Husband's Level Research Articles

Investigating the status of marital burnout and related factors in married women referred to health centers

BackgroundMarital burnout is an important issue in marriage and many factors play an important role in this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine the status of marital burnout and the factors affecting married women who were referred to health centers because of it.MethodsIn this study, 936 women were selected by multistage sampling and data collection was performed using questionnaires of demographic and couple burnout. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 24.ResultsThe mean (± SD) of marital burnout, in this study, was 55.46 (± 18.03) (out of 147 score). There was a significant relationship between the level of women's education with total marital burnout, and the subscales of somatic and emotional burnout (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was also observed between mandatory marriage and total marital burnout, as well as subscales of somatic, emotional, and psychological burnout (P < 0.05). A significant relationship was detected and observed between women's participation in training courses of communication skills and total marital burnout, inclusive of the subscales regarding psychological burnout (P < 0.05). The results of linear regression showed a significant relationship between mandatory in marriage, marital satisfaction, marriage duration, and husband's level of education with women's marital burnout. The variables were finally able to predict 12% of marital burnout variance. It should be noted that marital satisfaction had a higher effect on predicting marital burnout (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMarital satisfaction was one of the effective factors in predicting marital burnout, so it can be concluded that it is necessary to pay more attention to this issue. Educational programs and examining the factors that enhance marital satisfaction are needed to prevent and reduce marital burnout in married couples.

On the measurement of non-random mating and of its change over time

This paper proposes a new approach to the measurement of assortative mating and of the change over time in assortative mating. Non-assortative mating is viewed as independence between the characteristics of the husband and those of the wife. In our paper the characteristic we focus on is the educational level of the spouses. In measuring the change in assortative mating we use an algorithm that allows one to make a distinction between changes in the distribution of husbands and wives by educational level and a “pure change in assortative mating” that is the consequence of a change in the degree of independence between the educational levels of husbands and wives. We present an illustration of our approach, based on data for Thailand covering the period 1985–2019. It appears that while over the whole period 1985–2019 the increase in the Theil index of non-random mating was uniquely due to a change in the educational composition of the males and females (essentially of the female population), there are several sub-periods where the “pure change in assortative mating” played an important role.

Knowledge and involvement of husbands in the reproductive rights of women in Harar, eastern Ethiopia.

Objective:Reproductive rights violations are a serious public health concern worldwide, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, where more than 38.83% of victims live. Understanding the status of husbands’ knowledge and involvement helps to establish important programs and interventions. However, there are limited data related to husbands’ roles in women’s reproductive rights in the study setting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess husbands’ knowledge and involvement in women’s reproductive rights and their associated factors in Harar, eastern Ethiopia.Methods:A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 611 husbands in March 2020. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected using a structured and pretested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were entered using EpiData 3.1 and analyzed with SPSS Version 22. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to examine the factors associated with the outcome variable using an adjusted odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval, and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:The levels of husbands’ knowledge and involvement were 48.3% and 40.1%, respectively. Social media utilization (adjusted odds ratio = 4.97, 95% confidence interval = 2.79–8.85), partners’ discussion (adjusted odds ratio = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.60–3.39), and type of facility: hospital (adjusted odds ratio = 3.21, 95% confidence interval = 1.23–8.36) and health post (adjusted odds ratio = 2.86, 95% confidence interval = 1.20–6.94) were factors associated with knowledge of husbands. Likewise, the experience of using reproductive services (adjusted odds ratio = 2.15, 95% confidence interval = 1.52–3.03), partner discussion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 1.35–2.82), social media utilization (adjusted odds ratio = 1.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.05–2.89), and age 40–49 years (adjusted odds ratio = 1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.19–3.32) were factors associated with husbands’ involvement.Conclusion:Less than half of the husbands were knowledgeable and involved in executing partners’ reproductive rights. Promoting and creating effective media utilization is important for creating awareness of reproductive rights. Moreover, working on reproductive health service utilization, women empowerment, and making open discussions between partners are crucial to increase the knowledge and involvement of husbands.

Exploring Husband's Attitude Towards Involvement in his Wife's Antenatal Care in Urban Slum Community of Mumbai.

