Levels Of Lime Research Articles

Some Characteristics of Moist Savanna Soils and Constraints on Development with Particular Reference to Brazil and Nigeria

The development constraints of the dystrophic tropical savanna soils are considered with particular reference to Brazil and Nigeria. Experimental evidence is presented to show that the inherent poor fertility of these savanna soils can be overcome by management strategies. Acidity can be counteracted by liming and critical levels of aluminium saturation can be kept deep in the profile by management techniques. Phosphate fertilization effects are now more clearly under- stood, phosphate fixation can be decreased and more effective methods of phosphate fertilizer application have been found. While it is still true that there are few detailed nitrogen cycle balance sheets based on experimental data, there is now considerable information on nitrogen fixation in tropical savanna soils. Recent findings on associa- tive nitrogen fixation in grass and crops are assessed. Micronutrient and other nutrient deficiencies are examined and the importance of the balance between major cations is considered with reference to fertilizer programmes. Environmental conditions in tropical savannas are adequate for both animal and crop production systems. Problems have arisen in some areas where fallows have been reduced and in other areas where land has been misused under population pressure. Despite these problems, and provid- ing simple erosion precautions are employed, the technical evidence pre- sented suggests there is justification for taking an optimistic view of development prospects. A proper socio-economic framework will need to

Zinco nas folhas de soja em função da calagem

Em experimento conduzido na Estação Experimental de Mococa, num latossolo vermelho-escuro álico, A moderado, textura argilosa, com quatro níveis de calagem (1, 4, 7 e 10 t/ha de calcário dolomítico), procurou-se avaliar o efeito dessa prática sobre a concentração de zinco nas folhas de soja em três plantios sucessivos a partir de 1980. Observou-se, através dos anos, um decréscimo nos teores de Zn nas folhas. Nos três anos, a calagem deprimiu a concentração de Zn nas folhas. Mesmo nos níveis mais altos de calcário, porém, não foram atingidos teores considerados deficientes.

Effect of nitrogen form on boron uptake by cauliflower

Abstract To investigate whether form of nitrogen supplied to cauliflower can affect its boron uptake via soil pH changes, a glasshouse pot experiment was carried out using a sandy loam soil. Nitrogen was supplied as calcium nitrate or as ammonium sulphate + N‐serve. A zero‐N treatment was also included, and these three treatments were factorially combined with two liming levels and two soil boron levels (i.e. with and without both materials). Nitrogen form had a small but very important influence on final soil pH, and the total amount of B in the mature leaves could be very largely explained in terms of this pH, falling about five‐fold between pH 7.0 and 7.4. The B concentrations and total amounts in young leaves and stems were less clearly related to treatment or final soil pH.

Effect of liming on dry matter yield of wheat in pots of low humic gley soil

This experiment was carried out with the aim of verifying the effect of liming on three wheat cultivars, IAC-5, Alondra and Anahuac, in lowland hydromorphic soils (Low Humic Gley) rich in organic matter. The treatments consisted of five levels of liming using two recommended methods. These treatments were: control without liming; liming by the aluminium method and 1/3, 2/3 and 4/3 of the liming recommended by the buffer method of Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt (SMP buffer method). Adequate levels of calcium and magnesium in the plants were obtained with higher doses of calcium than those indicated by the aluminium method. With the aid of curves adjusted to the experimental data it was verified that the maximum yields of dry matter of 15.86, 15.88 and 12.53 g/pot for the cultivars IAC-5, Alondra and Anahuac, respectively, occurred with higher quantities of calcium at 2/3 of liming indicated by the SMP method at pH 6.0 At this rate of liming aluminium levels in the soil were not totally neutralized and the levels of calcium and magnesium adequate for maximum yield were estimated in 4.6, 4.08 and 4.7 meq/100 g of soil. The results indicate that for Low Humic Gley soils with a high level of organic matter, the level exchangeable aluminium does not constitute an adequate criterion for indicating liming requirements for wheat.

