Level Of Food Security Research Articles

Demographic characteristics are associated with children’s nutritional status: Findings from a pilot study on food insecure households in Simunjan district, Sarawak

Introduction: Food insecurity is a public health concern that may lead to malnutrition in children. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between demographic characteristics and food security level with nutritional status among children from food-insecure households in Simunjan District, Sarawak. Methods: This study involved a total of 171 mother-and-child pairs from two Maternal and Child Health Clinics (Simunjan and Gedong) using non-probability convenience sampling technique. Food insecurity status was determined using Radimer/Cornell Hunger Food Insecurity Instrument, while child’s weight and height were measured following standard procedures. Chi-squared test of independence and binary logistic regression were used during data analysis. Results: The prevalences for household food insecurity, individual food insecurity, and child hunger were 70.8%, 15.2%, and 14.0%, respectively. The main nutritional problems for children aged 24–59 months were underweight (17.9%) and stunting (17.9%), while for children aged 60–144 months were overweight and obesity (27.5%). Children of mothers over 34 years old (AOR=2.367; 95% CI: 1.085, 5.164), and those aged 60–144 months (AOR=3.619; 95% CI: 1.521, 8.613) had increased odds of being overweight or obese. Meanwhile, children of working mothers (AOR=6.526; 95% CI: 1.108, 38.449) were more likely to have a thinness problem than children of unemployed mothers. However, no association was found between the severity of food insecurity with children’s nutritional status. Conclusion: Malnutrition in children remains a public health concern in Simunjan District, and it is linked to mother’s age and employment status. An intervention programme is required to ameliorate the situation.

Can digital transformation promote the improvement of regional food security? Empirical findings from China

AbstractFood security is an important guarantee for people's lives and national security, and digital transformation provides a new approach to improving the level of food security. Based on panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2021, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digital transformation on food security using fixed effects model, mediation model, moderation model, and spatial Durbin model. The research results show that: (1) digital transformation has a promoting effect on the level of food security, and there is regional heterogeneity in this promoting effect; (2) digital transformation has a mediating effect on the level of food security, which can improve the level of food security by promoting technological innovation, agricultural scale management, and marketization levels; (3) environmental regulations play a positive moderating role in the process of digital transformation promoting the level of food security; (4) there is a spatial spillover effect of digital transformation on the level of food security, which has a positive spillover effect on surrounding areas. Therefore, moving forward, it is imperative that we prioritize the digital transformation of the entire food industry chain, promote the coordinated development of digital industries in various regions, further improve the R&D innovation capability of digital technology, promote the integration of farmland to achieve large‐scale agricultural operation, and enhance the level of marketization, and at the same time improve environmental monitoring standards, fully tap the promoting effect of digital transformation on regional food security level. [EconLit Citations: Q16, Q18, R15].

Household food security and dietary diversity in south-eastern Nigeria.

The aim of this study was to investigate household food security (access) level and the dietary diversity of households in the Nsukka Local Government Area in South-eastern Nigeria. From 20 local communities of Nsukka, 390 women were randomly sampled from the women's group and asked to complete a survey that determined the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale scores and the Household Dietary Diversity Scores (HDDS). The descriptive results indicated a high level of food insecurity with 82.6% households reporting various degrees of food insecurity. Over half of the sampled population experienced insufficient food quality. They either ate unwanted food (65.9%), limited variety (63.1%), or unpreferred food (64.6%). Some households experienced insufficient food intake by going a whole day without food (38.2%), go to sleep hungry (45.1%), or have no food of any kind (49%). The analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p = 0.428) in the food security level of households headed by males as compared with those headed by females. Approximately 53.6% of households fell at or below the average HDDS; males headed 48% of these households, while females headed 64%. The chi-square test indicated factors associated with household food security including age, education, work status and income, whereas the gender of the household head, household size and marital status were not significantly associated. Public-private partnerships, nutrition orientation and food intervention programs could improve food security in this area.

