injury and non-alcoholic fatty liver injury as well as highlight several treatment approaches.

The Effect of the Enteral Correction Program on Oxidative Stress Parameters in Patients with Poisoning with Psychopharmacological Agents or Corrosive Substances

RATIONALE Acute exogenous poisonings represent a serious medical problem due to the prevalence, severity of the course and high lethality. In their pathogenesis, an important place is given to oxidative stress (OS). Among modern methods of treatment of acute poisoning, the attention is drawn to approaches aimed at normalizing homeostatic indicators by cleansing the enteric environment, restoration of its barrier function.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Assess the impact of the enteral correction program (ECP) on the parameters of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant systems in acute exogenous poisoning.MATERIAL AND METHODS 119 patients who underwent treatment at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine, of which 45 were with severe acute poisoning with psychopharmacological agents (PPPA) and 74 with poisoning with corrosive substances (PCS). The two study groups consisted of 40 patients with PCS and 23 patients with PPPA, whose standard therapy was supplemented with ECP. The ECP included making intestinal lavage on admission, the introduction of glucosed saline enteral solution in the following days; and for patients with PCS the treatment also included enteral nutrition and Pektovit.The comparison groups included 56 people (34 with PCS and 22 with PPPA) comparable to the patients of the study groups by sex, age, the type and severity of poisoning poisoning treated with standard therapy The severity of OS was assessed by the KMDA/TAA index which was calculated by means of measuring the concentration of malonic dialdehyde (as an LPO parameter) and total antioxidant activity in the blood plasma of the patients. Serum levels of nitric oxide stable metabolites were also measured.The analysis of the results was performed with the regard to patient’s age.RESULTS In patients of working age, regardless of the toxicant type, LPO activation occurred, which was expressed with an increased KMDA/TAA by 1.4–1.8 times compared to the norm. Using ECP at the study stages contributed to maintaining this balance level between pro- and antioxidants. In patients of comparison groups there was an increase in the LPO system imbalance, while KMDA/TAA exceeded the norm by 2.2–2.4 times that was statistically signifi cantly different from the parameters in the study groups.Older patients showed decreased levels of LPO products, the total antioxidant activity compared to the normal for the age, and, as a result, a decrease in KMDA/TAA by 1.3–1.5 times in PCS and by 2–2.4 times in PPPA. This is due to the low adaptive potential of this category of patients. In this age group, ECP contributed to a moderate activation of LPO, which provided the trend towards normalization of OS parameters.CONCLUSIONS The use of the enterable correction program has a positive impact on the dynamics of oxidative stress parameters, ensuring the maintenance of oxidative processes at the level required for an adequate protective reaction of the body to chemical injury.

The Effect of Lithium Salt with Ascorbic Acid on the Antioxidant Status and Productivity of Gestating Sows.

Simple SummaryThis research is aimed at studying the effect of lithium ascorbate on increasing the antioxidant status of gestational sows and reducing the level of lipid peroxidation products. The studies were conducted on gestational sows of the Irish Landrace breed. Thirty days after successful insemination, the sows of the experimental groups, E10, E5 and E2, began to receive lithium ascorbate powder together with compound feed in doses of 10, 5, and 2 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Weighing and biochemical examination were carried out before the introduction of the substance, as well as on the 60th and 110th days of gestation. In the blood plasma of sows, the following were determined: malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, SH/SS ratio, activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. The use of lithium ascorbate b caused a significant increase in the level of SH (reduced glutathione) by 21% (p < 0.05), a decrease in the level of SS (oxidized glutathione) by 17% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in the level of malondialdehyde by 60% (p < 0.05). The results obtained cause activation of the antioxidant defense system, reduce the risk of oxidative stress, and have a positive effect on the gestation process.This research is aimed at the influence of different doses of lithium ascorbate on pigs’ diet estimation, at farrowing sows’ antioxidant status increase, and at lipid peroxidation product level decrease. The research was conducted in farrowing sows of the Irish landrace breed during the second farrow. Three groups of animals were formed, with ten livestock units in each. Thirty days after successful insemination, the sows of the E10, E5 and E2 experimental groups started receiving lithium ascorbate powder together with feed stuff in dosages of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. Their weighing and biochemical examinations were performed before the substance introduction as well as on the 60th and 110th days of pregnancy. The following were detected in sows’ blood plasma: malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione, SH/SS ratio, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity. Lithium ascorbate usage during sows’ breeding cycle caused a significant increase in SH (reduced glutathione) level by 21% (p < 0.05), SS (oxidized glutathione) level decrease by 17% (p < 0.05), and malondialdehyde level decrease by 60% (p < 0.05). These data outline antioxidant defense system activization, reducing the risk of oxidative stress under the influence of feeding with lithium ascorbate. Lithium ascorbate in dosages of 10 mg/kg per body weight given together with feed stuff shows prominent adaptogene and stress protective features in the most effective way. The research conducted regarding lithium ascorbate usage for farrowing sows can reduce the negative consequences of oxidative stress, increase sows’ health preservation level, and contribute to fertility boost.

