Level Of Family Involvement Research Articles

Peran Kebijakan Dividen dalam Tata Kelola Perusahaan yang Dikontrol oleh Keluarga

The research aims to examine how family company governance influences dividend policy in the context of minority shareholder protection in 345 observations of family companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2016-2020 period. The results of this research using panel regression (random effects model) show that family ownership concentration has a non-linear relationship to dividend policy, while the level of family involvement through the board of directors and board of commissioners has a statistically negative effect on dividend policy. However, the existence of independent commissioners and lender supervision do not have a significant effect on dividend policy. Overall, this research supports agency theory that family involvement in the company can give rise to agency conflicts with minority shareholders through dividend distribution.

Reputation and leadership: a study about reputational transfer in family and non-family firms

The main objective of this paper is to determine the influence of the family on the reputational transfer between the company and its manager. In the field of family businesses, the strong identification of the family with the company has led to the study of the relationship between corporate reputation and the level of family involvement. However, the mutual transfer of reputation between the family business and its manager has yet to be investigated. For this reason, the study also aims to contrast that the corporate reputation contributes to that of its manager, studying how the presence of a family in the management and/or control of the company affects this relationship. To this end, using the rankings published by the Spanish Corporate Reputation Monitor (MERCO) of the most reputable companies and leaders in Spain for the period 2001-2017, different econometric models have been formulated with panel data. The results obtained, with important practical implications, contribute to reputation research and, especially, to the literature on family businesses. In this sense, the results show not only that the family nature of the company gives a reputational advantage to the company and its leader, but also that the reputation of the family business managers is transferred to the corporate reputation in a shorter period of time than when the company does not share this nature.

How and when does occupational stigma promote intent to leave? The mediation effect of <italic>family implicated stigma</italic> and the moderating effect of family involvement

<p id="p00005"><italic>Occupational stigma</italic> reflects a society’s disapproval of, and discrimination against, an individual or group based on their occupation. Workers in stigmatized occupations, such as sewer workers, garbage collectors, street cleaners, and slaughterhouse workers, can internalize this occupational stigma, which can lower their self-esteem and motivate them to conceal their occupations or even leave their jobs to seek a higher status position. Many studies have explored the effects of occupational stigma on employees’ job attitudes and performance and some demonstrate that workers who feel stigmatized by their work devalue it and themselves, and this motivates them to not fully engage in their work, and considering other work options. However, extant studies focus primarily on the effect of occupational stigma mediated by occupational identity, and overlook the fact that occupational stigma also can influence employees’ perception of their family’s identity. <break/>Based on identity boundary theory, this study examines whether occupational stigma spills over to workers’ family identity and whether this results in negative job outcomes. That is, employees perceive their families as being stigmatized because of their “dirty” occupations, which is referred to as <italic>family implicated stigma</italic>. Moreover, this study explores whether this mediating effect of family implicated stigma is moderated by the employee’s level of family involvement. In such a way, occupational stigma is perceived as a threat to the family identity of workers who do “dirty work”. In other words, ‘dirty workers’ perceive their occupational stigma as implicating their families as well. Moreover, this study finds that individuals who are highly involved in their family’s life are more likely to leave their jobs because of family implicated stigma. <break/>We surveyed 390 employees across various jobs in China to test these predictions; 384 participants completed the entire three-wave survey, and the resulting data were analyzed. Results show that family involvement moderates both the relationship between occupational stigma and family implicated stigma, and the relationship between family implicated stigma and employees’ intent to leave a job, such that these two relationships are stronger when individuals’ family involvement is high rather than low. Furthermore, this mediating effect is more salient for individuals with a high-level of family involvement compared to those with a low-level. <break/>Our findings extend the research on occupational stigma by introducing a mechanism that influences employees’ intent to leave their job due to their family’s implicated stigma rather than on their negative personal occupational identity. Additionally, this study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that occupational stigma may crucially influence employees’ families in addition to negatively affecting the workers. Moreover, this is a pioneering explorative study that tests the identity boundary theory and offers practical suggestions on managerial strategies to address occupational stigma, including methods to maintain workers facing occupational stigma.

