Level Of Farm Income Research Articles

Income Analysis of Shallot Farmers in Sragen Regency

Shallot (Allium Ascalonicum L) is a superior agricultural commodity in Sragen Regency. The main problem most often faced by shallot farmers in Sragen Regency is the high level of price fluctuations. Price instability causes farmers to complain about their unstable income. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the level of shallot farming income in Sragen Regency. This research was conducted from May to June in Sragen Regency. The research method used is the survey method with interviews using questionnaires to shallot farmers in Sragen Regency. Determination of the number of respondents using the lemeshow formula by being taken in several villages in Kedawung District, Sragen Regency. Determination of the sampling location in Kedawung Sub-district, because it is the highest shallot producing area in Sragen Regency. The method used to determine the sample is Proportional Sampling. The results showed that the average revenue of each farmer was fairly significant, while for the average production cost expenditure of each shallot farmer was different. The average income of shallot farmers in Sragen Regency is quite high. Although the average income of shallot farmers is high, the stability of this income is still a concern for shallot farmers in Sragen Regency, moreover, if the selling price of shallots is unstable, it can cause farmers to lose and result in not being able to meet all their needs.

What rural ecological governance goals do local residents prefer? Evidence from Hainan, China

Rural ecosystems restoration requires the joint participation of rural residents and government in governance. This study aims to analyze whether rural ecological governance goals are consistent with rural residents' preferences and how they affect rural residents' utility levels, which are key to rural residents' ecological governance participation behavior. Using survey data from 653 rural residents in Hainan Island, China, this paper applies a choice experiment method and a random parameter logit model to identify differences in rural residents' preferences for different rural ecological governance policy goals and their governance participation behaviors. The results show that increasing the coverage rate of sewage treatment facilities, reducing fertilizer and pesticide application, and increasing rural biodiversity can significantly enhance rural residents' ecological governance participation utility, thereby promoting their choice of ecological governance options. Rural residents' participation behavior in rural ecological governance is also influenced by individual and household characteristics such as ethnicity, labor size, net farm income, ICT usage, and ecological knowledge level. Based on these findings, policymakers should strengthen communication of governance policies and objectives, respect rural residents' policy goal preferences, prioritize the implementation of rural ecological governance models that increase the coverage of wastewater treatment facilities, reduce fertilizer and pesticide application, and increase rural biodiversity, and rely on ICT devices to popularize ecological knowledge among rural residents.

Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom could be a Viable Option for Doubling the Farmer’s Income - An Overview

Our country is celebrating 75th year of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsava and our Government is very much focused on how to double the farmer’s income, it is the utmost duty of every researcher, educationist and agriculture scientist to explore the ways and means to achieve this target. The cultivation of oyster mushrooms has the potential to significantly increase the income of farmers. Oyster mushrooms are easy to grow, require minimal resources, and have a high market demand. By cultivating oyster mushrooms, farmers can diversify their income streams and increase their profits. This abstract suggests that oyster mushroom cultivation could be a viable option for farmers looking to double their income. Indian economy is primarily agriculture based and where the average income from Agriculture Sector ha-1 is very less in comparison to the other developed nations of the world. This is a call of time to enhance the farmer’s income so they can live their lives in a lucrative manner. Present objective cannot be achieved merely by enhancing the price of the different agricultural produce which the farmers grow on their farm lands, but we should include certain other practical implications to increase the existing productivity level of different agricultural and allied ventures by diversifying farm enterprises. Mushroom culture is one of such enterprises with particular reference to oyster mushroom which has the vast potential to double the existing income level of farmers and this enterprise can easily be adopted by any category of farmers even having marginal landholding.

