Level Of Interdependence Research Articles

Volatility transmission in maize futures markets of major exporters

ABSTRACTThe United States, Brazil, Argentina and South Africa are the largest exporters of maize. This paper examines volatility transmission in maize futures listed on SAFEX, CBOT, MATBA (Argentina) and BMF (Brazil). Four multivariate GARCH models are employed to investigate the dynamics and cross-dynamics of volatility using daily data over the period 24 November 2008 to 27 December 2018. The results confirm the existence of significant spillover effects of volatility between futures markets of the leading exporters of maize. The results also highlight that the level and magnitude of interdependence between these markets have changed over time. The findings have important implications for risk management and regulation in agricultural futures markets.

Task Interdependence and Firm Performance in Outsourced Service Operations

We conceptualize task interdependence between firms in outsourced service operations as an endogenous design choice made by the outsourcing firm. Then, utilizing relative firm efficiency and Tobin’s q as performance metrics, we examine the impacts of the task interdependence choices of outsourcing firms on their performances. We examine data, collected from a variety of sources, on 184 service alliances across nine industries. We find that task interdependence in outsourced service operations increases with the knowledge dependence of outsourcing firms on their vendor firms and with other contract-related factors, such as alliance duration, transaction complexity, and repeat relationships. Results indicate that outsourcing firms face challenges in choosing the appropriate levels of task interdependence in their outsourced service operations, and that excessive levels of task interdependence in outsourced service operations negatively affect the performances of outsourcing firms, both in terms of relative firm efficiency and long-term market value measures. Based on these results, we infer that firms need to invest in modularity-enhancing service architectures that reduce task interdependences with vendors before outsourcing large-scale, knowledge-intense service operations. The study contributes to the understanding of factors that influence the performances of outsourcing firms, and provides guidelines for organizing outsourced service operations.

Quantifying interdependence using the missing joint ordinal patterns.

In this paper, we develop the concept of forbidden/missing ordinal patterns into the forbidden/missing joint ordinal patterns and propose the ratio of the number of missing joint ordinal patterns (RMJPs) as a sign of interdependence. RMJP in a surrogate analysis can be used to differentiate the forbidden joint ordinal patterns from the missing joint ordinal patterns due to small sample effects. We first apply RMJP to the simulated time series: a two-component autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average process, the Hénon map, and the Rössler system using active control and discuss the effect of the length of the time series, embedding dimension, and noise contamination. RMJP has been proven to be capable of measuring the interdependence in the numerical simulation. Then, RMJP is further used on the electroencephalogram (EEG) time series for empirical analysis to explore the interdependence of brain waves. With results by RMJP obtained from a widely used open dataset of the sleep EEG time series from healthy subjects, we find that RMJP can be used to quantify the brain wave interdependence under different sleep/wake stages, reveal the overall sleep architecture, and indicate a higher level of interdependence as sleep gets deeper. The findings are consistent with existing knowledge in sleep medicine. The proposed RMJP method has shown its validity and applicability and may assist automatic sleep quantification or bring insight into the understanding of the brain activity during sleep. Furthermore, RMJP can be used on sleep EEG under various pathological conditions and in large-scale sleep studies, helping to investigate the mechanisms of the sleep process and neuron synchronization.

دور مبادئ التنمية المستدامة في تعزيز التشريعات البيئية وتشريعات الكوارث

تهدف الدراسة إلى محاولة الربط بين إدارة الكوارث والإدارة البيئية وقوانينهما مع مبادئ التنمية المستدامة بطريقة تعمل للحصول على أفضل النتائج بأقل تكلفة وأقل جهد وأسرع وقت، وقد استخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي لتوصف القوانين والتشريعات ومبادئ التنمية المستدامة وتحليل مستوى الترابط بين مكوناتهم. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن هناك قوة ربط بين كافة مكونات التنمية المستدامة والإدارة البيئية وإدارة الكوارث تمثلت في حماية الحياة والحفاظ على جودتها وحماية المورد البشري والحد من المخاطر وذلك بغية تعزيز الأسس العلمية والعملية الخاصة بتطبيق منظومة وقائية شاملة، أوصت الدراسة ضرورة الربط بين الإدارة البيئية وإدارة الكوارث وقوانينهما من جهة، والتنمية المستدامة من جهة أخرى، سواء في الأنظمة أو القوانين أو خلال الممارسات المختلفة، وإعادة صياغة القوانين الخاصة بالكوارث والحماية البيئية لتتلاءم مع مقاصد الشريعة الإسلامية ومبادئ التنمية المستدامة.