ANALISIS REGRESI LOGISTIK ORDINAL SPASIAL STATUS KETAHANAN PANGAN PADA KABUPATEN/KOTA DI INDONESIA TAHUN 2020

Food is a basic need which is a right for humans to survive and has an important role so that an arrangement is needed that describes the level of food security in each region. Food security status shows the food stability of a region in terms of availability, access, and consumption of food for the local populace. The diversity of regencies/cities gives a variance effect in the results of food security so that the spatial influence is included in modeling the status of food security owing to the likelihood of interactions in our research between regions with one another, meaning that the condition of food security in regencies/cities is influenced by the condition of neighboring regencies/cities. Based on this, a model is that may be utilized to assess the state of food security is required in districts/cities in Indonesia in 2020. Logistic regression analysis is one technique that may be utilized to create the model regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis is a regression method that tests whether there is a probability the independent variable has the ability to predict the dependent variable.

Does participation in livelihood education programs impact household food security? A comparative study in rural Uganda

Food and nutrition security projections from global to household levels show that the future requires multifaceted approaches to achieve desired goals. In Uganda, the government has tried several strate­gies to promote food production, including a public-private partnership with Iowa State Univer­sity through its Center for Sustainable Rural Liveli­hoods. In this comparative study, we surveyed 454 households to explore whether participation in livelihood education programs (LEPs) impact household food security. We also determine which LEPs and household characteristics influence food security. Overall, 46.3% of the surveyed house­holds were food secure, while the remaining were insecure or extremely insecure. Significantly, 51.0% of LEP participants were more food secure, com­pared to 35.5% of nonparticipants. Specific LEPs including agronomy and postharvest technologies, and livestock integration significantly influence food security, but less so for programs on nutrition and infant feeding, water supply and public health, complementary services like therapeutic porridge and assistance with immunization, and income innovations. Multinomial logistic regression analy­sis revealed that the household characteristics of keeping livestock and the number of meals eaten during periods of scarcity, influenced households having more food security than insecurity or extreme insecurity. Households participating in LEPs, having larger acreage of land, and having clean water and sanitation facilities were more food secure. The time taken to fetch water, days of ill­ness of male adults, and belonging to community social groups, also influence the level of household food security. Based on these findings, we recom­mend that households should participate in LEPs to build their capacity to manage crop and live­stock production, and also to acquire knowledge of nutrition and feeding, public health, and income innovations.

At the nexus of grocery access and transportation: Assessing barriers and preferences for alternative approaches to enhancing food access

IntroductionMost households, especially those experiencing food insecurity, choose their preferred food retailers based on prices, rather than proximity. However, food-insecure households are often transit-dependent, further burdening vulnerable households seeking healthy, affordable groceries. This study sought to better understand the multi-faceted transportation experiences of households with varying food security levels and preferences for grocery access models designed to help overcome transportation barriers to groceries. MethodsQuestionnaires assessing household's transportation modes and preferences for accessing groceries, and their preferences for proposed grocery access models were collected through intercept and online surveys. ResultsOf the 578 survey respondents, 35% were nonwhite; 22% at risk for food insecurity; 29% without a household car. Respondents at risk for food insecurity had longer travel times (20 min or more) to the grocery store (35%) compared with food-secure respondents (14%), as did transit-dependent respondents (31%) compared to households with access to a car (13%). Most at risk for food insecurity, low education, or nonwhite respondents preferred to drive a household car to the store, whereas most food-secure, high education, or white respondents preferred to walk. Respondents indicated they would be likely or very likely to use the following general grocery access models—grocery delivery (28%), and rideshare (22%)—and neighborhood-market based models—veggie box (50%), pre-chopped produce (36%), and extra $10 SNAP (35%). Preferences for the different models varied by respondents’ demographic, transportation, and food security status. ConclusionsResults suggest unequal transportation-based access to preferred grocery stores among respondents, with longer travel times for those most vulnerable to food insecurity. Respondents’ preferences for grocery access models—which may have changed since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic—provide insight for designing a multi-faceted policy approach to transportation barriers to grocery access.

Food security and economic coping strategies among fishing households: Insights from Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Province

This study aims to: 1) Analyze the socioeconomic characteristics and economic coping strategies of fishing households in Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat; 2) Assess the level of food security among fishing households in these districts; 3) Examine the influence of socioeconomic characteristics and economic coping strategies on the food security of fishing households in Tanjung Jabung Timur and Tanjung Jabung Barat. Data were collected through surveys in four sample villages across the two districts. Descriptive statistics, difference tests, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were employed as analytical tools. The findings indicate that economic coping strategies among fishing families, in terms of active income-generating strategies, are categorized as low. In contrast, passive strategies related to cutting back expenses are considered moderate. Overall, the level of food security among fishing households is relatively good. Furthermore, the food security level of fishing households is significantly influenced by family characteristics and coping strategies. Coping strategies directly impact and act as intervening variables between family characteristics and food security.