Evaluation of antioxidative enzymes levels and lipid peroxidation products levels in diabetic and non diabetic senile cataract patients.

The current study aimed to investigate the Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase activity, Advanced oxidation Protein products levels, Malondialdehyde levels, Baseline Conjugated Diene concentration, and 8-Isoprostaglandin F2α (8-IPG-F2α) quantification in diabetic and non-diabetic senile cataract patients to find out the pathomechanism of early onset of cataract in diabetic patients. This case-control study was performed on 184 subjects undergoing cataract surgery. For 8-IPG-F2α quantification, 35 diabetics and non-diabetic lenses and the entire study included 22 patients with diabetic senile cataracts and non-diabetic senile cataracts of aqueous humor age ≥ 40years. Ninety-two patients with diabetic senile cataract and non-diabetic senile cataract lenses aged ≥ 40years were incorporated for all other studies. The student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. From the study population, the mean age was 63.82 ± 0.6, and 75% of them were female. Higher female prevalence in both groups was observed. The results revealed that the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity were significantly reduced in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001) in both lenses and aqueous humor. Malondialdehyde, conjugated diene, and 8-IPG-F2α levels significantly increased in diabetic patients when compared to non-diabetic (p < 0.01), and advanced oxidation protein products levels also significantly increased in diabetic patients when compared to non-diabetics in both lenses and aqueous humor (p < 0.001). The current study revealed that oxidative stress and Lipid per-oxidation have an imperative role in the diabetic-related complication, specifically in the lens, may have a responsibility in the pathomechanism of early onset of cataracts coupled with diabetes mellitus.

DEFENSE ANTIOXIDANTS AND LIPID PERIOXIDATION IN AMIETOPHRYNUS MACULATUS AND PTYCHADENA PUMILIO AS A POLLUTION BIO-MONITORING TOOL IN SELECTED AREAS OF LAGOS STATE

The sensitivity of African amphibians; Amietophrynus maculatus and Ptychadena pumilio were exploited in determining oxidative stress induced by heavy metals pollution; lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn) and nickel (Ni), which is one of the factors that may have contributed to amphibian population decline. The study investigated the overall mean concentration of the selected heavy metals in the heart, liver, kidney and activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione (GSH) as well as the level of lipid peroxidation product; malondialdehyde (MDA), in the liver of the sampled animals in five selected locations in Lagos State (Ibafo, Iwaya, Makoko 1, Makoko 2 and Unilag). Three healthy and matured P. pumilio (62.00 ± 5.00g) and A.maculatus (79.00 ± 5.00g) were randomly collected from three points of each selected locations. The results showed that the overall mean concentration (mg/kg) of the selected heavy metals in descending order in A. maculates and P. pumilio were as follows: Heart (Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb/Ni &gt; Cr &gt; Cd; Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt; Ni &gt; Cd &gt; Cr), Liver (Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt; Cd &gt; Ni &gt; Cr; Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt; Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Ni) and Kidney (Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt; Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Ni; Zn &gt;Mn&gt;Pb&gt; Cd &gt; Cr &gt; Ni) respectively. In addition, the overall range of antioxidant activities (U/mg) in A. maculates and P. pumilio sampled in the various locations varied significantly (P &lt; 0.05) as follows; SOD (4.42-42.70; 5.14-30.62); CAT 10.84-17.82; 7.94-19.72); GSH (3.74-33.11; 4.42-12.17) and MDA (0.01-0.05;0.01-0.05) respectively. GSH was most depleted in both animals sampled from Ibafo. Therefore the sensitivity of the amphibians and the role of these biomarkers could be a good battery of monitoring tools in assessing the environmental health in environmental toxicology studies