Efforts to Increase Farmers’ Income at Songai Rajah Hamlet through Intensification of Madura Cattle

The agricultural sector, especially rice and corn commodities, has not been able to improve the welfare of farmers in Songai Rajah Hamlet. Farmers have been raising Madura Cattle for generations to survive. However, most of the maintenance of Madura Cattle is only used as a side business which is sold when needed. This study aims to analyze the maintenance management of Madura Cattle and the income level of farmers from the maintenance of Madura Cattle in Songai Rajah hamlet. The data used in this study is primary data derived from observations and interviews with farmers. Data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method and a quantitative method. The results showed that farmers had been able to choose good breeders, mating systems, and housing, but had not optimally implemented feed management, disease prevention, and marketing systems. However, the Madura Cattle rearing business in Songai Rajah Hamlet suffers losses due to the low scale of sales and higher costs of labor and feed. Efforts to increase the business of raising Madura Cattle can be done by buying productive age broodstock, mating cows with superior bulls or through artificial insemination (AI) with SNI, and improving the quality of agricultural waste as animal feed through a fermentation process.

Navigating the complex policy landscape for carbon farming in The Netherlands and the EU

Background The EU carbon removal and carbon farming (CRCF) framework sets the quality requirements for voluntary greenhouse gas certification schemes for i) permanent removal, ii) temporary carbon storage in long-lasting products, iii) temporary carbon storage from carbon farming, and iv) soil emission reduction. The next step is to develop “tailored certification methodologies for different types of carbon removal activities.” Via CRCF compliant certification schemes, certificates can be issued and sold to generate extra funding for carbon farming via voluntary carbon markets or other (future) performance-based incentive schemes (e.g., Agri sector Emissions Trading Scheme). Method We provide a qualitative assessment of the complex landscape of carbon farming incentive schemes and their associated monitoring, reporting, verification, and certification (MRV-C) frameworks. To illustrate these complexities, we take the farmers’ perspective of a Dutch dairy farmer that wants to implement different carbon farming activities (i.e., a portfolio), while aiming to secure a decent farm-level income. We discuss the farmers’ challenge by analyzing different options and routes for the financial valorization for several carbon farming activities. Results We find that the incremental MRV-C and incentive schemes, like the EU CRCF and potential agri-ETS are likely to add to the existing administrative burden for (carbon) farmers in the EU. Proper alignment, integration and standardization of the EU CRCF with existing MRV-C infrastructure(s) is needed to limit the administrative burden and transaction costs. Also, there is a need to provide better ex-ante clarity to (carbon) farmers and investors on the complementarity of incentive schemes from different policy domains (e.g., agriculture, climate, energy, bioeconomy). Conclusion We argue that the complexity of the MRV-C and incentives landscape ads to the administrative burden and flag this a potential source of inertia for investments in carbon farming. We conclude with recommendations to simplify and streamline the policy mix and MRV-C processes.

Factors Influencing Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for NPK Fertilizer in Specialty Coffee: Insights from Pagar Alam, Indonesia

Robusta coffee cultivation in Pagar Alam City has not been carried out optimally because most farmers do not practice precision farming patterns in the use of production inputs to increase coffee plant productivity, including the use of unsubsidised coffee-specific fertilisers. In order to be accepted by farmers, fertiliser companies must pay attention to the willingness to pay of farmers for these fertilisers. For this reason, the study aims to: (1) determine farmer perceptions of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser, (2) determine the value of farmers’ willingness to pay for unsubsidised NPK fertiliser for coffee in Pagar Alam City, and (3) determine the effect of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser and other factors on farmers' WTP in Pagar Alam City. The research location was determined purposively with the consideration that Pagar Alam City is one of the highest coffee producing areas in Indonesia. A total of 100 coffee farmers were used as samples and interviewed using a prepared questionnaire. Data on farmers' willingness to pay was obtained by using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Descriptive analysis was used to determine the level of farmers' perception of nutrient content, ease of use and quality of fertiliser. Multiple linear regression methods was used to analyze the effect of nutrient content, ease of use and fertiliser quality and other factors on farmers' WTP. The results showed that the average value of farmers' WTP for unsubsidised NPK fertiliser for coffee was IDR 11,160 per kg which is lower than the price of unsubsidised NPK fertiliser commonly paid by coffee farmers. The study found that fertiliser quality, ease of fertiliser uses and fertiliser nutrient content, farm income level, land size, age, farming experience, household size and farmer membership status in farmer groups significantly affect the farmers’ WTP.