Do dissimilarities in the family involvement in family firms lead to different levels of indebtedness? Evidence from Spain

PurposeThis paper examines how differences in the family involvement in a family business can influence its level of indebtedness. Assuming the influence of family is not the same for all family firms, we consider each company as a combination of the family involvement in three dimensions of the business: ownership, management and governance structure.Design/methodology/approachUsing the partial least squares technique allows us to address the heterogeneity of family firms through an integral concept of family involvement in business that jointly considers the level of family participation in the ownership, management and governance structure of each firm.FindingsOur results demonstrate that the level of family involvement in a family firm, considering the heterogeneity existing within the family business group, directly influences its level of indebtedness. In addition, we find that family involvement in ownership and governance structures individually considered are positively related to the level of indebtedness of the family business.Originality/valueOur findings prove that some indebtedness patterns, which previous literature has described as common to all Spanish family businesses, may actually be valid only for specific family firms with a particular level of family involvement. In addition, the way of measuring family business heterogeneity through our integral concept of family involvement can be replicated by other authors because of the manageability of the items, thus contributing to an increased understanding of the effects of family involvement in firms' development.

Managerial Controls in Private Family Firms: The Influence of a Family’s Decision Premises

In most studies, the affiliation of the manager (family-affiliated or non-family affiliated) and supposedly related behavior (agent or steward) is considered the sole antecedent to explain a family business’ (non) professionalization of managerial controls. This paper, based on Luhmann’s new system theory, examines whether a family’s decision premises influence the design of managerial controls in family firms in addition to a manager’s family affiliation status. Using survey data of 135 large and medium-sized Brazilian family firms and testing the hypotheses with SEM, this study provides evidence that a family’s decision premises significantly influence the design of managerial controls in family firms. This study provides evidence that when a family’s intention to transfer the firm to next generation (TGO) is high, more formal controls, as well as controls of a more participative nature are adopted in a family firm. Moreover, the results do not indicate that the level of family involvement in management affects the design of controls in firms with high TGO. The results only showed a significant relationship between a family’s intention to control and influence (FCI) the firm and the absence of participative controls. In addition, these findings also illustrate that each single family-induced decision premise has the potential to explain family firm behavior, since each of the two premises considered in our study is related to a different design of the controls adopted by the family firm.

Innovation and internationalization in family SMEs: analyzing the role of family involvement

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide new evidence on the ability of family small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to develop ambidextrous innovations and their influence on the internationalization processes, showing how this relationship varies due to family involvement.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on a sample of 186 Spanish family SMEs. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsThe results indicate that family SMEs' innovation activities are a stimulus for their internationalization process, and show the importance of family involvement in this relationship. Specifically, the findings suggest that family-specific characteristics such as the generation in charge of the business and the level of family involvement in the top management team (TMT) shape the relationship between innovation and internationalization.Practical implicationsFamily SMEs need to focus on exploratory and exploitative innovations to obtain a competitive advantage in foreign markets, and thus, increase their internationalization level. Furthermore, the study contributes to a better understanding of the consequences of family involvement, increasing our knowledge of family firms' idiosyncratic behaviors in strategic activities. The study suggests that in order to improve the effect of innovation on internationalization, family owners should consider involving new generations and non-family managers within the decision-making structures.Originality/valueTo date, research on innovation-internationalization link in family SMEs has been fragmented and has not obtained conclusive results. This study provides new evidence on the relationship between these two important strategies. Furthermore, it contributes to the understanding of the influence of the family in shaping strategic decisions.

An Ecological, Participatory, Integral and Contextualized Model (EPIC Model) of Family-School Connection: A Preliminary Analysis.

There are several programs that aim to strengthen the bond between families and schools that have shown a positive impact on this relationship as well as its effectiveness in improving academic and socioemotional child indicators. Most of the studies in this area come from Anglo-Saxon countries while in Latin America research is still scarce. Thus, this study aims to assess the influence of implementing an Ecological, Participatory, Integral and Contextualized Family-School Collaboration Model (EPIC) on family involvement, social-emotional development, and cognitive test outcomes in children in elementary school. Three possible hypotheses have been considered: (1) The EPIC Family-School Collaboration Model will have a positive and significant influence on the level of family involvement; (2) The EPIC Family-School Collaboration Model will have a positive and significant influence on the results of some cognitive tests; and; (3) The EPIC Family-School Collaboration Model will have a positive and significant influence on child social-emotional development. The study included 171 students who attended second and third elementary grades in schools in Chile during 2017 and fourth and fifth grades during 2019. The children were between 7 and 12 years old (M = 8.17, SD = 0.98), during 2017 and between 9 and 14 years old (M = 9.88, SD = 0.99), during 2019. The results show that the EPIC Family-School Collaboration Model has a positive and significant influence on the level of home-based involvement, memory and attention and intrapersonal skills in the first cycle of elementary education.