Model to Estimate Soil Erosion Based on Imaging Analysis

The study aimed to development a prediction model for soil erosion degree by image analysis techniques. The spectral information was obtained by image analysis in the RGB and HSB color system, and by calculus resulted rgb normalized values. Specific indices were calculated: intensity (INT), normalized difference index (NDI) and dark green color index (DGCI). The correlation analysis emphasized the existence of high levels of interdependence between specific indices and normalized color data rgb, respectively luminance (L). The regression analysis has enabled the creation of estimation models for soil erosion degree (DSE), in the form of linear equations in relation to luminance (R2=0.999, p<<0.001, RMSEP=25.5766) and INT (R2=0.998, p<<0.001, RMSEP=25.5833), and 2nd degree polynomial equations in relation to DGCI (R2=0.768, p<0.001, RMSEP=28.3275). Clustering analysis facilitated the grouping of the studied cases in two distinct clusters with four sub-clusters, under conditions of statistical accuracy, Coph. corr. = 0.831.

The influences of interdependence, opportunism and technology uncertainty on interfirm coopetition

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and the conditions of coopetition at the inter-organizational level.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on survey research methodology and analyzes the data from 138 companies regarding the antecedents and the conditions of their coopetition.FindingsThe results indicate that the interdependence between partners (i.e. the antecedent) positively affects interfirm coopetition, and that this relationship is contingent on the joint occurrence of opportunism (a behavioral condition) and technology uncertainty (a contextual condition). Specifically, highly interdependent firms are more likely to be involved in a coopetitive relationship when both opportunism and technology uncertainty are high. Interestingly, the authors’ data also show that opportunism or technology uncertainty alone may not be adequate in moderating the interdependence–coopetition relationship.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the current literature in two meaningful ways. First, it empirically examines interdependence as a potential antecedent of interfirm coopetition. Second, it improves our understanding of the behavioral and contextual conditions that facilitate the formation of coopetitive relationships by examining the moderating roles of opportunisms and technology uncertainty in the relationship between interdependence and interfirm coopetition. The limitations of this study lie in its confined method of cross-sectional survey from the focal firm’s perspective. Future research may advance beyond this study through experimental and/or longitudinal research designs.Practical implicationsThis study provides managers with two important practical insights in coopetition management. First, the findings suggest a two-step approach to help a firm assess and manage the level of coopetition in its relationship with a business partner. In addition, the findings provide a counterintuitive suggestion to managers that the joint conditions of high opportunism and high technology uncertainty indeed prime the relationship for the rise of coopetition, provided that managerial efforts are made to somewhat increase the level of interdependence in the relationship.Originality/valueDespite the growing number of studies on coopetition, research still lacks knowledge about the antecedents and the conditions of inter-organizational coopetition, and this study aims to fill this gap.

Getting Creative With Resources: How Resilience, Task Interdependence, and Emotion Sharing Mitigate the Damage of Employee Role Ambiguity

This article investigates how employees’ experience of role ambiguity might inhibit their creative behavior but also how this harmful effect might be buffered by employees’ access to relevant individual (resilience), job task (task interdependence), and relational (emotion sharing) resources. The uncertainty resulting from information deficiencies about job responsibilities diminishes in the presence of these resources, such that employees might be less likely to react to this resource-draining work condition by exhibiting a reluctance to develop change-invoking ideas for organizational improvement. Using survey data from employees in a large organization that operates in the renewable energy sector, this study shows that role ambiguity diminishes creative behavior, but this detrimental effect is subdued with higher levels of resilience, task interdependence, and emotion sharing. As this study shows, organizations that cannot avoid ambiguity in their employees’ work roles should adopt efforts to offset the associated challenge of thwarted creative behaviors with pertinent resources.

Project portfolio implementation under uncertainty and interdependencies: A simulation study of behavioural responses

Even though systems thinking has been highlighted in portfolio management theory, independent project control logic still dominates its implementation process. This paper constructs a system dynamics model for portfolio monitoring and control. Considering the on-going portfolio as a complex social system, the impacts of project interdependencies (PIs) on portfolio decision-making are investigated under a behavioural paradigm. Our findings indicate the remedial actions, affected by behavioural factors like planning fallacy and “Pet project” effects, may generate escalation of commitment under specific levels of uncertainty and interdependencies. Thus, portfolio coordination decisions should be made from a strategic perspective with the consideration of complexities embedded in the system and behavioural responses from portfolio managers.