Background:Developing countries continue to have a high maternal mortality ratio. Antenatal care (ANC) has been termed as one of the “four pillars” of safe motherhood by the World Health Organization. Male involvement has been recognized as having a great impact on women's utilization of maternal health-care service.Objectives:The objective was to assess husband's knowledge and attitude toward their involvement in ANC and to determine factors that influence husband's attitude toward involvement in ANC.Methodology:A community-based observational cross-sectional study on husbands of pregnant women enrolled in an urban health center located in the Malvani slum community of Mumbai with a sample size of 86 was undertaken.Results:The study findings revealed that majority of the husbands 67.4% had a positive attitude, whereas 32.6% had a negative attitude toward involvement in ANC. Knowledge of the husbands regarding early registration of pregnancy, tetanus toxoid, routine blood investigations, and increased dietary requirements were 35%, 45%, 51%, and 65%, respectively. Husband's level of education, their occupation type, distance of health facility from home, length of time spent at health-care facility, and attitude of health-care providers affect the attitude toward involvement in their wife's ANC.Conclusion:Changes in husband's knowledge and attitude about ANC are necessary conditions required to detect pregnancy-related complications at the earliest and for prompt referral.

Parental educational homogamy and under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Clarifying the association's intricacy

Worldwide, under-five mortality (U5M) rate is highest in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). There exists a gap in knowledge on the pathway through which Parental Educational Homogamy (PEH) influences U5M in SSA. In this study, we tested the research hypothesis’ PEH is not associated with under-five children's survival probability in SSA.Demographic and health survey datasets for 21 SSA countries were analyzed. Cross-sectional design and multi-stage cluster sampling technique were used for sample selection in each of the countries under investigation. The dependent variable was the survival status of a newborn to age 59 months while the main independent variable was PEH generated from information on wife's and husband's level of education. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Cox-proportional hazard model and Brass-adjusted model (α=0.05).Under-five mortality rate ranges from 56/1,000 live born in South Africa to 190/1,000 live born in Sierra-Leone. Across countries, U5M rate was higher among the children of parents with at most primary education than that of parents who had at least secondary education. This pattern of U5M rate was also observed for children of parents where husbands were more educated than their wives. Maternal age at birth, sex of the child, toilet facility, type of cooking fuel, tetanus injection during pregnancy, and birth weight were significantly associated with U5M in 14, 11, 8, 7, 11, 14 and 20 countries respectively. A significant relationship was established between PEH and U5M in 11 of the 21 studied countries but was identified as a predictor of U5M in Congo Democratic Republic, Gambia and Zimbabwe.Parental educational homogamy exhibits a pattern of relationship with U5M in SSA. Ensuring that individuals particularly women have at least secondary education before childbearing will facilitate an U5M reduction in SSA.

TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN SUAMI TENTANG PENDAMPINGAN IBU SELAMA PROSES PERSALINAN DI KLINIK PERA MEDAN TAHUN 2019

The husband is the person who plays an important role in assisting the mother during the birth process to provide support and motivation for the mother, so that labor can take place smoothly and reduce the occurrence of complications for both mother and fetus. Goals: The purpose of this study was to determine the level of husband's knowledge about maternal assistance during labor in Medan Pera Clinic for the period March-September 2019. Method: This study is descriptive in nature with a cross sectional study design of 30 respondents and uses a total population method that uses secondary data from the clinical labor registration book and primary data from questionnaires submitted to each respondent. Results: The results of the study were obtained based on the level of knowledge with the most lack of knowledge, namely 66.67%, followed by those with sufficient knowledge, namely 26.67%, and the least knowledgeable, namely 6.67%. Based on the demographics of respondents based on education most had high school educational background of 76.67%, based on the number of children who had the most 2-5 children as many as 63.33%, based on work, most worked as entrepreneurs, as many as 83.33%, based on the source of information most obtained information from the environment that is as much as 56.67%. Conclusion: Health workers are expected to motivate more husbands to be able to prepare themselves early in assisting mothers during the delivery process so that the husbands not only know but also carry out what is already known about childbirth companions.