Exploring the Income-Increasing Benefits of Rural E-Commerce in China: Implications for the Sustainable Development of Farmers

The slowdown in income not only hinders the sustainable development of farmers but also exacerbates ecological and environmental problems. Likewise, the digital economy model represented by e-commerce has become a key path for growing farmers’ income. This article is based on 2020 China Rural Revitalization Survey data and uses the OLS and mediation effect models to examine the impact and mechanism of e-commerce operations on farmers’ income. The research results indicate that e-commerce operations can significantly improve the income level of farmers. After robustness and endogeneity tests, this conclusion still holds. The mechanism analysis results indicate that e-commerce operations promote farmers’ income growth by enhancing information acquisition, reducing operating costs, and enhancing financial support. The results of the heterogeneity analysis indicate that the impact of e-commerce on farmers’ income is heterogeneous in terms of income structure, education level, and regional distribution. Specifically, e-commerce significantly increases farmers’ agricultural operating income, non-agricultural operating income, and transfer income but significantly reduces their wage income. At the same time, e-commerce has a more significant income-increasing effect on highly educated and central and western farmers. Therefore, in promoting the development of a rural digital economy, it is necessary to improve the supporting facilities of e-commerce in rural areas; strengthen the supply of information, technology, capital, talent, and other elements; continue to improve the inclusiveness of rural e-commerce; and promote the sustainable growth of farmers’ income. The above findings not only provide new channels and ideas for farmers to increase income through e-commerce operations, but also help relevant decision-making departments to formulate new policies to promote farmers’ income growth and the development of e-commerce in China.

The impact of social capital on rural residents ' income and its mechanism analysis —Based on the intermediary effect test of non-agricultural employment

Agricultural, rural, and farmer-related issues are of pivotal importance, significantly influencing the evolution of our party, nation, and state. Central to these multifaceted issues, the farmer's plight is three-fold: low earnings, the hardship of income augmentation, and a pronounced socioeconomic divide between rural and urban areas. The crux of resolving these agricultural, rural, and farmer-related issues lies in elevating the income levels of farmers. Utilizing data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) 2018, this study probes the influence of social capital on the earnings of rural dwellers and delves into the intermediary role of non-agricultural employment. The findings indicate a substantial and positive correlation between social capital and rural income. The conclusions remain robust even after applying instrumental variable methods to counteract endogeneity. Mediation analysis reveals that social capital significantly boosts opportunities for non-agricultural employment, which, in turn, enhances the income of rural residents. Therefore, the roles of social capital and non-agricultural employment in income augmentation warrant careful consideration.

IMPACT OF THE “BONUSES FOR YOUNG FARMERS” MEASURE UNDER RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM 2014-2020 ON THE EFFICIENCY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF FARMS

The aim of the article is to assess the effects of the implementation of the sub-measure “Sup-port for young farmers to start their business”, type of measure “Bonuses for Young Farmers” under the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 on the results of farms and their competi-tiveness. In 2017, the group of farms that joined the implementation of the “Bonuses for Young Farmers” measure included 84 farms. It was a research sample and a panel at the same time. The control group consisted of farms of young farmers who did not benefit from sup-port under the Rural Development Program 2014-2020 in the research years, i.e. in 2017 and 2021 (latest FADN results). The subject of the farm panel research was: production potential, production organization, production and economic results, efficiency of use of production factors. During the analysis, it was found that the production potential of young farmers’ farms in both samples in 2017 was similar. The effect of the support was to increase the pro-duction potential in 2021 in the research sample by an average of 35%. Farm income in 2017 was similar in both farm samples. In 2021, differences in farm income levels were even greater. Income in the research sample increased by 211% and was by 149 percentage points higher than in the control sample. Land productivity in the research sample increased by 75.5% and labor productivity by 102.7% and was higher than in the control group by 44.6 and 53.4 percentage points, respectively. Labor profitability in the analyzed years increased in the research group by 220%, and in the control group by 71.7%. Evaluation of the support for young farm-ers' farms in the “Bonuses for Young Farmers” measure indicated that thanks to the support, their production potential increased and their production and economic results improved and, as a result, their competitiveness increased.