The BRI and India’s Grand Strategy

India’s rejection of the BRI for strategic reasons does not mean it is resistant to Chinese investments, which are—to the contrary—both welcome and rapidly increasing. Indian strategy in this respect is in accord with the changing character of the international system, where strategic competition co-exists with economic cooperation as well as competition. In contemporary international politics, structurally driven conflictive behaviour is modified by high levels of strategic and economic interdependence. This incentivises India, like other major powers, to seek optimal gains through economic exchange even as it defends its strategic interests through military means short of war.

Cross-Cultural Affective Neuroscience.

Panksepp, the father of Affective Neuroscience, dedicated his life to demonstrate that foundations of mental life and consciousness lay in the archaic layers of the brain. He had an evolutionary perspective emphasizing that the subcortical affective systems come prior to cortical cognitive systems. Based on his life-long work, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) was constructed, and a new neurodevelopmental approach to personality was started. The new approach suggested that personality was formed based on the strengths and/or weaknesses found in the subcortical basic affective systems, which are initially regulated by the mother-infant attachment styles and later by early life experiences. ANPS measured six basic affects: CARE, PLAY, SEEK, SADNESS, FEAR, and ANGER; along with a Spirituality subscale. Up to date, it has been translated to several languages, and these studies confirmed that ANPS is a reliable and valid tool. Based on the observation that these ANPS studies have both universal and culturally specific findings, cross-cultural affective neuroscience (CAN) was initiated in 2012, with the approval of Panksepp. As a new research field, CAN aims to investigate the influence of culture on the regulation of basic affective systems. CAN claims that this influence can be studied by observing the cultural variations in (1) the level of emotional interdependency, (2) the types of reinforced or suppressed affects, and (3) the types of affects that accompany interdependent or independent self-construals. Cross-cultural comparisons of Turkish and American ANPS findings and the results of our first Euro-Asian CAN project among Japan, Turkey, and Germany support these claims. These cultures regulate the basic affective systems in unique ways, while maintaining certain similarities with each other. In a way, each culture has a unique affective personality profile and a specific function in the global affective network. The conclusion of this review shares guidelines, suggestions and ethical codes for future CAN researches.

Interactive effects of organizational goal orientations on bank-employee’s behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the effects of the service orientation on bank-employee behaviors; to empirically examine the moderating role of the productivity orientation in an effort to explain when and why the simultaneous pursuit of the service orientation and the productivity orientation negatively affect the financial service employee psychological empowerment; and to explore any contextual factors that can suppress or facilitate the bank–employee behaviors.Design/methodology/approachA single cross-sectional descriptive design was used for this study. Purposive sampling was used to identify the respondents who were bank employees in financial-service-sector organizations in South Korea. To analyze the data, a confirmatory-factor analysis (CFA) using LISREL 8.5 was employed. Conditional process modeling was performed to test the moderated mediation and the moderated-mediation hypotheses.FindingsThe results showed a significant relationship between the service orientation and the frontline-employee behaviors, thereby establishing the psychological empowerment as an intervening mechanism. The findings also suggest that the moderating role of the productivity orientation weakened the positive effect of the service orientation on the bank-employee psychological empowerment. This research identifies the positive interactive effect of the customer power upon the psychological empowerment of the employee extra-role behavior. The task interdependence enhanced the link between the psychological empowerment and the employee in-role behavior.Research limitations/implicationsThe specific service sector that was chosen is retail banking. The cross-sectional nature of the data is considered a limitation; furthermore, the self-reported nature of the completed questionnaires might have resulted in the common method bias. Further research should be conducted to collect longitudinal data from other service sectors to verify the hypothesized relationship. Extensions into other sectors that differ in terms of the customer power degree and the task interdependence level could lead to a contingency framework that shows if and how the hypothesized linkages can be changed according to the contextual factors.Practical implicationsFor managers who want or need to pursue the strategic goals of the service orientation and the productivity orientation simultaneously, this study offers useful insights into the management of the strategic dilemmas that stem from service-setting multi-goal pursuits from an employee perspective. Second, the significant positive relationships that were observed between the values of the overt customer power and the extra-role behavior suggest that constraining and influential customer behaviors are likely to produce a structured working environment that encourages the bank-employee extra-role behavior. Third, the results also suggest that the task structure (task interdependence) may influence the employee in-role behavior. Thus, managers should encourage an organizational sense of belonging for their employees and an understanding of the essential nature of the employee work role in terms of a competitive organizational performance.Social implicationsIn banking circumstances, stickiness on product orientation by cutting cost will deteriorate the level of customer service and will then reduce customer revenues. In this case, disgruntled staff and unhappy customers perceive that their interests are being sacrificed in the pursuit of greater productivity. In this situation, revenues may fall faster than the reduction in costs. Thus, it may be proven that the cost of the dual demands from these two orientation types outweigh the benefit. Bank executives may perceive organizational productivity orientation as being an easier and more evident tool to use for reducing cost, especially with the existence of tough competition. Critically, in addition to poor service quality, this study indicates that there is a side effect of productivity orientation practice. Thus, managers should use caution in the concurrent employment of the two types.Originality/valueThis study identified the reason for the negative service outcomes that result from the simultaneous pursuits of the service orientation and the productivity orientation. From an employee perspective, it might be proven that the costs of the dual-service and production-orientation demands may outweigh the benefits. Thus, this proposed research model, in which the frontline autonomy acted as a key mediator and the customer power and the task interdependence were salient moderators, has been shown as crucial in the transmission of the impacts of the service and the quality orientation, and in the blunting of the service-productivity trade-offs that are due to the employee’s perceived multi-goal orientations.