Husban Behavior in Pregnancy-Postpartum Care and Wife’s Reproductive Health

Background: In the process pregnancy-postpartum, the role of the husband is very important and necessary. It is highly expected for the husbands to accompany their wives, so that their wives can have healthy pregnancy which is later able to give birth a healthy baby and the mothers can survive.&#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of husband’s knowledge regarding Antenatal Care (ANC) and Early High-Risk Detection, husband behavior in the pregnancy-postpartum care with reproductive health problems experienced by wife and to determine which variable that has the greatest effect among the three variables.&#x0D; Metohdes: This research is an analytical observation, carried out in the working area of Tinggede Health Center which includes 3 villages namely Sunju, Tinggede and South Tinggede the research target is all husbands who have pregnant wife (second pregnancy) and have children under two years old with a total of 180 husbands. The survey was carried out on 180 husbands. Data collection is carried out through interviews, observations and FGDs. Data analysis technique with Chi Square value test (p &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Results: The results showed that the level of husband’s knowledge about Antenatal Care and early detection of high risk was low, 58.88% and 56.66%, respectively. Husband behavior in pregnancy care was also categorized as less healthy/bad, i.e., 55.55%, and the prevalence of wife’s respondents who experienced reproductive health problems was 57.7%. Husband’s knowledge about ANC, early detection of high-risk pregnancy, and husband behavior in pregnancy care had a significant relationship to reproductive health problems (p&lt;0.05). The highest frequency of husband’s participation in the pregnancy-postpartum care is making referrals to the healthcare facilities by 79%, Husband behavior in pregnancy care has the greatest effect on maternal reproductive health problems with a P value = 0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: It can be concluded that the husband’sknowledgeregardingANCandearlydetectionofpregnancyandpostpartum periodhasaneffectonmaternalreproductivehealthinSigiRegency, CentralSulawesi. It’s expected that the development of models for improving husband’s Information, AdvocacyandCommunication(IAC)of reproductive health could be a preventive effort in improving women’s reproductive health.

Kematangan Emosi, Interaksi Keluarga dan Kepuasan Pernikahan pada Keluarga Menikah Dini

Early marriage is a marriage carried out by couples less than 20 years old. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship and the influence between emotional maturity and family interaction on marital satisfaction in early married families. Examples in this study are families who married early age selected by way of purposive sampling amounted to 30 people. The research was conducted in Bojong Gede Village, Bojong Baru Village, Rawa Panjang Village, Ragajaya Village and Pabuaran Village, Bojong Gede District, Bogor Regency. The results showed that husband and wife age at married, income per capita, emotional maturity and family interaction had a positif significant relationship with marital satisfaction, but famiy size and age of marriage had a negatif significant relationship with family satisfaction. Husband age faktor and family interaction have positif effect to marriage satisfaction, but education level of husband and age of marriage have negatif effect to marriage satisfaction.

FERTILITY CONTROL DUE TO SHORT-TERM ECONOMIC STRESS IN RURAL ARAGÓN (SPAIN), 1801–1909

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the permanent existence of deliberate fertility control arising from short-term economic stress among rural farm workers. The micro-level analysis uses the family reconstitution method for ten rural Spanish localities. The husband's socio-economic level is regarded as an indicator of the family's socio-economic status. According to the available data, human agency between 1801 and 1909 resulted in a negative fertility response among all farm groups, with this negative response being especially strong among the landless and semi-landless. The existence of a rapid fertility control response suggests that such control was a voluntary decision. Since the end of the 19thcentury, the number of economic shocks due to high prices has reduced.

Are Husbands Involving in Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness for their Wives’ Pregnancies?: A Cross-Sectional Study in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar

