Family Level Research Articles

Digital revolution and the gender divide: factors affecting mobile phone use in India

ABSTRACT As the world digitises, being able to access and use a mobile phone is important in order to be able to participate fully in day-to-day life, accessing digital services and online information. While mobile phone handsets and cheap data plans are now ubiquitous in India, women’s access to and use of mobile phones is significantly more limited than that of men. The availability of the technology is therefore not the only factor affecting women’s access and use of mobile phones. This paper proposes a novel framework operating at three levels – individual, family and community levels, to understand the factors that affect women’s access to and use of mobile phones, and provides a snapshot of mobile phone access and use of low-income women in India based on 60 structured interviews across six states. We find that women’s mobile phone use is often constrained, based on personal factors – confidence to use a phone or adequate digital literacy; family-level factors – permission to use the phone, monitoring of phone use and community-level factors – socio-cultural norms around appropriate type and place of use. This paper contributes to a significant gap in the literature on digitisation and women’s access and use of mobile phones in India. It highlights that while the digital revolution holds great promise, the use of mobile phones is often constrained for women.

The internal relationship of college students’ physical exercise behavior and related factors based on ecological model

Background: The persistence of college students’ physical exercise behavior has an important impact on their physical health level and their positive psychological effects. The health behavior ecology model is more comprehensive and progressive than other exercise psychology theories in explaining the effect of physical activity intervention on long-term maintenance. Based on this, In this study, using the socio-ecological model theory as the entry point, applying five different levels of influencing factors in the theoretical model to the field of adolescent physical exercise behavior, The aim is to seek the internal connection between the ecological factors that promote college students’ physical exercise behavior through the investigation, so as to provide corresponding intervention strategies for promoting the healthy development of their physical fitness. So as to promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits. Methods: In 2023, 1015 college students were surveyed by questionnaire and measurement scale, followed by descriptive statistical analysis of college students’ current physical exercise behavior, and factor analysis of ecological factors affecting college students’ physical exercise. Results: From the behavior characteristics of college students’ physical exercise, different gender of college students in physical exercise, weekly exercise, exercise time is very significant difference (P < 0.001), the boys in sports participation higher than girls 15.2%, choose occasionally exercise boy’s ratio 10% higher than girls, girls do not participate in exercise more than boys. In terms of exercise time, a few boys choose to do physical exercise on weekends; the proportion of boys in more than 60 min of physical exercise is 7 percentage points higher than girls. In the time of extracurricular exercise, support of parents and physical exercise (P < 0.05), there was no significant difference between male and female students in the aspects of intensity of each exercise, participation in sports competition and reasons for not exercise (P > 0.05). The principal component analysis of the influencing factors of college students’ physical exercise behavior was conducted from the individual, family, school, community, and policy levels. The KOM value was 0.984, which met the judgment criteria of factor analysis. Through principal component analysis of the above five levels, according to the requirements of factors greater than 1, the individual level, family level, school level and policy level respectively two factors, corresponding cumulative contribution rate is 56.545%, 595.350%, 64.870% and 85.700% respectively, community level three factors, corresponding to the cumulative contribution rate of 76.450%. Conclusion: The advantage of the health behavior ecology model is that the comprehensive intervention strategies based on multi-level, multi-level effects greatly expand people’s understanding of the intervention. This model is applied to the field of physical health promotion of college students, to study human exercise behavior through the joint action of physiological, psychological and environmental factors, so as to more comprehensively reveal the various factors of exercise behavior, as well as the mutual relationship and influence between them. The results of this study indicate that: among the ecological factors that affect the physical exercise behavior of college students, the individual factors of college students are a necessary condition for physical exercise, while family, school and community factors affect the direction of the change and development of college students’ physical exercise behavior. Policy factors are a powerful driving force for college students’ physical exercise behavior. Only by considering the relationship between the relevant factors can we better understand the characteristics of college students’ physical exercise development, put forward the corresponding intervention strategies, and promote the formation of college students’ physical exercise habits through effective ways.

Bacterial Diversity in Deep-Sea Sediment of West Pacific Nodule Province

Dense polymetallic nodule fields are found in different areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, limited knowledge exists about microbial diversity, processes and functions in deep-sea polymetallic nodule sediments. This study investigated microbial diversity, composition and function in sediments from various locations and depths in a western Pacific polymetallic nodule province. Sediment cores were collected, DNA extracted, and the V3–V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. The test results show that the abundance and diversity of microbial communities in sediments from different sites vary significantly. The dominant microbial communities at the family level in the three sediment samples were all mainly Marinobacteraceae and Alcanivoracaceae. Sediment samples from core 1 had similar microbial structures and microbial community functions. Surface sediment had higher species richness, diversity and evenness than the middle layer. The dominant phylum at different depths was consistent. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in the microbial community within sediments from polymetallic nodule regions. This study expands on our knowledge of the spatial and vertical distribution of microbial community diversity beneath polymetallic nodules in deep-sea settings.