Micronutrient, phosphorus and pH influences on growth and leaf tissue nutrient levels of Prosopis alba and Prosopis glandulosa

Nitrogen fixing trees of the genus Prosopis occur on many semiarid lands of the world, where they show potential for food and fuel production. Semiarid soils tend to be alkaline and low in organic matter, N, P and micronutrients. For both native woodlands and plantations, it is important to understand the response of Prosopis to changing fertility regimes and to develop quantitative relationships between leaf tissue mineral nutrient concentrations and productivity. The growth of two contrasting Prosopis species was compared on an inert artificial soil mixture with four lime [Ca(OH) 2] treatments to vary soil pH from 6 to 9 in the greenhouse. At each lime level a factorial design, with and without phosphorus and micronutrient additions, was used. Dry biomass was related to leaf tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and soil pH. Phosphorus was the element most limiting growth. Micronutrient additions produced little change in biomass at the lower lime levels, but at the high lime levels they increased biomass in the P amended plants. At high pH (8.9), zinc appears to play a role in decreasing toxic Na levels. It was the micronutrient most correlated with enhanced biomass production. A significant negative correlation between phosphorus and zinc tissue concentrations occurred and it appears that phosphorus can reduce zinc uptake by Prosopis.

Effect of liming levels and Ca:Mg ratios on yield, nitrogen content and nodulation of soyabeans grown in acid Cerrado soil

SUMMARYThe effect of four lime levels and of five ratios of Ca: Mg on nodulation, nitrogen fixation and yield of soyabean var. UFV‐1 was studied under greenhouse conditions, using a Typic Haplorthox soil. Dry matter production of top growth was relatively constant for soil Ca: Mg ratios ranging from 0.26: 1 to 24: 1 and a similar production level was sustained for A1 saturation values from 0 to 43%. Nodulation (number and dry weight of nodules) increased with increasing A1 saturation from 0 to 43%. The greatest increase was observed when Al saturation was raised from 0 to 2 or 3%. The N accumulated in the shoots, decreased with the increase in the percent A1 saturation, showing that the largest number of nodules does not necessarily result in greatest accumulation of N in shoots.

System for monitoring and controlling the lime level in the shaft coolers of rotary kilns

System for monitoring and controlling the lime level in the shaft coolers of rotary kilns

The manipulation of white clover ‘host preference’ for strains of Rhizobium trifolii in an upland soil

SUMMARYThe nodule occupancy of white clover cv. Milkanova three months after inoculation in an upland soil with a 1:1 mixture of an effective (CP3B) and an ineffective strain (R4) of R. trifolii, differed significantly depending on the lime level. The percentage of nodules occupied by the effective strain decreased from 64% to 29% with increasing lime level whilst the ineffective strain nodules increased from 4% to 24% with mixed nodule infections also increasing from 9% to 22% There was no such difference after 14 months with this cultivar nor with cv. S184 at either harvest. Inoculation with a higher ratio of the less preferred strain (R4) resulted in this strain dominating the nodules and significantly reducing the dry weight of the plants (first harvest) and clover cover of plots (second harvest). Where antibiotic resistant mutants of these strains were used, with one exception, there were no significant differences between the wild‐type strains and their mutant derivatives for any of the parameters measured. In a comparison of the two marker techniques used, fluorescent ELISA was less sensitive than the antibiotic resistance technique for the identification of the occupants of small ineffective nodules. The use of both techniques in large field experiments is discussed. Clover establishment was affected by lime level during the establishment phase but the beneficial effect of lime had disappeared by the second harvest year.

Effect of liming and N fertilization on growth, macronutrient content and uptake by mixed stands of three clovers and timothy

Mixed stands of clovers and timothy grew well in unlimed (Ca0) acid soil (pH(CaCl2) 4.8). The highest total yield of red clover-timothy was obtained at a low lime level (Ca1 = 12g /pot CaCO3). The yield of red clover alone responded to liming similarly. The reducing effect of N fertilization (2000 mg/pot N as NH4NO3) on the yield of clovers was greatest in the first growing season (cuts 1 to 4) without lime, and in the second growing season (cuts 5 to 7) with lime (Ca1 = 12g /pot, Ca2 = 24g/pot). Liming without N fertilization promoted the growth of timothy only in the two first cuts; N fertilization increased the yield at all lime levels. Liming increased the Ca content of clovers, but there were no differences between lime levels. Mg and K showed a decreasing trend. N fertilization did not affect the nutrient content of clovers. A good quality of clover yield reguired adequate amounts of other fertilizations than N. In timothy, the Ca content increased slightly at all lime levels; the N and K contents increased by N fertilization. The N uptake by red clover was highest at the Ca, level, by white clover and alsike clover at the Ca0 level. The proportion of clover was larger than that of timothy of the uptake of N, P, Ca and Mg. When N was applied, the uptake of K showed an opposite direction.