INTRODUCTION: Husbands’ involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR) has been encouraged as a new approach to improve maternal health for safe motherhood since 2000. However, Myanmar is a patriarchy society and despite the strong domination of husbands on the health of their families, their role and involvement in maternal health are still limited.&#x0D; OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess husbands’ involvement in BP/CR for their pregnant wives in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was a cross sectional study which was carried out through a structured questionnaire among 198 husbands of pregnant women aged 18 years and above in Nay Pyi Taw.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results showed that 42.4% of husbands included in the study had poor involvement in BP/CR for safe motherhood. Approximately 38% of husbands failed to plan health facility for delivery, 45% did not plan for a skilled birth attendant, 20% did not save money for the delivery, 43% neglected transportation arrangement and 66% did not identify a blood donor in case of emergency. Husbands having good knowledge and positive attitude were significantly (p-value &lt;0.001) involved in BP/CR as compared to those who did not. In addition, husbands who planned the pregnancy along with wives were involved in BP/CR more than those who did not and association was significant at p&lt;0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion: Level of husbands’ involvement in BP/CR is slightly low for their wives’ pregnancies. It was, therefore, recommended that effective husband involvement intervention programmes should be promoted at all levels of healthcare for safe motherhood.

Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Influencing Women's Attitude Toward Wife Beating in Ethiopia.

This study used data from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) for a total of 42,054 women (15-49 years) from Ethiopia's 11 geographic/administrative regions using a stratified, two-stage cluster sample design to reflect the country's huge geographical, cultural, ethnic, and linguistic diversity. The study first identified the major socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing women's attitude toward wife beating in Ethiopia, and then provided some suggestions on what types of interventions are required to address the problems. Toward this effect, female participants were asked whether a husband is justified in beating his wife under five possible circumstances. Ironically, the majority of women support wife beating if a wife goes out without telling a husband (51.8%), neglects her children (58.1%), argues with a husband (53.4%), refuses to have sex with a husband (47.9%), and burns food while preparing meals (53.3%). The study also used the probit regression model and identified the following factors influencing women's attitude toward wife beating in Ethiopia: women's economic status, women's level of education, husband's level of education, access to media, marital status, place of residence (urban vs. rural), and women's awareness about the law against wife beating. The way forward will require the empowerment of women through education and training, an increase in women's access to resources, strong legislation against domestic violence, and creating awareness among community and religious leaders. As the best way to end intimate partner violence against women is to prevent it from happening in the first place by addressing its main causes, this study is thus of paramount importance for the overall efforts in raising awareness to prevent such violence against women.

Husbands\u2019 involvement in family planning use and its associated factors in pastoralist communities of Afar, Ethiopia

BackgroundHusbands play an influential role in women’s access to health care, such as family planning services. However, there is little evidence of the level of husbands’ involvement in family planning services among pastoralist communities, who possess a distinct lifestyle. This study was aimed to assess husbands’ involvement in family planning use and factors associated in pastoralist communities of Afar, Ethiopia.MethodsCommunity-based cross-sectional survey was conducted among randomly selected 418 married women in Afambo district, Afar pastoralist community in 2017. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered to EPI-Info version 7 statistical software programs and exported to SPSS. Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to identify factors associated with husband involvement. Odds ratio at 95% confidence interval were reported and significant association of factors was declared at the p-value of less than 0.05.ResultFour hundred eighteen married women were included in the study, making a response rate of 98%. The magnitude of husbands’ involvement in family planning was found to be 42.2%. Women who ever used family planning (AOR: 7.21; 95%CI: 3.58–14.67), those who participated in community networks, those who reported health center as their source of information for family planning (AOR: 5.56; 95%CI: 1.92–16. o7) were higher likely to report husband involvement compare to their counterparts. Participants’ increased knowledge was also significantly associated with higher odds of husband involvement in family knowledge (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.16–1.58). .ConclusionHusbands’ involvement in the district is low. Women’s engagement in community networks aimed at increasing the knowledge of the women may involve in family planning. In addition, due focus among health care providers in lower health care units to provide information for both women and men might have a promising power to improve husbands involvement.

Reciprocal effects of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction among Chinese older married couples from 2010 to 2014: evidence from the China Family Panel Studies