Family firm heterogeneity and CEO compensation in Continental Europe

CEO compensation in family firms is affected by certain corporate governance characteristics, such as the generational stage of the firm (founder or descendant-controlled firms), the level of family involvement on the board of directors (lone or multiple family members sitting on the board) and the family status of the CEO (family or professional CEO).In this paper, we argue that moderating effects arise among these dimensions of heterogeneity. The results show that in firms owned by descendants, the presence of multiple family members is beneficial in lowering family CEO compensation, while the opposite is true in the presence of the founder. Moreover, within founder and descendant firms, the number of family representatives on the board exerts a strong influence on the compensation of family CEOs, whereas it does not affect the compensation of professional CEOs. The results also show that in certain family clusters, CEO compensation is higher than in nonfamily firms, thereby emphasizing that when comparing CEO compensation in family and nonfamily firms, it is important to consider the intersections among the heterogeneity dimensions of the governance of family firms.The findings of the paper contribute to the literature on the governance of family firms by showing that certain family firm types are more effective than others in keeping CEO compensation under control.

The complex role of family involvement in earnings management

Building on socioemotional wealth and upper echelons theory, this paper investigates family firms’ behaviors in terms of their earnings management strategies. Our results indicate an inverted U-shaped relationship between discretionary accruals and family involvement in firm management and control (i.e., family members in C-suite positions). Furthermore, there are significant associations between the expertise and experience of C-suite managers and earnings management when the relationship is moderated by family involvement in firm management and control. As such, this study provides a unique contribution informing the accounting, family business, and corporate governance literatures. The study results indicate the types of firms that are more or less prone to earnings management behaviors, finding that accounting choices differ according to diverse characteristics, namely, the expertise and experience of C-suite managers and the level of family involvement in C-suite positions. These characteristics together affect firms’ preferences for discretionary accruals and income-smoothing activities. The findings introduce several practical implications for regulators, family businesses, investors, lenders, and external auditors.

Not Even Cold in Her Grave: How Postbereavement Remarried Couples Perceive Family Acceptance

ABSTRACTFollowing the interviews of 24 participants concerning the death of their spouse and subsequent remarriage, a pattern of unsolicited responses concerning perceived acceptance of family emerged. Through grounded theory qualitative analysis, a continuum of acceptance was developed ranging from welcoming acceptance to active disapproval. Themes that influenced the perceived level of acceptance were (a) the length of time between death and courtship; (b) the length of the courtship itself; and (c) the level of family involvement in the courtship. Findings support and enhance current literature on remarital adjustment, suggesting it is critical to not only include children, but also the extended family in which the family resides. Provisional hypotheses and clinical implications are provided to help clinicians navigate these complex family dynamics and potentially increase family support.

Análisis psicométrico de la Escala de Ajuste Escolar Percibido por el Profesor (PROF-A)

Teachers’ perception of their students’ school adjustment can be an important indicator of psychosocial well-being and provide useful information for the development of interventions to improve their psychosocial adjustment. This is the reason why it is essential within the school adjustment to consider not only students’ academic achievement but also their level of social integration in the classroom, the quality of their relationship with the teacher, and the level of family involvement in their education. The objective of this research is to provide a reliable instrument for measuring a full school adjustment and analyze its relationship with two important indicators of psychosocial adjustment, self-concept and attitudes toward authority. This study involved 87 teachers who assessed the school adjustment of students (N = 2378 adolescents) using the PROF-A scale. Findings show that this scale consists of four factors, social integration, academic competence, family involvement, and teacher-student relationship, showing significant positive correlations with self-concept and positive attitudes toward authority.

