Level Of Income Distribution Research Articles

Food security in Nigeria amidst globalization, economic expansion, and population growth: A wavelet coherence and QARDL analysis

Food security is crucial on a global scale as it provides essential health, social, and economic advantages to the human population. Therefore, to achieve the sustainable development goal of zero hunger (Goal 2), it is imperative to assess the progress of food security, particularly in developing countries. Thus, this reflects on the relative factors affecting food security in Nigeria from 1980 to 2022. The study utilized advanced econometrics approaches such as Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) and Wavelet Coherence (WTC) to analyze the data. Food security is measured using the food production index (FPI), while other variables such as globalization (GLOB), population growth (POP), gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic growth, and inflation are considered. The results of the Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lag analysis indicate that in the short-term, globalization has a beneficial impact on FPI at the 0.25 quantile, but it has a detrimental effect on food security at the 0.50 and 0.75 quantiles. Nevertheless, over a prolonged period, the effect is detrimental in all quantiles. Additionally, in the short-term, FPI experiences a beneficial effect from GDP in all quantiles. Over time, GDP has a positive effect on all levels of income distribution. However, in the short-term, the size of the POP has a negative effect on FPI for the 0.25 to 0.75 quantiles. Further discussion is dedicated to policy options and their implications.

PUSAT PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI DAN INTERAKSI SPASIAL: STUDI EMPIRIS DI PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

In 2010 and 2020, South Sumatra Province had the third highest GRDP on the island of Sumatra. However, based on the Williamson index, the level of income distribution that occurs between districts/cities is still low. This study aims to identify growth centers and spatial interactions of districts/cities in South Sumatra Province in 2010 and 2020.The analyses used in this research are scalogram analysis, centrality index and gravity analysis. The results showed that in 2010 there were 2 regencies/cities in Hierarchy I, 6 regencies/cities in Hierarchy II, 5 regencies/cities in Hierarchy III and 2 regencies/cities in Hierarchy IV. In 2020 there are 4 districts/cities in Hierarchy I, 4 districts/cities in Hierarchy II, 6 districts/cities in Hierarchy III and 1 district/city in Hierarchy IV. From 2010 to 2020, the interaction between growth centers and their hinterlands has increased. Banyuasin, Ogan Komering Ilir and Ogan Ilir districts are the areas that have the strongest interaction. The policy implication is that economic cooperation needs to be carried out between the growth center regions and the regions behind them so that economic growth can be assisted in each region.

Industrialization and regional income inequality: agriculture transformation

Industrialization and income inequality is a crucial issue in developing countries. This paper analyzes the level of income inequality in Morowali and Banggai Regencies, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Inequality income is proxied by Gini, Williamson and Theil (GWT) indices. The Gini coefficient was calculated based on data obtained from questionnaires distributed to 150 households. The Williamson index and Theil index were calculated by using the data of gross domestic per capita regional income. The results reveal that the regional income inequality of Morowali and Banggai Regency increased when the economic growth of both regions experienced a significant increase, when the large mining industry began to operate in both areas. The manufacturing and mining industries in have succeeded in shifting the dominance of agriculture sector. The level of income inequality among households and regional has reached a moderate level and tends to fluctuate. Meanwhile, the level of income distribution between regions within regencies is relatively low. The government should consider the impact of industrial presence in areas originally sustained by the agrarian sector in relation to income distribution. Second, the preparation of skilled and educated local workers in facing the industrialization era needs to be conducted

ASSESSMENT OF INEQUALITY OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE BY SOURCES OF INCOME

Purpose. The aim of the article is the analysis of inequality of the population of Ukraine by sources of income. Methodology of research. A set of general scientific and specific methods of economic research was used in the course of the research, in particular, methods of theoretical generalizations: analysis, abstract and logical method (at substantiation of modern tendencies of inequality of the population of Ukraine on incomes); economic and statistical methods (in assessing the dynamics of inequality of the population of Ukraine in terms of monetary income); methods of mathematical statistics (when calculating the Gini index and the decomposition of income); methods of graphic display of the received results of research. Findings. The Gini index was calculated using the spline interpolation method to construct the Lorentz function. The Gini index is compared with known calculation methods, the description of the extended method of decomposition of the Gini index is carried out, and also this method is applied on statistical data of distribution of households of Ukraine on the level of monetary incomes. The influence of changes in sources of income on the general level of differentiation is analysed. According to the results of the study, the main factors influencing the level of income distribution and the possibility of reducing the level of stratification of the population of Ukraine were identified. Originality. It is proposed to use the spline interpolation method to construct the Lorentz function, which involves the calculation of the Gini index. The method of the Gini index decomposition identifies the sources of income that have the greatest impact on the growth of income inequality in Ukraine in the period 2014-2020. Practical value. The obtained results of the research are useful in the study of determining the reasons for the influence of certain factors on the level of income distribution and the possibility of reducing the level of stratification of the population of Ukraine. Key words: population inequality, Lorentz curve, Gini index, Gini index decomposition, spline interpolation.

