Level Of Information Accuracy Research Articles

Providing different levels of accuracy about the reliability of automation to a human operator: impact on human performance

Previous research has suggested that supervising automation can lead to a decrease in human performance, especially when automation is not totally reliable. Providing context-related information about reliability can help operators to better adjust their behaviour in a human–automation interaction context. However, previous studies have not specified the level of accuracy that this information should provide to the human operator. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of information accuracy about an automation’s reliability on human performance. Results showed that accuracy of information about reliability improves performance when specific percentages of reliability were given to the participants. Participants had a better performance in the condition of high accuracy of information. A link between perceived reliability and trust was found: the more the trust in automation increased, the more the perceived reliability increased. Practitioner summary: The experiment dealt with how accurate information about automation’s reliability influences people’s performance when supervising an automated task. Overall, this research suggests that designing systems that provide accurate, useful information can reduce the frequency of automation bias. Trust and perceived reliability of automation are related. Abbreviations: MATB: multi attribute task battery

History-Based Price Discrimination with Imperfect Information Accuracy and Asymmetric Market Shares

The paper considers a duopoly model in which firms inherited asymmetric market shares and history-based price discrimination is viable. However, firms can identify only a share of their own consumers depending to the degree of information accuracy. We derive the pricing strategies and we analyze the relationship between information accuracy and asymmetric market shares, showing under which circumstances there exists an equilibrium in pure strategies. We show that history-based price discrimination makes the dominant firm’s profits always lower than those of the rival, with an ambiguous effect of the information accuracy on industry profits. Moreover, we prove that the level of information accuracy has a decreasing effect on social welfare, while it affects consumer surplus non-monotonically, according to the size of asymmetry in the inherited market shares.

Contracts Adjustment under Bilateral Information Updating in a Supply Chain

This paper investigates contracts adjustment between one manufacturer and one retailer under bilateral information updating. The manufacturer incurs uncertain production cost and the retailer faces uncertain demand, but they can acquire independent signals to update production cost and demand, respectively. They commit an initial agreement on an initial wholesale price, minimum order quantity, and information sharing as well as the transfer payment and decisions adjustment when information is updated. We find that due to the joint impact of production cost variation and market variation, the manufacturer may not decrease (increase) her wholesale price when the updated production cost is lower (higher) than expected. The retailer places an additional order even if the wholesale price rises when the market outlook is good, but places an order with the minimum order quantity even if the wholesale price falls when the market outlook is bad. Secondly, for a certain level of information accuracy of the production cost and market demand, the retailer is always better off with information updating, but the manufacturer may be worse off with information updating when facing a bad market outlook. Thirdly, when information accuracy of the production cost and market demand varies, the manufacturer only benefits from a high accuracy of production cost. Profits of the retailer and the supply chain are increasing (decreasing) with accuracy of production cost if the updated production cost is larger (smaller) than expected.

An inter-professional approach to train and evaluate communication accuracy and completeness during the delivery of nurse-physician student handoffs

Abstract Importance The I-PASS training bundle has been shown to improve communication errors during medical student and resident handoffs but has not been explored in the context of interprofessional care. Objective We examined the impact of an interprofessional I-PASS training on communication accuracy and completeness during the delivery of nurse-physician student handoffs. Design, participants, and setting A pre-post comparative design was used to evaluate the differential impact of training on sixty-three first year nursing students and sixty-nine first year medical students, as part of an interprofessional curricular intervention, at an integrated university campus. Intervention The interprofessional I-PASS training was adapted from the existing I-PASS: Medical Student Workshop by a team of interprofessional faculty and presented to nursing and medical students. Main measures Simulated patient handoffs were used to assess communication performance prior to and following training. Evaluation involved the transcription and scoring of all verbal units delivered during the nurse-physician student handoffs based on four levels of information accuracy: correct, missing, erred, and omitted. Proportional changes in verbal units produced during pre and post-training encounters were compared at the combine total and individual domain levels based on training, student type, gender, previous handoff experience, and their interactions. Results Significant improvements in the proportions of correct, erred, and omitted verbal units at the combined total levels were observed across students, all p Discussion I-PASS training can improve communication accuracy and completeness during nurse-physician student handoffs. An event-based tool and coding procedure allowed for the identification of differential training impact based on individual handoff domains and provider demographics.

Imperfect Behavior‐Based Price Discrimination

In this article, we develop a model encompassing behavior‐based discriminatory pricing as a limit case of a more general framework where firms have incomplete information about consumers’ purchase histories. We show that information accuracy has a nonmonotonic impact on profits and the worst situation for firms is when information accuracy is intermediate. We also discuss welfare and consumer surplus implications of information accuracy. Although welfare monotonically decreases with the level of information accuracy, there is an inverse U‐shape relationship between consumers surplus and information accuracy.