ACUTE TOXICITY, OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DAMAGES TO GILLS OF CARDIOSOMA ARMATUM (RAINBOW CRAB) INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES (DICHLORVOS AND CYPERMETHRIN)

The relative acute toxicity of Dichlorvos and Cypermethrin acting singly against Rainbow crab, Cardiosoma armatum was evaluated. The effects of sub lethal concentrations of the pesticides on the oxidative responses and histopathological effects in the gills of the crab were also investigated over a 30 days period. On the basis of 96 hrs LC50 value, Dichlorvos with 96 hr LC50 of 8.86 ?g/L was 2 times more toxic to the crabs than Cypermethrin with 96 hr LC50 of 17.80 ?g/L. The exposures to sub lethal concentrations (1/10th and 1/100th 96 hr LC50) of both pesticides each resulted in increase in the levels of lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde (MDA) in the gills compared to the control group at both day 15 and 30 of the bioassay . Super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity was inhibited by day 30 relative to control for both pesticides but the activities of Catalase (CAT) did not show a significant trend (P &gt; 0.05). Exposure to sub lethal concentration (1/10th and 1/100th LC50) of both pesticides resulted in various histopathological effects such as curved filaments, fused filaments, epithelial lifting, congestion and odema. The damages to the gills were more severe in those exposed to Dichlorvous. The findings from this study indicates that both pesticides are potential threats to non- target rainbow crab populations and there is a risk of bioaccumulation and transport in the food chain under sub lethal exposures

Oxidative Stress Index Levels in Asian Adolescents with Exogenous-Constitutional Obesity

The aim of this research was to evaluate the integral oxidative stress index (OSI) level in Asian girls and boys with exogenous-constitutional obesity. Methods and Results: A total of 170 Asian adolescents aged 12-18 years were examined: 26 girls and 28 boys with constitutional obesity (main group, MG); 59 girls and 57 boys - healthy adolescents (control group, CG). The levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) products and antioxidant defense (AOD) parameters were detected using spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods. The level of LPO products and AOD components in the studied groups were assessed to calculate the integral OSI. Significant increases in the levels of primary LPO products (conjugated dienes by 2.18 times) and secondary LPO products (ketodienes and conjugated trienes by 2.48 times) in the obese Asian girls, compared with the control values, were observed. We found a significant decrease in the parameters of the AOD system in the obese Asian girls, compared with the control values: α-tocopherol (by 1.41 times; P=0.0262), retinol (by 1.12 times; P=0.0306), and SOD activity (by 1.28 times; P=0.0004). In the obese Asian boys, increased values of LPO components were found, compared to controls: conjugated dienes (by 2.13 times), ketodienes and conjugated trienes (by 3.4 times), final thiobarbituric acid reactants of LPO (by 1.24 times). They showed a statistically significant decrease in the level of α-tocopherol (by 1.49 times), compared with the control values. According to the obtained data, OSI in the group of Asian girls with obesity was 15.68 units, in the group of Asian boys with obesity - 22.89 units. The OSI in the group of Asian boys was higher (by 1.46 times) than in the obese girls. Conclusion: Certain OSI levels are consistent with the presence of antioxidant insufficiency in exogenous-constitutional obesity and allow us to specify and evaluate the ethnic aspect of the severity of the pathological process more reliably.