Application of Eucalyptus Agroforestry to reduce poverty in rural areas in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia

State forest management on the island of Java is monopolized by Perhutani Public Company as a state company with the community through a social forestry partnership. Various agroforestry patterns are applied to utilize forest land and gain benefits. The application of eucalyptus agroforestry in a village in Jember district, East Java is expected to reduce erosion and poverty problems in rural areas. The application of eucalyptus agroforestry which is a new pattern provides various perspectives for village communities. therefore, this study aims to (1) determine the application of various eucalyptus agroforestry patterns, (2) determine the income level of farmers in various eucalyptus agroforestry patterns and their contribution to household incomes and (3) analyse livelihood strategy of eucalyptus agroforestry farmer. The data analysis method using descriptive and quantitative analysis of eucalyptus agroforestry pattern, farmer’s income and contribution analysis to 36 forest farmers and also livelihood strategy. The research results show: (1) Application of the agroforestry system on social forestry partnership using a simple agroforestry system with eucalyptus agroforestry pattern of trees along border, random mixture, and alternate rows; (2) eucalyptus agroforestry income on land area <0.5ha is Rp. 7.955.013/year, land area 0.5-1ha Rp. 20,777,388/year, and land area >1 ha Rp. 23,853,189/year with the contribution of agroforestry to household income is moderate (between 41% until 61% of forest farmer household income). (3) most livelihood strategy of eucalyptus agroforestry farmer is most (81%) is multiple/diversification work most in agriculture.

The impact of green and low carbon agricultural production on farmers’ income in minority areas: a case study of Y Town, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province

Developing green and low-carbon agriculture is an important and effective way to promote farmers’ income growth. Given the country’s “dual carbon” goal, the study of the impact of green and low-carbon agriculture on the income of farmers in ethnic minority areas is crucial for China to achieve the goals of socialist modernization and common prosperity. Taking Y Town, Zhijin County, Guizhou Province as an example, this paper uses the OLS regression method to empirically study the impact of green and low-carbon agricultural production methods on the income of farmers in ethnic minority mountainous agricultural areas based on the field survey data of 881 farmers. The regression results indicate that there is a positive correlation between green and low-carbon agricultural production and the household income levels of farmers; adopting green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies can effectively promote the growth of farmers’ household income. In addition, education level, health status, and the new rural social pension insurance have all had a significant effect on the income of rural households, however, due to the difficulty in establishing trust relationships, agricultural service outsourcing has reduced the household income level of farmers. As an example, the land transfer behavior in Y Town has no significant effect on increasing farmers’ incomes. Finally, it is recommended to increase fiscal and financial support as well as effectively enhancing farmers’ policy awareness and perception of green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies by improving farmers’ general trust and institutional trust by strengthening farmers’ agricultural education and skills training while cultivating technology-based farming. At the same time, it is necessary to break the geographical restrictions on land transfer scale and achieve moderate-scale land management while promoting the use and adoption of green and low-carbon agricultural production technologies, thereby improving agricultural production efficiency and product quality, and increasing the sustainable growth of farmers’ income. The main contribution of this study is to expand the research scope of green and low-carbon agriculture to ethnic minorities and mountainous agricultural areas.