Lime Induced Magnesium Stress in Corn: Impact of Magnesium and Phosphorus Availability

AbstractPrevious research has indicated that lime additions to soils with variable surface charge resulted in reductions in measures of “exchangeable” Mg. The potential loss of Mg from “plant available” soil phases was evaluated in two greenhouse trials. These experiments were conducted in 1979 and 1980 to evaluate the potential for Mg nutritional problems in corn [Zea mays (L.) Merr.] grown on a Bradson clay loam (Typic Hapludults) over a wide range in soil pH and plant available P and Mg. Bulk soil samples were taken from each of three lime rate treatments in a field trial last amended with dolomite in 1967. In the first experiment three levels of lime and P were imposed in a complete factorial combination on each bulk sample. In the second experiment, the bulk soil sample with the lowest native level of extractable Mg was amended with eight rates of lime and two rates of Mg in a complete factorial combination. Increased Mg availability was associated with increased tissue Mg concentrations and shoot dry matter productivity. Added lime generally decreased extractable soil Mg, tissue Mg, and shoot dry matter. Applied P reduced “overliming” stress in the first experiment. Magnesium, P, and Zn were implicated in the nutritional stress associated with lime induced yield depressions.

The effect of bulk application of lime under two tillage depths on soil pH and crop yield

The effects of lime rates at two tillage depths on soil pH and yield of maize, sorghum and groundnut in an acid sandy soil were investigated. Mean increases in soil pH after the first cropping season ranged from 0.85 to 2.11 for the lowest (2 t/ha) and highert (20 t/ha) lime levels respectively. The mean top-soil pH was 0.25 units higher in shallow cultivated (5 cm) than in deep cultivated (20 cm) plots. Optimum rate of lime application for crop yield was 2 t/ha under deep tillage; higher lime rate was needed under shallow tillage to achieve similar yields. Deep mixing of the soil with or without lime resulted in higher crop yields than shallow mixing.

EFFECT OF LIME RATES ON NUTRIENT AVAILABILTY, MOBILITY, AND UPTAKE DURING THE SOYBEAN-GROWING SEASON

Soil acidity, associated with elemental deficiencies and toxicities, is a limiting factor in southern agriculture. It is related to the predominance of highly weathered and leached clayey and coarse-textured soils. Liming is an essential practice, and research has been done to elucidate the relationships among liming, soil acidity, and plant growth. However, there is a need to continue to quantify the impact of liming on reducing toxic levels of Al and Mn, on increasing nutrient availability and mobility, and on nutrient uptake during the growing season by determinate soybean varieties. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of lime levels and time on nutrient availability, mobility, and uptake during the entire soybean growing season, under field conditions. Liming with the recommended rate of 3000 kg/ha was sufficient for optimum soybean yields and seed composition. It also increased soil pH from 5.1 to 5.9 within 4 wk, decreased the exchangeable Al from 29 to 3 ppm within 6 wk, reduced the extractable Mn from 23 to 15 ppm within 6 wk, and increased the extractable P from 3 to 51 ppm within 4 wk. Shoot Al concentrations decreased after week 4 with the onset of exponential growth, despite increasing accumulation rates. Total shoot Al increased after week 4 with plant growth and in spite of decreasing Al concentrations. The daily Al accumulation rate in the shoots increased from week 4 to week 12 in association with fast plant growth and available B horizon Al, despite decreasing Al in the A horizon. The Al accumulation rate decreased to-ward the end of the growing season in association with slow plant growth and loss of roots and root activity. Similar results were observed for Mn and P.