Family involvement and organizational ambidexterity in later-generation family businesses

Purpose– How family businesses (FBs) manage to survive in the long term is still not well understood in FB research. A promising concept to explain survivability, that is currently heavily discussed in the management literature is organizational ambidexterity (OA) – the ability to balance exploring and exploiting activities at the same time. However, FB research has not yet taken sufficient advantage of the potential of OA to contribute to explaining the ability of later-generation FBs to survive. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approach– Using central tenets of agency theory, this conceptual paper draws together findings from the FB literature and the OA literature to create a framework for the relationship between family involvement and the ability to reach high levels of OA.Findings– Seven propositions are developed which suggest that the level of family involvement in ownership and management affect the ability of later-generation FBs to reach high levels of OA. They further suggest that the number of family shareholders, the existence of majority family shareholders, and generational involvement of the controlling family in management moderate these relationships.Originality/value– This is the first paper to theoretically analyze OA in later-generation FBs. The seven propositions and avenues for further research presented in this paper are intended to motivate FB research to take a closer look at OA. This may be crucial to better explaining and predicting one of business-owning families’ most important goals: the long-term survival of the FB.

Language outcomes for children with cochlear implants enrolled in different communication programs

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to (a) compare language outcomes in pediatric cochlear implant users enrolled in three different communication programs: sign and spoken language, auditory–oral, and auditory–verbal therapy, and (b) examine factors influencing language outcomes.MethodsPost-implant standard scores on language assessments of receptive vocabulary, auditory comprehension, and expressive communication were collected from files of 42 children with prelingual hearing loss who were implanted by 3;6 years of age. Early intervention history, device details, and demographic information were obtained for each child. Family involvement was evaluated using a rating scale.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential covariates, there were no significant differences in language outcomes across the three groups. Overall, there was a large degree of variability with some children achieving below average scores and others achieving above average scores. Age at diagnosis of hearing loss and family involvement were significantly associated with language outcomes.ConclusionRegardless of the type of communication approach received, children diagnosed with hearing loss at an early age and children with a high level of family involvement had better post-implant language scores than children diagnosed later and with lower levels of family involvement. These findings emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and highlight the contribution families make to the language outcomes of children with cochlear implants.

Continuation Commitment: Family’s Commitment to Continue the Family Business

This study investigates what influences families’ commitment to continue a family business, or continuation commitment. We hypothesize that top executives’ cultural capital, family members’ satisfaction with the firms past performance and their aspirations regarding its future performance, as well as the level of family involvement in the family business represent key factors underlying continuation commitment. In addition, we suggest the interaction effects among the identified factors that affect a family’s commitment will be higher in the founder generation compared to successive generations of family owners. Analysis of a dataset of 2,168 family firms from a nationwide survey provided support for most hypotheses.

Family‐focused physical activity, diet and obesity interventions in African–American girls: a systematic review

SummaryObesity interventions that involve family members may be effective with racial/ethnic minority youth. This review assessed the nature and effectiveness of family involvement in obesity interventions among African–American girls aged 5–18 years, a population group with high rates of obesity. Twenty‐six databases were searched between January 2011 and March 2012, yielding 27 obesity pilot or full‐length prevention or treatment studies with some degree of family involvement and data specific to African–American girls. Interventions varied in type and level of family involvement, cultural adaptation, delivery format and behaviour change intervention strategies; most targeted parent–child dyads. Some similarities in approach based on family involvement were identified. The use of theoretical perspectives specific to African–American family dynamics was absent. Across all studies, effects on weight‐related behaviours were generally promising but often non‐significant. Similar conclusions were drawn for weight‐related outcomes among the full‐length randomized controlled trials. Many strategies appeared promising on face value, but available data did not permit inferences about whether or how best to involve family members in obesity prevention and treatment interventions with African–American girls. Study designs that directly compare different types and levels of family involvement and incorporate relevant theoretical elements may be an important next step.