Rural farmers access to extension services: Implications for increased adoption of improved farm technologies in Delta State, Nigeria

This study analyzed rural farmers access to extension services and its implications for increased adoption of improved farm technologies in Delta State, Nigeria. It examined the personal characteristics of the respondents of the study, the rate of farmers access to extension services, evaluates the impacts of farmers access to extension services on farm technology adoption and identified the strategies that could be adopted to improve extension service access to farmers. The respondents were randomly selected through multi-stage sampling technique and the data gathered were analyzed using descriptive and inferential techniques. Results revealed that most of the respondents were males (65.96%), married (67.38%), have secondary education (38.29%) have membership with cooperative societies (86.52%) and have access to credit provision (82.27%). The average age, household size, farming experience and farm size was 40.04 years, 7 persons, 10.78 years and 3.23 ha. respectively. The rate of access to extension services was high (45.39%) and that have positively impacted on the farmers in several ways. Several strategies were agreed that can improving the rate of access of farmers to extension services to include: improving on farmers educational level (mean = 4.31) and members of farmers social group (mean = 4.31). Personal characteristics like gender, age, level of education, household size, cooperative membership and farm income were found to significantly affect the rate of farmers access to extension services. The result also showed that farmers access to extension services have also impacted significantly to household welfare. Based on results, the study recommended that there is still need to privatize, if not all but some sensitive aspects of the extension service system that could help to better the farmers output, income and welfare.

Functions of Fiscal Policy Concerning Agriculture in Poland After Accession to the European Union (2004–2022)

This study conducted a comprehensive and thorough evaluation of budget expenditures on agriculture in Poland from 2004 to 2022 through the prism of fiscal policy functions (i.e., allocative, redistributive, and stabilizing functions). The volume, fundamental dynamics and structure of the budget expenditures on agriculture were meticulously analyzed, as were the impacts of those expenditures on the implementation of key objectives of agricultural policy—that is, objectives related to the level and stability of farm income and the dynamics of investment in agriculture. It was determined that redistributive expenditures dominated the structure of budget expenditures on agriculture during the post-accession period. By contrast, the shares of allocative and stabilization expenditures fluctuated widely. Moreover, agricultural budget expenditures had a positive effect on reducing the income disparity of farmers relative to other socioeconomic groups. However, the redistributive effect of budget expenditures was only strong during the initial few years after Poland acceded to the European Union. The findings of this study revealed that agricultural budget expenditures have a positive effect on the stabilization of agricultural income and the investment activity of farmers, thereby supporting development processes in agriculture.

Determinants of Farm Income During Lockdown Restrictions Amongst Small-Scale Farmers in the Gauteng Province, South Africa

The paper aims to determine which factors influenced the level of farm income for small-scale farmers in Gauteng Province during the lockdown period. Simple random sampling was used to collect data from 132 small-scale farmers using an online survey between January and February 2023. The Ordinary Least Square model (OLS) was used to analyse the data. The results showed that the farmer's age, level of education, non-farm income, number of farm workers employed, farming experience and lockdown influenced the level of farm income. In contrast, lack of funding negatively influenced the level offarm income. By improving the level of education and providing specialised training on modern farming techniques and farm management, farmers can enhance their productivity and efficiency. In addition, to enhance the overall farm income, it is recommended that non-farm income opportunities be promoted and supported as they have been shown to positively influence the level of farm income. Governments and financial institutions should also work together to create and expand funding opportunities for small-scale farmers, such as low-interest loans, grants, and subsidies.

Gender differentials in income and resource utilization among maize farmers in the Osogbo Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) zone of Osun State, Nigeria