Gender Analysis of Income Distribution among Rural Households: The Case of Sodo Zuria Woreda, Wolaita Zone, SNNPR

Despite wide belief that income distributions were unequal among the female and male headed households in southern parts of Ethiopia in general and Soddo-Zuria Woreda in particular, very few studies have been conducted on gender analysis of income distribution on rural area to empirically demonstrate both at regional and national levels. Therefore, this study intended to compute gender roles in crop production, level of income distribution among male headed and female headed households and identify major determinants of income among male headed and female headed households. This study uses data and information collected from of 154 households, of which 94 male headed and 60 female headed. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the households. The study employs Gini coefficient to estimate income distribution; and multiple linear and Quaintiles regression to identify determinants of income level among female-headed households and male-headed households. The key finding of the study is that gender was Significant at 1% probability level and had a positive influence on income. The result of this study reveal that income was more evenly distributed among the male headed households than the female-headed counterparts and participation of female headed households in crop production was less than male headed households. The results also show that annual income of male headed households was higher by 25.4 % than the income of female headed households. By using t-statistics annual income of the total sample households was significantly affected by age of household, farm size, access to credit, technology, extension visit and access to off farm income activities. All significant variables are positively influenced on total income of total sampled households except age and access to credit. Only access credit, technology and off farm income significantly influenced the income of male-headed households. Extension visit, technology and off farm income significantly and positively influenced income of the female-headed households. The findings of this study entail that policy makers should develop the extension system that increases number of extension visits to female headed farmers. Efforts should be made to empower and initiate female headed households through various programs that improve their technology uptake and build their confidence to involve in other business activities and intensify their income. It is also suggested that the issue of rural financial service receive greater attention by government and service providing financial institutions. Keywords : Female-headed households, male-headed households, income distribution, Soddo-Zuria DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-31-04 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN DISTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN DI KABUPATEN TAPANULI UTARA

The distribution of income is related to the discrepancy of research aims to study the discrepancy level of income distribution at North Tapanuli Regency, to study the Kuznets hypothesis about “Reverse-U Curve”, to study the influence of economic growth rate, inflation and rate of open unemployment to the discrepancy level. Theresult of research indicates that the average percentage of the increasing of GRDP based on the basic price in North Tapanuli for 2000-2010 is 14,59 %. The average of inflation rate is high for 8,72. The average of open unemployment rate is 3,027 %. The Gini Ratio for North Tapanuli is less than 0,3. This indicates that the score less than 0,3 means the income is distributed evenly. The Reverse-U Curve because requirement of the square equation did not applied at North Tapanuli regency in 2000-2010. Based on estimation, the score of R2 is 0,336. F-calculated (0,336) is smaller than F-test (18,77) means that simultaneously the gross domestic product, inflation and the open unemployment rate did not influence the discrepancy of income distribution. The gross regional domestic product has not a significant influence to the discrepancy of income distribution at North Tapanuli regency. Inflation has not a significant influence to discrepancy of income distribution. The open unemployment rate has not a significant influence to the discrepancy of income distribution at North Tapanuli Utara Regency.

CONTRIBUTION OF INCOME, EQUITABLE INCOME AND WELFARE OF STREET VENDORS’ FAMILY AT SUNMOR GOR SATRIA MARKET PURWOKERTO BY GENDER

The existence of the Sunmor GOR Satria market is able to increase economic activity as indicated by the large number of street vendors (pedagang kaki lima/PKL). What motivates the street vendors to run their business is certainly to increase their income to improve their welfare. The more the number of street vendors with identical goods will certainly increase competition among them. This study aims to find out and analyze the contribution of income, distribution of income and welfare of the street vendors as a whole and based on gender. The results of the study state that the overall street vendor income in the Sunmor GOR Satria market contributes to the moderate level of household income, the level of income distribution among the street vendors is in the very uneven category and most of their lives have not been prosperous. Based on gender, the contribution of female street vendors’ income to household income is higher, but the level of income distribution is more uneven compared to male street vendors, and the majority of both of them have not been prosperous. For this reason, it is necessary to improve the management of street vendors, especially in location layout and organization.  