Efficient ex post implementable auctions and English auctions for bidders with non-quasilinear preferences

We study efficient auction design for a single indivisible object when bidders have interdependent values and non-quasilinear preferences. Instead of quasilinearity, we assume only that bidders have positive wealth effects. Our setting nests cases where bidders are ex ante asymmetric, face financial constraints, are risk averse, and/or face ensuing risk. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an ex post implementable and (ex post Pareto) efficient mechanism. These conditions differ between the standard case where the auctioneer is a seller and when the auctioneer is a buyer (a procurement auction).When the auctioneer is a seller, there is an efficient ex post implementable mechanism if there is an efficient ex post implementable mechanism in a corresponding quasilinear setting. This result extends established results on efficient ex post equilibria of English auctions with quasilinearity to our non-quasilinear setting. Yet, in the procurement setting there is no mechanism that has an efficient ex post equilibrium if the level of interdependence between bidders is sufficiently strong. This result holds even if bidder costs satisfy standard single crossing conditions that are sufficient for efficient ex post implementation in the quasilinear setting.

Economic Liberalization Impact, Fiscal Conditions, and Tax Ratio to Welfare

Global economy has currently integrated and has been interdependent between the developing and developed countries. The improved integration and interdependence level is expected to improve citizens’ welfare. This study aims at testing the correlation between fiscal and trade policies and welfare in ASEAN countries + 3 countries (Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos + Japan, China, and Korea). It used the secondary data from World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB) and Economist Intelligence Unit from 1990 to 2015. The analysis uses the POLS-ECM (Panel Ordinary Least Square-Eagle Granger Error Correction Model). The results of analysis show that economic growth, infrastructure capital expenditure, economic openness, and tax ratio had a significant effect on welfare ASEAN + 3 countries

Smart cities and cyber security: Are we there yet?A comparative study on the role of standards, third party risk management and security ownership

Smart cities have brought a variety of benefits aiming to revolutionise people’s lives. Those include but are not limited to, increasing economic efficiency, reducing cost and decreasing environmental output. However, the smart city itself is still in its infancy. As it heavily relies on technologies, it opens up doors to cyber attackers and criminals, which can lead to significant losses. An outstanding problem concerns the social and organisational aspects of smart cities security resulting from competing interests of different parties, high levels of interdependence, and social and political complexity. Our review shows that current standards and guidelines have not clearly defined roles and responsibilities of different parties. A common understanding of key security requirements is not shared between different parties. This research assessed the smart cities and their cyber security measures, with a particular focus on technical standards and the regulatory framework. It comprehensively reviewed 93 security standards and guidance. It then performed a comparative case study of Barcelona, Singapore and London smart cities on their governance models, security measures, technical standards and third party management. Based on the review and the case study, this research concluded on a recommended framework encompassing technical standards, governance input, regulatory framework and compliance assurance to ensure that security is observed at all layers of the smart cities.