Gender inequality still plagues agricultural production in developing nations. One hundred and twenty (120) maize farmers were selected from the study area using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Both descriptive and inferential statistics, such as a two-sample t-test and ordinary least squares multiple regression, were used to assess the data acquired. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the average farm size of male and female farmers was determined to be 2.1 ha and 1.7 ha respectively and that 66.7% and 81.8% of male and female farmers, respectively, had formal education. Males had a lower income per hectare (N53.657) than females did (N68.181) on average. The t-test's outcome revealed a significant difference between male and female farmers' cumulative average farm income. Age (p &lt; 0.01), years of farming experience (p &lt; 0.05), farm size (p &lt; 0.01), and tractor operation costs (p &lt; 0.01) were significant income determinants among female maize farmers, whereas years of formal education (p &lt; 0.05), years of farming experience (p &lt; 0.05), farm size (p &lt; 0.01), and labor cost (p &lt; 0.05) were significant income determinants among their male counterparts. The practical value of this study is confirmation that maize farming is a profitable farming enterprise option for both male and female farmers in the study area. Since women are capable of using resources effectively to reach higher levels of farm income than men, the government should launch certain specialized empowerment programs aimed at them. Keywords: sex, maize, resource, utilization, disparity

Reducing carbon emission in the goat farms by switching from conventional goat farming to green goat farm typology

The carbon footprint of goat farms associated with the management type and the income sacrifice to switch to green goat farms are still not precise in the literature. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to assess the environmental impacts of goat farming associated with management typology in Türkiye and 2) to explore the link between farm-level income sacrifice and the amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction. Goat farm-level data were collected from randomly selected 284 goat farms through a questionnaire. Environmental impacts of goat farming associated with the management typology were examined using the life cycle assessment (LCA). The GHG emissions were calculated both for the whole goat farm associated with the management type and for individual goat products such as milk, meat, mohair, and replacement. The research results showed that Turkish goat farms emitted GHG emissions for the production of per kg of meat, milk, and mohair by 9.85 kg CO2-eq, 8 kg CO2-eq, and 0.28 kg CO2-eq, respectively. Goat farms in management type 1 emitted the highest GHG emission in a year, while that of goat farms in type 5 was the lowest. The research results also showed that the environmental impact and farm-level income sacrifice per kg GHG emission reduction to reach the level of environmentally friendly goat farms varied according to the management type of goat farms. Typical Turkish goat farms gained agricultural income by 2.47 USD per kg of GHG emission. The amount of agricultural income gained per kg GHG emission varied according to typology. Based on the research results, typical Turkish goat farms faced with an income sacrifice of 2.85 USD per kg GHG emission reduction to reach the level of environmentally friendly goat farms having minimum GHG emission in a year. Turkish goat farms emitted 0.49 kg CO2-eq per USD of agricultural production expenses. The study suggests switching from a conventional management type to environmentally friendly management type goat farms. Facilitating the accessibility of financial resources may enhance the switching process through benefiting investments in infrastructure, equipment, and research and development. Creating resource-efficient and environmentally friendly goat farms by subsidizing the goat farms may decrease GHG emissions.

The impact of digital inclusive finance on farmers' income level: evidence from China's major grain production regions

This paper finds that digital inclusive finance can improve farmers' income level, and has a more significant income increasing effect on low-income farmers. The three sub dimensions of digital inclusive finance have a positive effect on the income level of farmers. The level of regional economic development, farmers' entrepreneurial and employment behavior, and income distribution effect are positively moderating.

Socioeconomic Determinants of Modern Agricultural Technology Adoption among Farmers in Rivers State: A Case Study of Etche Local Government Area.

This research examined the socio-economic determinants of modern agricultural technology adoption among farmers in Rivers State. The specific objectives were to examine how education; gender; farm size; marital status and annual farm income influences the adoption of modern agricultural technology. Primary data was collected and inferential statistics (linear regression, Probit regression and Logistic regression) were used in the analysis of collected data. The results showed that 72% of the respondents were female, 30% being majority of the respondents fell between the age category of 36-43 years, 64% were married, 34% being majority have primary education as their highest educational qualification, 46% of the farmers earn ?120,000 and above annually. The results also revealed that only 14% of the farmers adopted high yielding varieties as their modern agricultural technology while 86% reported not adopting any agricultural technology. 30 % of the farmers grow cassava as their main farm crop. None of the farmers reported using reported using inorganic fertilizers; only 5% reported using poultry droppings. 76% reported not using high yielding varieties, while only 24% reported using high yielding varieties. 86% reported getting their high yielding varieties from other sources other than ADP and government sources. 100% of the respondents reported the absence of extension training to be a limiting factor to adoption of modern agricultural technology. 38% reported lack of awareness. The logistic regression results had an R 2 of 74% indicating that a 74% variation in modern agricultural technology adoption is determined by variations in the independent variables. The independent variables had significance values of 0.04 for level of education, 0.00 for f.,[arm size, annual farm income has a p-value of 0.03, 0.714 for gender and 0.701 for age. Only annual farm income, farm size and educational level had significant influence on farmers’ adoption of