Examining the effects of income inequality on CO2 emissions: Evidence from non-spatial and spatial perspectives

Over the past three decades, China has witnessed spectacular economic growth. However, behind this economic success, the country also faces serious challenges, including pressures to reduce emissions and to address imbalances in its growth. Increasing attention is thus being paid to the task of exploring the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions. The majority of previous studies have engaged with this question on the basis of conventional inequality measurements, neglecting the use of indexes that explicitly take into account spatial effects. In this paper, we employed two measures, the Gini coefficient and Global Moran’s I, in order to estimate income inequality from non-spatial and spatial perspectives, using income data for 403 prefecture-level cities. Under the framework of Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, we investigated how the level of income distribution within 30 Chinese provinces influenced that province’s CO2 emissions, using panel data from 1996 to 2014 to estimate both the Gini coefficient and Global Moran’s I. The empirical results show that income growth increased China’s CO2 emissions during the study period, but that an inverted U-shaped relationship existed between income and emissions, thereby confirming the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis. The continuously widening income gap, and especially the uneven spatial distribution of income, can thus be expected to deteriorate environmental quality and increase CO2 emissions. The effect of the self-reinforcing agglomeration of income on emissions was clearly evident. Other control factors were also shown to maintain a positive relation with CO2 emissions. Our results shed new light on the relationship between income inequality and CO2 emissions and provide support for policy makers in tackling the dual tasks of income redistribution and emissions mitigation. A more equitable income distribution, our findings suggest, may exert positive effects in relation to the mitigation of CO2 emissions in China.

Traveling heterogeneity in public transportation

It is well reported that long commutes have a large detrimental effect on people’s health and on the economy of cities. Interestingly, despite the strong impact on our daily lives, a simple way to measure the quality of urban transportation is still unknown. We performed data analysis on the transportation network of two large cities (Fortaleza and Dublin). By dividing each bus trajectory into equal pieces of space, we determine the distribution of time intervals for each trip, and we propose that the heterogeneity of the time distribution can be used to characterize the quality of that trip. Inspired by the use of the Gini coefficient to quantify the inequality level of income distribution, we used the Gini in order to characterize the heterogeneity level of the time distribution. We demonstrated that Gini coefficients are strongly correlated with peak usage of the mobility system, as well as the schedule delays in the system. Finally, our method can be used to find highly heterogeneous trips which have a large negative effect on the urban mobility and can help find new directions for new public planning strategies.

Income inequality and population health in Islamic countries

To undertake a fresh examination of the relationship between income inequality and population health for a group of Islamic countries using recent information derived from data resource sites from the World Bank and Islamic countries. Cross-sectional data on different measures of income distribution (prosperity, health care, women's role and environment) and indicators of population health were used to illuminate this issue. The relationship between income inequality and population health for a group of Islamic countries was tested using recent information derived from data resource sites from the World Bank and Islamic countries. After consideration of previous studies, seven dependent variables were determined and tested in six equation formats. According to the equations, the urban population percentage and gross domestic product are the most important significant variables that affect life expectancy and the infant mortality rate in Islamic countries. The income distribution coefficient, regardless of the type of measure, was almost insignificant in all equations. In selected Islamic countries, income level has a positive effect on population health, but the level of income distribution is not significant. Among the other dependent variables (e.g. different measures of income distribution, health care, role of women and environment), only environment and education had significant effects. Most of the Islamic countries studied are considered to be poorly developed.

Rural Poverty Eradication Programme: Some Relevant Issues

The purpose of this paper is to study the impact of income redistribution on the output structure and the level of income distribution. This paper is based on Semi closed static Input-output model applied on the economy of Uttar-Pradesh, India. The discussion of empirical findings suggests that distribution of additional income to the rural/urban poor people will not be helpful in poverty reduction in the long run. What requires is the redistribution of productive assets and skill formation to generate sustainable and permanent income for them. Employment generation programs for the poor will be more effective in poverty reduction.