A field evaluation of the differential tolerance to soil acidity of forty-eight South African maize cultivars

A field experiment was conducted on a Normandien clay loam (Plinthic Paleudult) to compare the acid tolerance of 48 commercially grown maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars. Cultivars were compared in terms of grain yield, plant height and leaf Al content at four levels of lime (0; 2,5; 10 and 15 t ha−1). Statistically significant cultivar × lime interactions were noted in the case of all three criteria. In the absence of lime relative yields ranged from over 90% to less than 10%, relative plant height varied from approximately 80% to 50%, and relative leaf Al content from less than 150% to over 300%. With a few notable exceptions, probably caused by environment × cultivar interaction, cultivar rankings obtained with the different performance criteria were generally very similar. After statistical separation of the cultivars into classes, either ‘tolerant’, ‘intermediate’ or ‘intolerant’ in their reaction to acidity, 23 of the cultivars were identically classed using either yield, height or Al content in the abse...

The Toxic Effect of Aluminium on Barley Plants in Relation to Ionic Composition of the Nutrient Solution

Abstract Barley plants were grown in a pot experiment with two acid soils at three levels of salt/fertilizer applications and seven lime rates giving pH-values varying from 4.3 to above 7. Soil moisture samples were obtained by a suction method. Results of chemical analysis of soil extract taken two weeks after plant emergence were compared with barley yields. The percentage yields were in good accordance with the calculated Al-activities, assuming all Al in solution to be Al3+. At the same lime level, the activity ratios (Al1/3/(Ca+Mg1/2) in soil extracts decreased only slightly after addition of fertilizer salts, in spite of a 3–5 fold increase in Al concentration for soil A. High Ca-Mg concentrations markedly reduced the toxic effect of acidity, although the growth behavior did not agree fully with the calculated ratios. Results from soil solution studies and a water culture experiment showed in both cases a barley yield depression of about 40–50% at calculated Al3+ activities of 0.01×10-3 M/l, althoug...

Hydrated Lime to Reduce Manurial Nitrogen Losses in Dairy Barns

ABSTRACT HYDRATED lime was tested in both laboratory and barn experiments as a possible compound to reduce manurial nitrogen (N) losses in free-stall barns by preventing the hydrolysis of organic N to ammonia. In laboratory experiments, increasing liming rates increased the time before hydrolysis started and decreased the rate of hydrolysis. At 8 kg calcium oxide/t manure, little or no hydrolysis occurred in a 24 h period. Analysis of the data revealed that the effect of lime on organic N hydrolysis appeared to be one of altering the pH. At pH's greater than 10, no hydrolysis occurred, independent of temperature. In barn experiments, hydrated lime was applied at various rates in two experiments to a feed alley and a rest alley that were scraped once daily and that housed 30 to 37 yearling heifers. Low levels of lime increased manurial N losses over the unlimed treatments whereas if the final manure pH were above 9, urea and total N levels increased proportionally with pH. At final pH's of 9.6 to 9.8, there was no appreciable loss of total N or urea.

Influence of Container Medium, Lime, and Nitrogen Source on Growth of Woody Ornamentals

Abstract Juniperus horizontalis ‘Andorra Compacta’ and Rhododendron simsii ‘Redwing’ were grown for 6 months in 3 media to evaluate selected nutrient sources at 2 lime levels. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) induced the lowest final medium pH, and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) induced the highest. Lime application to the 2 Canadian peat : 1 calcined clay medium (v/v) was detrimental to ‘Redwing’ azalea shoot growth. Nutrient source did not affect shoot or root growth of azaleas growing in the 2 pine bark : 1 sand medium (v/v). In general, SCU produced more azalea shoot and root growth than the other nutrient sources. Liming decreased juniper shoot growth in the 1 pine bark : 1 Canadian peat : 1 sand medium (by volume). Oxamide and Osmocote produced significantly more juniper shoot growth in the pine bark : sand and pine bark : Canadian peat : sand media than other nutrient sources. After 6 months, plants fertilized with either IBDU or SCU had a higher concentration of leaf N than did those fertilized with Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K).