Objectives: Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction are closely related among the older adults. However, investigation of the dyadic influence of depressive symptoms and life satisfaction among Chinese older married couples is limited. The current study aimed to investigate the reciprocal effects of life satisfaction and depressive symptoms longitudinally among a sample of Chinese older married couples.Method: The current sample consisted of 1,877 older married couples from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Depressive symptoms and life satisfaction were measured at the 2010 baseline and the 2014 assessment. Age, income, education, physical health, and length of marriage measured at baseline were included as the controlled variables. Data was analyzed with the longitudinal actor-partner interdependence models.Results: One’s life satisfaction and depressive symptoms were significantly associated with his/her own life satisfaction and depressive symptoms longitudinally. In addition, higher levels of wives’ depressive symptoms in 2010 were associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction among their husbands in 2014. Higher levels of husbands’ life satisfaction in 2010 were associated with higher levels of wives’ life satisfaction in 2014.Conclusion: The current study found both actor and partner effects in the long-term association between depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Among these older married couples, husbands were the ‘receivers’ of their wives’ depressive symptoms and the ‘senders’ of life satisfaction. Practitioners aiming to promote the well-beings of older married adults need to consider the dyadic influences given the significant partner effects found in the current study.

Determine Joint Factors that Affect Maternal Weight and Body Mass Index Among Pregnant Women in Ethiopia: A Bi-variate Analysis

Introduction: A low maternal body mass index and sub-optimal weight gain during pregnancy are long recognized risk factors for delivery of infants too small for gestational age, low birth weight as well as to increase the risk of subsequent obesity and hypertension in the off- spring. Maternal body mass index and maternal weight is positively associated with infant obesity risk. The main objective of this research was to determine the determinants of maternal body mass index and maternal weight simultaneously based on Ethiopia demographic health survey 2016 which was implemented in statistical package R. Methodology: Cross sectional study design was used from Ethiopia demographic health survey 2016. Bi-variate linear regression model was used to determine the factors that affect maternal body mass index and maternal weight simultaneously. Result: The bi-variate analysis of maternal pregnancy weight and body mass index identified that the co-variate husband educational level, preferred waiting time for birth, region, family size, frequency of watching television, maternal height, desire for more children and number of tetanus injections before pregnancy were statistically associated with maternal pregnancy weight. Moreover, educational level of husband, preferred waiting time for birth, region, family size, desire for more children, frequency of watching television and number of tetanus injections before pregnancy were statistically significant for maternal pregnancy body mass index in Ethiopia (p≤0.05). Conclusion: The risk of over pregnancy weight and body mass index increased when parent prefer high number of waiting time to birth another child in Ethiopia. In addition the risk of over pregnancy weight and body mass index increased when mother received more tetanus injection during pregnancy.

GAMBARAN PENGETAHUAN DAN PENDIDIKAN TENTANG KEIKUTSERTAAN SUAMI MENJADI AKSEPTOR KB DI WILAYAH PUSKESMAS KAMPUNG BALI KOTA BENGKULU

KB (Family Planning) is an effective way to stop the high rate of population growth, the number of people in Indonesia in 2013 amounted to 248 422 956, those inhabitants number increases relatively quickly. The need policies to regulate or limit the number of birth can be addressed births, the percentage of couples use contraception at fertile age (EFA) especially husband was the IUD (3.5%), implants (4.3%), MOP (0.1 %), MOW (2.3%), pills (13.9%), injections (34.3), condoms (0.8%), and Natural (0.3%). Male contraception percentage is still low. Objective To know the knowledge and education about the husband's participation become family planning acceptors in Kampung Bali PHC in the city of Bengkulu. The research was a descriptive with accidental sampling technique, the number of samples used were 100 couples of childbearing age especially husbands on January 8, 2015 at Kampung Bali PHC in the city of Bengkulu. The results of this research indicated that the majority (61%) of respondents had less knowledge level and most (71%) were lower educated. Conclusions that can be drawn from this research was the husband's level of knowledge and education in the area of Kampung Bali PHC in Bengkulu city on the participation of a husband being acceptors was still relatively low. Suggestion: it is expected the health workers to provide better information about family planning, especially the use of condoms KB and MOP to reduce the rate of population growth.