The Role of Traditional Leafy Vegetables on Household Food Security in Umdoni Municipality of the KwaZulu Natal Province, South Africa.

This study assessed the effect of traditional leafy vegetables (TLVs) on the level of food security in the rural area of Dlangezwa, in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. A total of 100 respondents were selected using a simple random sampling method. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to measure the food security status. The influence of TLVs on household food security was examined using an ordered logit model. Pumpkin leaves and blackjack were the most consumed traditional leafy vegetables in the study area, at 97% and 81%, respectively. The results from HFIAS showed that 17% of the households were food secure, 44% were mild food insecure, 26% were moderately food insecure and 13% were severely food insecure. The results from the chi2 test showed that there was a significant correlation between the intake of cowpeas (p = 0.02), blackjack (p = 0.01), and moringa (p = 0.02) with the degree of household food security in the surveyed houses. The ordered logit model's findings indicated that consumption of leafy vegetables, educational attainment, employment status, and marital status all had a substantial impact on the food insecurity of the households. The marital status of a household showed a positive and significant impact on the food insecurity situation, while educational level, employment status, and consumption of leafy vegetables showed a negative and significant impact. For enhanced household food security, there is a need for initiatives that encourage the use of a wide range of traditional leafy vegetables such as Moringa oleifera, Amaranthus, and cowpeas. More awareness should be made regarding the nutritional benefits that TLVs have.

Peculiarities of formation and implementation of state agricultural policy in modern Ukraine

The article studies the peculiarities of formation and implementation of the state agrarian policy in modern Ukraine. The essence and concept of the state agrarian policy as a strategic course of state regulation of the agro-industrial complex are analyzed. The principles, directions and tools for implementing such a policy are considered. Particular attention is paid to the historical stages of development of agricultural policy in Ukraine - from the Soviet period to the present. The author analyzes the impact of market transformations and European integration processes on the evolution of state agricultural policy. The peculiarities of the formation of the modern model of state agricultural policy under the influence of global and national challenges - climate change, technological and social challenges, economic and geopolitical instability, Russian aggression against Ukraine - are investigated. The author formulates priority areas for improving state support for the agrarian sector of the economy under martial law, such as food security, infrastructure reconstruction, compensation for losses of producers, etc. The article also emphasizes that agrarian policy is an important type of state policy, as it concerns the strategic sector of the country's economy - the agro-industrial complex. The level of food security of the state directly depends on the efficiency of the formation and implementation of the state agricultural policy. The author emphasizes that the peculiarities of the formation and implementation of the State agricultural policy are influenced by both internal factors (historical context, sectoral specifics) and global challenges (climate change, technological development, international competition). This requires a comprehensive approach and consideration of national interests. The author analyzes the priority directions and instruments for the formation and implementation of the State agricultural policy in the context of modern challenges, in particular, Russian military aggression. It is emphasized that under such conditions the State agricultural policy should be flexible and adaptive, capable of rapid transformation, taking into account the needs of the industry. Thus, the article comprehensively analyzes the relationship between current global and national challenges and the specifics of the formation of the State agricultural policy, and identifies the priority areas for improving its strategies and instruments in the context of crises and conflicts.

Household Size and Household Food Security in Ngetta Ward, Lira City, Northern Uganda

Purpose: The study examined the effect of Household size/family size on Household food security in Lira city East Division. Specific issues that were studied are; the impact of average household size on household food security, the level of household food security and the effect of household size on household food security ‟household food security and whether household size affects household food security.
 Methodology: A purposive sampling and simple random sampling method for the study was used to select houses in each cell for the distribution of the questionnaire. Questionnaires and interview guide served as the main tools for data collection. The study targeted a sample population of 300 respondents out of which 60 participants were drawn from the small family and the other 240 from the large family in the study area.
 Findings: The findings indicated that, large family size puts an extra burden on food consumption and is more likely to experience food insecurity in contrast to households with a small and average family size. Large households, with more young or school-going children, also tend to fall below the poverty line and vulnerable to food insecurity. The results further revealed financial problems, lack of parental care and poor heath as the challenges faced by large families.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: This study contributes to the understanding of the relationship between household size and household food security so that policy makers can plan for an ever growing human population especially in the rural and peri-urban areas. The study recommends the need for intensive education on population related matters for parents and various incentives packages to families with smaller sizes.