Altered metabolic profiles and targets relevant to the protective effect of acteoside on diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice based on metabolomics and network pharmacology studies

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDiabetic nephropathy (DN) was a major cause of end-stage renal failure and a common microvascular complication in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Acteoside (ACT) was the main ingredient extracted from the leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa, which had the functions of entering the lung, moisturizing the skin and relieving itching, nourishing yin and tonifying the kidney, cooling blood, and stopping bleeding. ACT had attracted worldwide interest because of its therapeutic effects on DM and its complications. Aim of the studyTo clarify the metabolic profiles and targets of ACT in db/db mice based on metabolomics and network pharmacology studies. Materials and methodsDb/db mice were used to observe the biochemical indices and histopathological changes in the kidney to evaluate the pharmacological effects of ACT on DN. Untargeted metabolomics studies were performed to investigate by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS on urine, serum, and kidney samples. The key targets and pathways were analyzed by network pharmacology. For the pathways enriched by untargeted metabolomics, targeted metabolomics by UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS was performed in kidney samples for validation. Sensitive biomarkers in kidney samples were evaluated. The effect of ACT on the improvement of DN from the perspective of metabolism of small molecules in vivo was described. ResultsACT could delay the progression of DN and improve the degree of histopathological damage to the kidney. The pathways were focused on amino acid metabolism by untargeted metabolomics. Through network pharmacology analysis, the effect pathways were related to signal transduction, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism and mainly affected the endocrine and immune systems. Amino acid metabolism was disturbed in the kidney of db/db mice, which could be callback by ACT, such as tryptophan, glutamine, cysteine, leucine, threonine, proline, phenylalanine, histidine, serine, arginine, asparagine by targeted metabolomics. ConclusionsIn conclusion, this study provided strong support for ACT on DN treatment in clinics. Meanwhile, the Rehmannia glutinosa was used fully to raise the income level of farmers economically, while achieving the social benefit of empowering rural revitalization.

The Impact of Informal Learning on Herders’ Operating Income: An Analysis Based on Human Capital Differences

Improving the operating income of farmers and herdsmen is an important starting point for achieving common prosperity. As a common form of learning and an important source of skills training, informal learning has a certain impact on the economy and income level of farmers and herdsmen. This paper takes 439 herdsmen in three cities of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as the research object and tries to explore the comprehensive influence, subdivision difference, and mechanism of informal learning on the operating income of herdsmen on the theoretical and empirical levels. The results show that the impact of informal learning on the operating income of herdsmen is “inverted U-shaped”, and there is an informal learning balance point of 2.9776 h, which maximizes the effect of informal learning on the increased operating income of herdsmen. After using the instrumental variable method to deal with endogeneity and conducting robustness tests through winsorizing, quantile regression, and substitution variables, the research conclusions were still valid. Heterogeneity analysis found that informal learning has a significant impact on the increase in operating income of herdsmen in the low human capital group, reflecting the role of “sending charcoal in the snow”. However, it has no significant effect on the increase in operating income of herdsmen in the high human capital group, and the effect of “icing on the cake” is not obvious. In view of this result, government departments should speed up the planning of Internet infrastructure construction in pastoral areas, and accurately push the knowledge and skills needs of herdsmen to help increase the operating income of herdsmen.