The Influence of Women's Double Role on Childhood Survival on Low Income Family in Makassar City

Child morbidity and mortality rates in Makassar are generally high, especially in low-income families. One of the suspected cause factors is low child survival. This study aims to assess the multiple roles of mothers, the amount of husband's income, maternal education and levels mother's knowledge of health efforts for the survival of children in low-income families. The research method used was observational with cross-sectional study design. The samples studied are housewives in low income families (under UMP / UMK) who have children under five. The sample size was 92 people selected by purposive sampling. Data analysis is done with the help of computer. Hypothesis testing was performed by using independent T test, correlation test and Anova. The determinants of child survival were assessed on the basis of regression analysis double. The statistical test used the significance level of 0.05. It can be concluded that the survival of children in low-income families in Makassar is influenced by two factors: maternal education and knowledge about MCH, but the dominant is mother's knowledge. The result of the study explains that there is no significant influence of mother / woman involvement in working to find additional income of household while taking care of anak.Disulkan related institution (especially health department) more to increase promotion effort and quality of health service mother and child in low income family.

Predictors of antenatal care booking among pregnant women in The Gambia

Background: This study explored the factors influencing antenatal care booking among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Lower River region of The Gambia. Aims: To identify barriers to antenatal care booking and suggest measures to address them. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study using convenient sampling technique to recruit 238 pregnant women attending antenatal care services into the study. The statistical methods used were descriptive, ANOVA, t-test, Pearson's correlation, χ2 square and logistic regression. Findings: The mean gestational age (weeks) at booking was 22.58±6.96. Respondents' wellbeing score revealed a mean score of 68.25±17.48. Husband's level of education, type of clinic, difficulty in getting national identification card, and wellbeing were significantly associated with antenatal care booking. Logistic regression showed that among all the predictors, wellbeing was the variable that significantly contributed to the model (OR=0.64, P&lt;0.001). Conclusions: There is a need to incorporate mental health attention in routine antenatal care services to assess women's wellbeing and to give support and care to women with low wellbeing scores for desirable pregnancy outcome.

ANALISIS POLA KONSUMSI RUMAH TANGGA PETANI JAGUNG DI KABUPATEN GROBOGAN

&lt;p&gt;ABSTRACT&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study aims to analyze the broad influence corn field to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect of educational level the head of family to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect of the number of family members to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district, analyze the effect the food and non food expenditure to the household income of corn farmers in Grobogan district. Locations were taken intentionally, in Grobogan district, because Grobogan district has the widest corn harvested area in the province of Central Java. Total population that taken in this study is 150 household of corn farmers who scattered in several regions in Grobogan. The sample is a fraction of the number and characteristics which is owned by the population. Samples were corn farmers, the number of samples taken is 60 corn farmers in Grobogan. The results showed that land area of corn gave positive effect on household income of corn farmers in Grobogan, the educational level of husband’s household insignificant, the number of household members has a positive influence on the level of household income, food expenditure had a negative but not significant to household income and non-food expenditures have a significant negative effect on the level of household income. The result of the calculation of the proportion of food consumption and the proportion of non-food consumption showed that the average total expenditure for average food expenditure per farmer per month amounted Rp. 1.023.611,00 while the non-food expenditure amounted Rp. 2.619.552,00.&lt;/p&gt;

MULTILEVEL LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING BODY MASS INDEX AMONG BANGLADESHI MARRIED NON-PREGNANT WOMEN.

The aim of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing the body mass index (BMI) of non-pregnant married Bangladeshi women of reproductive age. Secondary (Hierarchy) data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, collected using two-stage stratified cluster sampling, were used. Two-level linear regression analysis was performed to remove the cluster effect of the variables. The mean BMI of married non-pregnant Bangladeshi women was 21.60±3.86 kg/m2, and the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was 22.8%, 14.9% and 3.2%, respectively. After removing the cluster effect, age and age at first marriage were found to be positively (p<0.01) related with BMI. Number of children was negatively related with women's BMI. Lower BMI was especially found among women from rural areas and poor families, with an uneducated husband, with no television at home and who were currently breast-feeding. Age, total children ever born, age at first marriage, type of residence, education level, level of husband's education, wealth index, having a television at home and practising breast-feeding were found to be important predictors for the BMI of married Bangladeshi non-pregnant women of reproductive age. This information could be used to identify sections of the Bangladeshi population that require special attention, and to develop more effective strategies to resolve the problem of malnutrition.

Effective Mechanisms to Promote Women Participation in Training Courses in Isfahan County

Effective Mechanisms to Promote Women Participation in Training Courses in Isfahan County