The impact of economic interdependence on the probability of conflict between states

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent the economic interdependence can affect the likelihood of conflict between States. Specially, over the past few decades, there has been a huge interest in the relationship between economic interdependence and political conflict. Liberals argue that economic interdependence lowers the possibility of war by increasing the weight of trading over the alternative of aggression; interdependent states would rather trade than invade; realists dismiss the liberal argument, arguing that high interdependence increases rather than decreases the probability of war. In anarchy, states must constantly worry about their security. Design/methodology/approach This paper highlights the content and level of economic interdependence between China and the USA since the beginning of China’s economic reform in 1979 and examines the impact of economic interdependence between them on their relationship toward Taiwan since 1995 and the probability of conflict. Findings Economic interdependence is proved to significantly decrease the onset of conflict between the two parties. This can be shown by comparing the number of armed conflicts during the pre-interdependence period to the number of armed conflicts after the economic interdependence there was an overage of 0.79 militarized interstate disputes (MIDs)/year, compared to 0.26 MIDs/year following China’s economic reforms; also, the length of the hostilities was longer during the pre-interdependence period (with an average of 11.13 months versus 5.33 months). Originality/Value This means that economic interdependence does not completely prevent the outbreak of international conflicts, but it also plays a major role in influencing the conflict in terms of the conflict’s intensity, the use of armed force and the number of conflicts that occur between the economic interdependence states.

AID EFFECTIVENESS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BUSAN PRINCIPLES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EU AND TURKEY IN ETHIOPIA, SOMALIA, NIGERIA AND NIGER

This paper focuses on a comparative empirical analysis of the degree of implementation of the four Busan Effective Development Cooperation Principles (BEDCPs), namely ownership, focus on results, inclusiveness, transparency and accountability and some of its related indicators by Turkey and the EU in Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, and Somalia, as well as on the critical assessment of the plausible explanatory factors drawn from three core IR theories (neorealism, constructivism, and neoliberalism) behind eventual differences in the performance by the EU and Turkey of the BEDCPs in the four sub-Saharan African countries. The first main finding is that in comparison to the EU and except Indicator 6 and to a certain extent Indicators 1a and 9b (especially in Somalia and Nigeria), Turkey has shown a lower performance against the remaining five indicators, namely Indicators 5a,10, 2, and 4, in Nigeria, Somalia, Niger, and Ethiopia. Second, regarding the explanatory factors behind unevenness in the implementation of BEDCPs by the EU and Turkey, the results of our investigation show that in most of the cases, it was a combination of self-interest with norms or the level of interdependency that explained the different behavior of Turkey and the EU vis-à-vis BEDCPs in our four country case studies, although identity-related factors prevail.

Extending the drug discovery pipeline to simultaneously-applied chemical agents, and extending the study of evolution to simultaneous mutations, through an ab initio model that relates changes in phenotype to changes in molecular binding interactions

Abstract An ab initio model is proposed for extending the search for medicinal drugs to simultaneously-applied chemical agents and extending the study of evolution to simultaneous mutations, through relating the phenotype to molecular binding interaction types. In the case of drug discovery, evaluation of drug candidates for simultaneous use is enabled by incorporating, as design criteria, the effects of coupling between phenotypic properties and binding interactions. This discovery pipeline may yield lead candidates whose collective ability to treat a medical condition exceeds that of independently-applied chemical agents. The pipeline also enables the design of structural adjustments to existing drugs for their simultaneous use, to minimize detrimental side-effects or maximize beneficial side-effects. In the case of evolution, binding interaction types may be identified for simultaneous modification or implementation, by inherited gene mutation, to study transitions from one type of organism to another. Both findings are based on an ab initio model – a multivariate first-principles approach that relates changes in the molecular properties of binding complexes to changes in phenotypic properties, in prokaryotes or eukaryotes. That relationship is a network of binding interaction types whose level of interdependence or coupling is determined through a set of matrix elements. The matrix elements are to be determined for each type of binding interaction using a small set of chemical agents or mutations, and then applied to arbitrary chemical agents or mutations.