New evidence in the relationship between trade openness and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundSince 2015, food insecurity has been a more serious threat than the previous years with a record high observed from the year 2020 onwards, especially in developing countries. This record could be due to response measures, notably the closure of borders due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This implies that trade openness have played an important role in achieving food security in the world. However, the debate on the effect of trade openness on food security remains no consensus in the economic literature. It is in this context that this paper aims to re-examine the effect of trade openness on food security in sub-Saharan African countries.MethodsPanel data covering 37 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period from 2004 to 2018 were mobilized. We use a dynamic empirical model based on the system Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) to control the unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity of the explanatory variables. As food security is a multidimensional concept, we used four indicators (“average dietary energy supply adequacy”, “average protein supply”, “per capita food supply variability”, and “share of dietary energy supply”) to capture food security. To improve the robustness of the empirical effect of openness on food security, we also used globalization as an alternative factor to trade openness.ResultsThe empirical results show that trade openness significantly improves food security in 37 Sub-Saharan African countries. However, in the presence of political instability, a deterioration of the food security situation is observed. The results reveal also that the quality of institutions, economic growth, remittances, human capital, and the importance of the agricultural sector are also factors favouring the level of food security in sub-Saharan Africa countries.ConclusionAny policy aimed at trade openness must consider the quality of institutions to achieve the expected results.

Building a sustainable food security evaluation system for the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Analysis based on entropy weight TOPSIS model method

[Objective]In order to explore the sustainable food security level in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, ensure food security and sustainable development of agricultural modernization, it is necessary to establish a scientific food security evaluation system to safeguard local food security.[Methods]This paper takes the food system of the Yangtze River Economic Belt in China as the research object, based on the food security research results at home and abroad, based on sustainable development thinking, combined with a new perspective of dynamic equilibrium research: Beginning with food normalcy, a comprehensive analysis of food production, food economy, social development, ecological security, and technical support for sustainable development is presented using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS model to build a food security evaluation system for sustainable development. [Conclusion]After systematic analysis, it is concluded that (1) the average value of food security score of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2021 is 0.429, and the overall food in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is in general security level (0.400 ≤ Q1 ≤ 0.600), and the overall situation of food security is not optimistic, (2) from the segmentation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the high and low level of food security are divided into sections: midstream > downstream > upstream, and each province and city is slowly rising to different degrees. In this way, we propose general countermeasures to ensure local food security from the perspective of sustainable development.

Pattern Recognition of Food Security in Indonesia Using Biclustering Plaid Model

Biclustering come in various algorithms, selecting the most suitable biclustering algorithm can be a challenging task. The performance of algorithms can vary significantly depending on the specific data characteristics. The Plaid model is one of popular biclustering algorithms, has gained recognition for its efficiency and versatility across various applications, including food security. Indonesia deals with complex food security challenges. The nation's unique geographic and socioeconomic diversity demands region-specific food security solutions. Identifying province-specific food security patterns is crucial for effective policymaking and resource allocation, ultimately promoting food sufficiency and stability at the regional level. This study assesses the performance of the Plaid model in identifying food security patterns at the provincial level in Indonesia. To optimize biclusters, we explore various parameter tuning scenarios (the choice of model, the number of layers, and the threshold value for row and column releases). The selection criteria are based on the change ratio of the initial matrix's mean square residue to the mean square residue of the Plaid model, the average mean square residue, and the number of biclusters. The constant column model was selected with a mean square residue change ratio of 0.52, an average mean square plaid model residue of 4.81, and it generates 6 overlapping biclusters. The results show each bicluster has unique characteristics. Notably, Bicluster 1 that consist of 2 provinces, exhibits the lowest food security levels, marked by variables X1, X2, X4, and X7. Furthermore, the variables X1, X4, and X7 consistently appear across several biclusters. This highlights the importance of prioritizing these three variables to improve the food security status of the regions.