Plant‐Available Sulfur as Measured by Soil‐Solution Sulfate and Phosphate‐Extractable Sulfate in a Ultisol1

AbstractBecause S deficiency in young small grain plants is not uncommon on limed, sandy Ultisols, a method predicting S requirement for the plants is needed. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of S at different pH levels on wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) growth, S concentration of plant tissue, soil‐solution sulfate (SO42−), and phosphate [Ca(H2PO4)2]‐extractable SO42−. A Benndale loamy sand surface soil (coarse‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) was treated with three lime rates (0,5.6, and 8.1 mmol kg−1) and four gypsum rates (0,10, 20, and 40 mg S kg−1for the first two lime levels and 0,8,16, and 32 mg S kg−1for the highest lime level). Plant tissue samples were taken 5,9,13, and 17 weeks after planting, and soil samples were taken at planting and 9 and 17 weeks later. There was a yield response to S at each harvest, regardless of soil pH. Yield and S uptake were both highly correlated with soil‐solution SO42−concentration and with Ca(H4PC4)2‐extractable SO42−. As a result of plant uptake, soil‐solution 42−decreased after each harvest, with the greatest redaction occurring at the highest lime rate. Sulfur mineralization from organic matter provided significant 42−to plants in low‐S treatments, and some added SO42−became nonextractable at high S rates. Minimum SO42−concentrations for maximum wheat growth was 0.25 mMin soil solution and 6.0 mg S kg−1in Ca(H2PO4)2extract. Minimum S concentration in plant tissue for maximum dry matter yield was 1.6 g kg−1.

Influence of [formula omitted] on the initial hydration of clinker having different burning degree

Relation between early hydration process and properties of fresh cement until setting was studied by using nine kinds of cements prepared from three commercial clinkers with various buring degree and three kinds of calcium sulfates, that is, natural gypsum, β-hemihydrate and anhydrite II. Ca(OH) 2 and CaSO 4 saturation ratio in liquid phase influenced remarkably on the early hydration process of cement paste rather than the hydraulic reactivity of clinker minerals themselves. Setting time well corresponded to the period of maximum Ca(OH) 2 saturation ratio in liquid phase which coincided also with the period of vivid hydration of alite. Soft burning of clinker so as to remain a little amount (0.5% level) of free lime was effective for shortening the setting time but strength at longer age was slightly inferior to that of cement from well burnt linker. Though the setting time was shortened in the order of natural gypsum, β-hemihydrate and anhydrite II in cement from well burnt clinker, no remarkable influence of the kind of calcium sulfate was recognized in cement from poorly burnt clinker.

The effect of lime levels on the growth of beans and maize and nodulation of beans in three tropical acid soils

Abstract A study to investigate the effect of lime on dry matter yield of maize (Zea mays) and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and nodulation of beans grown in three tropical acid soils (two humic Nitosols and one humic Andosol) was carried out in a greenhouse. The soils ranged from 4.2 to 5.0 in pH; 1.74 to 4.56 in %C; 21.0 to 32.0 meq/100g in CEC; 5.10 to 8.10 meq/100g in exchange acidity; 0.60 to 3.20 meq/100g in exchangeable (exch.) Al and 0.13 to 0.67 meq/ 100g in exch. Mn. Exchange acidity and exch. Al decreased with increasing levels of lime in the three soils. Exchangeable Al was reduced to virtually zero at pH 5.5 even in the soils which had appreciable initial amounts. Exchangeable Mn also decreased with increasing levels of lime in the two Nitolsos. Exceptional results, however, were obtained with the Andosol where exch. Mn increased ten‐fold with the first level of lime and then decreased with subsequent levels. In all the soils, mean dry matter yield of beans and maize, and mean nodule dry weight ...

Influence of Lime and Sulfur Soil Additions on Growth, Yield, and Leaf Nutrient Content of Rabbiteye Blueberry

Abstract Varying levels of lime and/or elemental S were added to a Ruston fine sandy loam soil to determine the influence of soil pH on growth, fruit yields, and leaf nutrient (N) content of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Soil pH changes were monitored monthly from Oct. 1978 to Sept. 1980, and bimonthly from Oct. 1980 to Sept. 1982. Plant growth measurements were determined yearly. Plant growth and yields were reduced greatly in soils with pH < 3.5. Increasing levels of lime did not reduce fruit yields or plant growth as much as increasing S levels. Highest yields and best growth occurred in plants grown within a soil pH range of 3.9 to 6.1. Leaf N content increased as soil pH increased up to a level of 4.5 to 5.0 and then decreased with increased soil pH levels. Soil pH seems to have a greater influence on Ca uptake than does Ca addition to the soil. Excessive uptake of Na at high pH levels and Mn at low pH levels may be limiting factors in plant growth.