The Effects of Strengths-Based Information on Teachers’ Expectations for Diverse Students

This study examined the effects on teachers’ expectations of including information about students’ intrapersonal and interpersonal strengths in vignettes of Latino English Language Learner (ELL) and Caucasian non-ELL students in U.S. schools. Ninety-one elementary school teachers read one of four randomly assigned fictional vignettes describing a student struggling in school and then predicted the student’s future outcomes. Descriptions of student strengths (present vs. absent) and ethnic and linguistic backgrounds (Latino ELL vs. Caucasian non-ELL) were manipulated. Significant findings were obtained for the effects of including strengths on teachers’ expectations for both student groups in a variety of domains, including short- and long-term academic and behavioral outcomes, and level of family involvement in the child’s education. Implications for consideration of strengths in comprehensive assessments of children are discussed.

The Level of Family Involvement in the Nursing Care of Hospitalized Geriatric Patients in Two Teaching Hospitals in South Western Nigeria

The medical care of the elderly has not been given the necessary attention by the health care drive of the Nigerian government. To encourage government and her health facilities to focus on the care of the elderly, this paper evaluates the extent to which nursing care can be used to meet the needs of hospitalized geriatic patients and the extent to which family members are involved in this care. The Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife and the Wesley Guild Hospitals Ilesha were used as case studies. In all, 85 elderly patients in the adult wards were administered with questionnaires and interviewed to elicit the needed information. Data generated was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The paper observed that majority of the hospitalized elderly perceived the following as their nursing care needs: selfcare, mobility, elimination, care of pressure areas and measurement of vital signs. Levels of family involvement in their care was also observed to be statistically significant in following aspects, bathing [2 = 5.403, df= 1 p= 0.02], dressing [χ2 = 5.914, df= 1 p= 0.015], changing of position in bed [χ2 = 3.931, df= 1 p= 0.000] and movement on the ward [χ2 = 5.4903, df= 1 p= 0.015]. Arising from these findings, the paper concluded that the level of family involvement in the nursing care of their hospitalized elderly persons was relatively high and by implication these hospitalized elderly patients were receiving more of unskilled and non-professional nursing care, with the probably outcome of prolonged hospitalization and its adverse psychosocio-economic effects.

The Experience of Physicians Who Refer Latinos to Hospice

This study explores the referral experience of physicians who refer Latinos to end-of-life care and challenges associated with the referral process. Qualitative data were collected in New Jersey through semistructured, open-ended interviews. Six physicians participated in this study: 1 oncologist, 2 internists, 1 gerontologist, and 2 infectious disease specialists. The study reveals that language barriers, level of family involvement, and generational group of the patient and the family contribute to the complexity of the physician's experience. Physicians' comments evidence the importance of culturally competent training in medical school and continued education on this topic for physicians who did not receive such training. Bilingual bicultural hospice admissions' staff available at the physician's office could enhance the referral experience.

The Role of Quality Service Systems in Involving Families in Mental Health Treatment for Children with Severe Emotional Disturbances.

Family involvement in the planning and execution of mental health treatment has been shown to positively influence child outcomes; however, there is wide variability in the levels of involvement by families. The current study investigated the influence of child, family caregiver, service system, and community factors on the level of family involvement in the mental health treatment of children with severe emotional disturbances (SED). While prior work in this area has primarily focused on family and child characteristics, the current study adds to the knowledge base by also exploring factors associated with the quality of service delivery that may influence levels of family involvement. The current study is a secondary analysis of existing data from the Impact Study of Medicaid in Mississippi and Tennessee (Brannan & Heflinger, 2006) that used in-depth interviews with parents and case review ratings. One hundred thirty-six children and adolescents who received Medicaid coverage for mental health treatment in Mississippi and Tennessee were the focus of this study that assessed child and caregiver characteristics at the beginning of the study and rated service system factors six-month after the study began. Results of the multiple regression analysis revealed the quality of the service delivery system had the most influence on level of family involvement. Results suggest that levels of family involvement may have less to do with caregiver health, or other family characteristics, and more to do with the quality of the service delivery system.

The calendar is crucial

Everyday family life involves a myriad of mundane activities that need to be planned and coordinated. We describe findings from studies of 44 different families' calendaring routines to understand how to best design technology to support them. We outline how a typology of calendars containing family activities is used by three different types of families— monocentric , pericentric , and polycentric —which vary in the level of family involvement in the calendaring process. We describe these family types, the content of family calendars, the ways in which they are extended through annotations and augmentations, and the implications from these findings for design.