FRI450 The Association Between Metabolic Syndrome And Food Security In A Reproductive Age Latina/LatinX Population

Abstract Disclosure: E.L. Ferrell: None. S. Schon: None. L. Jiang: None. F. Valbuena: None. M. Castillo-Mackenzie: None. E. Manuel: None. L. Neff: Employee; Self; Eli Lilly & Company. Stock Owner; Self; Eli Lilly & Company. M. Carnethon: None. D.D. Baird: None. E.E. Marsh: Consulting Fee; Self; Pfizer, Inc., Myovant Sciences. Objective: Previous studies have found the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is approximately 33% in the United States overall, with highest prevalence among Hispanics at closer to 35%. Data further indicate that this prevalence is increasing significantly among Hispanics, the younger population (age 20-39) and women. Causes of these trends are unknown and likely multivariable. One hypothesized factor is level of food security - a known social determinant of health. Few studies have examined this relationship in reproductive age Latina females - a group at increased risk for both MetS and low food security. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between MetS and food security in a large cohort of reproductive aged Latina females. Materials & Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected as part of a prospective longitudinal cohort study. The Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study (ELLAS) is a community based participatory study following a cohort of 707 Latina females over a 4-year period. Participants in this study were between the ages of 21-50 at the time of enrollment. Demographic and baseline data were collected by trained bilingual study staff. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and fasting blood samples were collected. MetS diagnosis was based on the AHA/NHLBI (2005) criteria. Food security scores were based on responses to the validated U.S. Household Food Security Survey with possible scores ranging from 0-6 with higher scores indicating lower food security status. Based on survey responses, participants were grouped as high, low, or very low food security. MetS and food security were assessed as categorical variables. Statistical associations were determined using chi-squared tests. Results: Of the 707 participants enrolled in ELLAS, 621 completed the first study visit. Data from the five criteria for diagnosis of MetS were available from 584 participants. The mean age was 37.6±6.97 years and the mean BMI was 30.1±6.76 kg/m2. A total of 143 participants were noted to have MetS (24.2%). Prevalence of MetS was positively correlated with age. Average food security score was 0.83±1.34, with 3.08% having very low food security. Food security was found to be significantly associated with metabolic syndrome (P<0.05). Among participants with high food security, 20.7% had the diagnosis of MetS versus those with low and very low food security at 36.3% and 33.3% respectively. Conclusion: Among a large cohort of reproductive age Latina females, food security status is significantly associated with MetS. This social determinant of health needs to be better studied in this population known to be at increased risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Focusing efforts to improve food security among this population has the potential to reduce cardiovascular, metabolic, and reproductive adverse health outcomes. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

Assessment of food security under post-pandemic: case of the Republic of Kazakhstan

This research article examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to identify the main factors influencing the level of food security during the pandemic and to propose directions for improving it. The research methodology includes a literature review, analysis of statistical data using various logical methods of scientific knowledge such as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, induction, deduction, and analogy. The study is comprehensive and covers a wide range of aspects influencing food security, providing valuable insights into the underlying causes of food security issues and suggesting practical solutions to enhance food security in the country. The main results of the study show that the pandemic has had a negative impact on the level of food security in Kazakhstan due to disruptions in food supply chains and the economic downturn caused by the pandemic. The analysis of statistical data highlights the need to focus on improving local food production and reducing dependence on imported food products. The study contributes to the field of food security by providing empirical evidence of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Kazakhstan and proposing specific directions for improving it. The practical significance of this research is that it can inform policymakers and stakeholders in the food industry about the measures that need to be taken to ensure food security in Kazakhstan during and after the pandemic.

Snapshot of a crisis: food security and dietary diversity levels among disrupted conventional and long‐term organic tea‐smallholders in Sri Lanka

In Sri Lanka, conventional and organic smallholder producers grow seventy percent of the country's tea, bring in significant export earnings, and are differentially exposed to input supply shocks. While tea production may be advantageous for the nation's economy, it is less clear whether it is good for the food security of those smallholders involved. This study examines how economic status (income and wealth) and method of tea farming (organic or conventional) influences food security and dietary diversity outcomes in the midst of a fertiliser supply shock. We used data collected in the summer of 2021, a time when an inorganic fertiliser ban went into effect, from 47 organic and 67 conventional tea smallholders in five rural communities in southern and central Sri Lanka. Our findings show that long‐term organic farmers had higher dietary diversity measures than the conventional tea smallholders who were unevenly disrupted by the aforementioned fertiliser ban. The haphazard ban on conventional fertilizer adversely impacted dietary outcomes of conventional farmers. We also discuss how the transition to organic farming would have worked better with more time and planning.