Perception of EFL Among Stalk Holders: Four Selected Government Primary Schools of Wolaita and Dawro Zone in Focus, SNNPR, South West Ethiopia

In a global society, politics, culture and economics are closely interdependent and higher level education has a responsibility to cultivate and equip professionals with the skills to meet the international competitive environment. English is everywhere in Ethiopia’s everyday life, as opposed to indigenous languages, which are mostly hidden. The diffusion of English makes its learning mandatory to aspire to a better social and economic life. Nevertheless, this contextual ‘imposition’ highly influences perceptions and attitudes we have towards English language. This may also create a strong barrier to the whole language learning process. The aims of this study were (1) to identify how stockholders perceive English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language (EFL/ESL) teaching learning processes (2) to examine the roles that stockholders play at the required levels at schools, and (3) to investigate factors that contribute to the perception of stockholders in EFL/ESL teaching-learning processes. For this purpose, 267 students were selected from 40 sections and filled the questionnaire. To get 267 students, seven top achieving students were chosen from 40 sections. Moreover, 16 English teachers, 32 parent-teacher association members, 24 school principals, 16 education officials, 16 supervisors and 40 focus group discussants were selected using availability sampling from four schools. Closed- ended and open- ended questionnaire, video-recording, focus group discussions, and semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering, and the data gathered through these tools was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on student surveys in four schools, this paper accented positive perceptions and attitudes towards English language learning, and highlighted the past and the effects of linguistic imperialism. However, based on the evidences found onteaching and learning, teaching English in four schools has been unsatisfactory. The findings further revealed that students, parents, teachers, supervisors, educational experts, and school principals have a positive attitude and perception to English language learning, but they reported that there were factors that impede students’ English language learning and the teachers’ classroom pedagogy. The data in this study also showed that well-designed teacher preparation is important as the component of ongoing learning and development, and can be a powerful vehicle for preparing teachersto implement new curriculum and innovative teaching methods. In short, this work opened the discussion on how these attitudes could be managed in the classroom, and offered possible directions for future research in intercultural language learning.

LEADERSHIP QUALITIES OF A FUTURE OFFICER AND READINESS FOR PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY IN THE CONTEXT OF USING INNOVATIVE EDUCATIONAL METHODS

Under the modern conditions of social development, the significance of leadership qualities of an individual increases. The article is devoted to leadership as a topical issue of future officers' military and professional training. Leadership, as a specific type of management relationship, is based more on the process of social interaction, assuming the presence of followers in the organization, rather than subordinates. Thus, the leader-commander-subordinate relationship inherent in traditional management is replaced by the leader-follower relationship, which is much more complex and requires a high level of interdependence among participants. The paper presents theoretical interpretations of the content of leadership and leader, the nature of leadership is compared with management itself, the concepts of leader-manager-commander-in-chief of military formation are compared, the specific features of military activity that require the presence of leadership qualities of officers are outlined. Innovative methods are recognized as a priority in educational activity for the formation of leadership characteristics and skills, acquisition of the necessary competencies of a future military specialist in both professional and communicative aspects. On the basis of personal pedagogical experience, we outline the most efficient in psychological and pedagogical organization for forming the traits of the leader in cadets - method of projects, role play, training. While using these methods psychological and pedagogical preconditions are directed, aimed at interaction, personal leadership development and developing skills of independent search work, presentation of the results of their activity, formation of analytical, critical thinking, initiative and creativity. Purposeful development of the leader of military formation with the account for the individual-psychological characteristics of the cadets; creation of a developing personality-oriented environment in training and real educational-service and extracurricular interaction (activity content, group dynamics, problems, reflexivity) provide a strong foundation for the development of leadership qualities of cadets. Active implementation of interactive forms (method of projects, workshops, role-playing games, etc.) will be also responsible for the development of leadership qualities of cadets. They can also contribute to the successful professional activity of future officers.

A Meta-Analysis of Shared Leadership: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderators

Many organizations are encouraging a shared leadership approach that meets the increased complexity of today’s working environment. It is therefore imperative for researchers to clearly comprehend the mechanism of shared leadership in teams. Contributing to the burgeoning research in the field of shared leadership, this study aims to advance our understanding along the many dimensions of the shared leadership phenomenon: its antecedents, moderators, and consequences. In this article, we provide a critical and comprehensive analysis of the extant literature and generate an integrated framework that presents seven hypotheses and five research questions. We then empirically test this framework via a systematic meta-analysis from 40 studies (team n = 3,019). Significantly, our findings reveal that the internal team environment and team heterogeneity are positively related to the emergence of shared leadership in teams. Moreover, we confirm the positive relationship between shared leadership and team outcomes. Our analysis also highlights how intragroup trust and task interdependence significantly moderate the shared leadership–team outcomes relations, with higher correlations observed in greater levels of intragroup trust, as well as larger levels of task interdependence. We also find the moderating effect of shared leadership measurement methods in such relations. Specifically, there is a stronger relationship when shared leadership is measured with social network analysis, rather than aggregating approaches. Overall, our study brings valuable insights into the shared leadership area and provides clear directions for future research.