The Work-Sharing in a Serial Production Line with Consideration of the Balance of Fixed Workload and the Accuracy of Information

 Abstract—This paper addresses the interaction effect between the workload and the information accuracy in work-sharing environment on the performance of a serial production line. The work-sharing is organized by Dynamic Line Balancing (DLB) policy. Under this policy, the workers can help each other with some tasks, called shared tasks. We investigated two levels of information accuracy that support the decision of working on or passing the shared tasks to the next buffer. We employed different configurations of workload under these two levels of information accuracy. A measure of workload is proposed to ease the comparison. The results of simulation showed a remarkable influence of workload on the performance and found its patterns as work-in-process (WIP) level changes. These patterns are clearly affected by changing the information accuracy level.

The Contributions of Neuromarketing in Marketing Research

Significant advances in neuroscience in the last couple of decades are finally bringing us closer to a place we have never been before inside the human mind. Research is able to measure brain movement and emotions to see how brain works. Conventional marketing tools have proven to be limited when testing human subjects and have frequently been criticized for their inability to assess consumers’ motivations. Although neuromarketing is gaining popularity among professionals and academicians, there are still reservations when it comes to the function of neuromarketing and its level of information accuracy. The emerging field of emotions as a physiological state in marketing has established itself as an important source for marketers and academic research. This article reviews the history of neuromarketing, describes its applications, depicts the challenges in its implementation, and hence explores potential elucidation to ensure effective uses that remain underexplored.

The impact of travel information’s accuracy on route-choice

Advanced Travel Information Systems (ATISs) are designed to assist travellers in making better travel choices by providing pre-trip and en-route information such as travel times on the relevant alternatives. Travellers’ choices are likely to be sensitive to the accuracy of the provided information in addition to travel time uncertainty. A route-choice experiment with 36 participants, involving 20 repetitions under three different levels of information accuracy was conducted to investigate the impact of information accuracy. In each experiment respondents had to choose one of three routes (risky, useless and reliable). Provided information included descriptive information about the average estimated travel times for each route, prescriptive information regarding the suggested route and experiential feedback information about the actual travel times on all routes. Aggregate analysis using non-parametric statistics and disaggregate analysis using a mixed logit choice model were applied. The results suggest decreasing accuracy shifts choices mainly from the riskier to the reliable route but also to the useless alternative. Prescriptive information has the largest behavioural impact followed by descriptive and experiential feedback information. Risk attitudes also seem to play a role. The implications for ATIS design and future research are further discussed.

Effects of in-vehicle navigation assistance and performance on driver trust and vehicle control

Driver trust in in-vehicle navigation systems may be an important factor influencing use of such automation. This research investigated the trust effect of in-vehicle navigation aiding performance that degraded over time and assessed differences in trust among automated versus human aids in a simulated driving task. Twenty participants drove through a suburb area following traffic signs and directions from one of the navigation aids, the human aid via a cell phone or the in-vehicle automation aid presented on a separate simulator display, with different levels of aid information accuracy in each trial (100%, 80% and 60%). A control condition was also investigated to assess any benefit of aiding in which participants were presented with a telemarketing survey instead of navigation information. A 2×4 mixed experimental design was used with the two levels of aid type (manipulated between-subjects) and the four levels of information accuracy (manipulated within-subjects). Driver trust was measured using a subjective survey of initial trust expectations, as well as subjective ratings of trust at the close of each trial. Driving speed control deviations and the number of errors in driver conformance with posted signs and navigation instructions were recorded. In agreement with prior work in other domains, results demonstrated drivers had a higher initial trust expectation for the automated aid than the human aid. However, once the automated aid was used, trust declined dramatically across degrading aid performance conditions. In general, there was a trend for trust to decrease more sharply with the automated aid than the human aid, but there was no statistical difference among the aids. Trust declined as both aids degraded in performance. Driving errors also increased as the navigation aid performance decreased, and the control condition produced the highest number of errors. This study demonstrated the role of driver trust in in-vehicle navigation aid use and has implications for designing navigation systems that support trust and performance.

Driver Acceptance of Unreliable Route Guidance Information

Human factors research can be used to design safe and efficient Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) that are easy to use (Kantowitz, Becker, & Barlow, 1993). This research used the Battelle Route Guidance Simulator (RGS) to examine two important issues related to driver behavior and acceptance of ATIS technology: (1) the effect of route familiarity on ATIS use and acceptance and (2) the level of information accuracy needed for an ATIS to be accepted and considered useful. The RGS included two 486 computers that provided drivers with real-time information and traffic reports. Drivers used a touch screen to select routes on one computer monitor and watched the results of their selection (i.e., real-time video of the traffic) on a second computer monitor. Drivers could use the system to obtain information about the traffic conditions on any link before traversing a route. In this experiment, subjects were exposed to four experimental conditions involving manipulation of the driver's familiarity with the route and the reliability of the traffic information obtained from the RGS (i.e., 100%, 71%, and 43% accuracy). The driver's goal was to reach the destination as quickly as possible by avoiding heavy traffic. The results indicated that drivers were able to benefit from system information when it was reliable, but not when it was unreliable. Trust ratings for the 43% accuracy group were significantly higher at the beginning of the four trials than at the end. Also, drivers were more apt to rely on the ATIS and accept information given in an unfamiliar traffic network versus a familiar one.