Food security of lowland rice farmers to support sustainable food development in Parigi Moutong District, Indonesia

Food security is focused on increasing food availability, strengthening food distribution, accelerating food diversification and monitoring food safety. Indicators of household food security are reflected by household income, the proportion of food expenditure to total expenditure and energy adequacy figures. This study aims to (1) analyze household food security and (2) analyze the relationship between income and food security. The research data consisted of primary and secondary data, with 65 rice farming households as respondents. Sampling technique with a simple random method. The average total expenditure for household food consumption is IDR.1,387,331,-/month with a proportion of expenditure of 54% per month. The average non-food expenditure is IDR.1,192,262.-/month, with a lack of food category (> 60%). There are 47 households, with 72.30% belonging to the household group whose energy absorption is still lacking and can be interpreted as food inadequate; 18 households, with a proportion of 27.69%, are included in the household group with sufficient energy absorption. There is a correlation or relationship between income and the level of food security indicated by the value of α (0.037 <0.05).

Farmers’ Food Security in Forest and Peatland Fires Prone Areas of South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Forest and peatland fires in Indonesia affect the lives of farmers near the prone areas, and their food security is impacted. This research aimed to examine the level of food security and identify the factors influencing it in the forest and peatland fires of South Kalimantan. One hundred farmers, considered vulnerable to peatland fires, from two subdistricts, namely Gambut District and Sungai Tabuk District, were interviewed. The study employed the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) method, consisting of nine food conditions questions and logistic regression analysis. This study shows that the majority of farmers experience mild food insecurity. Land status, family size, fire rate, and land size affected the farmers’ food security. Disaster mitigation education may help reduce the impact of forest and peatland fires on farmers’ food security. Additionally, support from various stakeholders will strengthen food security efforts. Keywords: farmers, fires, food security, forest, peatland

Household food insecurity in South Africa from 1999 to 2021: a metrics perspective.

To review and synthesize studies on household food security in South Africa. Systematic mapping review of metrics (methodological review). Electronic databases, including EBSCOHost, Scopus and Web of Science, were searched for studies and reports on household food security in South Africa, reporting household food security published between 1999 and 2021. Searching, selecting and reporting were performed according to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. South African households. Forty-eight articles reporting on six national surveys (one repeated annually since 2002) and forty sub-national studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected. Various metrics, with different recall periods and ways of categorizing food security levels, were identified. Surveys that used similar metrics showed that the percentage of South African households that have experienced food insecurity and hunger has decreased over the review period yet remains concerning. However, the multitude of metrics used to assess the different components and levels of food security limits the comparability of the results to evaluate the scope and scale of the problem. There is growing support for developing multi-variable approaches for food security research in sub-Saharan Africa. Future research should focus on finding the most appropriate combination of complementary metrics that would allow comparable data while holistically capturing food security and providing insight into the causes and consequences.

Ketahanan Pangan Rumah Tangga Petani Kopi Arabika di Desa Kendenan Kecamatan Baraka Kabupaten Enrekang

The population in this study were 120 people and 25% of the sample was taken. Determination of the sample using simple random sampling technique. The samples obtained were 30 respondents. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of farm income and food expenditure analysis. The results showed that the total food and non-food expenditure of Arabica coffee farmers in Kendenan Village, Baraka District, Enrekang Regency was Rp. 5,461,733.00 per year for food expenditure and for food expenditure per month was Rp. 455,144.42. Meanwhile, non-food expenditure is IDR 5,020,100.00 per year and IDR 418,341.67 per month. The food security level of farmer households is categorized as food secure by 60% of farmers and those who are food insecure are 40% of farmers. Arabica coffee farmers in Kendenan Village, Baraka District, Enrekang Regency have a level of food security category.