The third generation AKR1C3-activated prodrug, ACHM-025, eradicates disease in preclinical models of aggressive T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy that expresses high levels of the enzyme aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3). To exploit this finding, we developed a novel prodrug, ACHM-025, which is selectively activated by AKR1C3 to a nitrogen mustard DNA alkylating agent. We show that ACHM-025 has potent in vivo efficacy against T-ALL patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and eradicated the disease in 7 PDXs. ACHM-025 was significantly more effective than cyclophosphamide both as a single agent and when used in combination with cytarabine/6-mercaptopurine. Notably, ACHM-025 in combination with nelarabine was curative when used to treat a chemoresistant T-ALL PDX in vivo. The in vivo efficacy of ACHM-025 directly correlated with AKR1C3 expression levels, providing a predictive biomarker for response. Together, our work provides strong preclinical evidence highlighting the potential of ACHM-025 as a targeted and effective therapy for aggressive forms of T-ALL.

Family Resources and Parental Problem-Solving Skills Mediate Family Functioning and Family Adaptation in Families of Children With Cancer.

To explore the mediating roles of family resources (at the individual [parental self-efficacy], family [family resilience] and social level [social support]) and parental problem-solving skills in the association between family functioning and family adaptation in families of children with cancer. A cross-sectional study. This study recruited 318 parents of children with cancer from three tertiary hospitals in mainland China. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on key variables, including family functioning, parental self-efficacy, family resilience, social support, parental problem-solving skills and family adaptation. Data analyses were carried out using descriptive analysis, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, hierarchical linear regression and bootstrapping. Family functioning was significantly and positively correlated with family adaptation. Family resources (parental self-efficacy at the individual level, family resilience at the family level or social support at the social level) and parental problem-solving skills both independently mediated the relationship between family functioning and family adaptation. Additionally, family resources at all three levels mediated the relationship through their effects on cumulatively parental problem-solving skills, constructing a chain mediating model. The study underscores the significance of family functioning, family resources at the individual, family and social levels and parental problem-solving skills in promoting adaptation in families of children with cancer. It highlights the need for family-centred interventions targeted at these factors to improve family adaptation. This study extended related theories and previous studies to confirm the mediating role of family resources and parental problem-solving skills, both independently and sequentially. Moreover, parental problem-solving skills were confirmed as key elements that can be incorporated into future interventions, suggesting that problem-solving skills training may serve as a highly promising program for families of children with cancer. This study was reported according to the STROBE checklist. No Patient or Public Contribution.

Changes in the structure of the microbial community within the phycospheric microenvironment and potential biogeochemical effects induced in the demise stage of green tides caused by Ulva prolifera

Green tides caused by Ulva prolifera occur annually in the Yellow Sea of China, and the massive amount of biomass decomposing during the demise stage of this green tide has deleterious ecological effects. Although microorganisms are considered key factors influencing algal bloom demise, an understanding of the microbial-algae interactions within the phycospheric microenvironment during this process is still lacking. Here, we focused on the variations in phycospheric microbial communities during the late stage of the green tide in three typically affected areas of the Yellow Sea via metagenomic sequencing analysis. In total, 16.9 million reads obtained from 18 metagenome samples were incorporated into the assembled contigs (13.4 Gbp). The phycosphere microbial community composition and diversity changed visibly during the demise of U. prolifera. The abundances of algae-lysing bacteria, Flavobacteriaceae at the family level and Alteromonas, Maribacter, and Vibrio at the genus level increased significantly in the phycosphere. In addition, the levels of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and polysaccharide lyases (PLs) enzymes, which decompose U. prolifera polysaccharides in the phycosphere, were greater. Therefore, the degradation of algal polysaccharides can increase the efficiency of carbon metabolism pathways in the phycospheric microenvironment. Most of the genes detected in the phycosphere, especially norC, nrfA, and nasA, were associated with nitrogen metabolism pathways and showed dynamics related to the demise of the large amount of organic matter released by a green tide. Therefore, the demise of green tide algae may affect the potential carbon and nitrogen cycles of the phycospheric microenvironment by driving changes in the structure and diversity of microbial communities. Our research provides a novel perspective to better understand the ecological impact of U. prolifera during the green tide demise stage.

Gastric microbiome composition accompanied with the Helicobacter pylori related DNA methylation anomaly.

Aim: DNA methylation is associated with gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, while increasing evidence indicated involvement of other microbes reside in gastric mucosa during gastric tumorigenesis. We investigated bacterial communities in the gastric mucosa accompanied with H. pylori related methylation anomaly.Materials & methods: Gastric mucosa samples from antrum were obtained from 182 cancer-free patients. Bacterial communities were evaluated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The result was correlated with H. pylori related promoter CpG island (CGI) methylation of five genes (IGF2, SLC16A12, SOX11, P2RX7 and MYOD1), LINE1 hypomethylation and telomere length.Results &conclusion: We showed correlation between lower bacterial alpha diversity and higher CGI methylation. Multivariate analysis demonstrated older age (t=3.46, p=0.0007), H. pylori infection (t=9.99, p<0.0001) and lower bacterial alfa diversity (Shannon index: t=-2.34, p=0.02) were significantly associated with CGI hypermethylation. In genus or family levels, increased abundance of Helicobacter was associated with hyper CGI methylation with strongest correlation, while decreased abundance of four bacteria (Intrasporangiaceae family, Macellibacteroides, Peptostreptococcus and Dietziaceae family) was also associated with hyper CGI methylation. Our findings suggest the potential correlation between CGI methylation induction and lower bacterial alpha diversity in the gastric mucosa accompanied by H. pylori infection.

Third generation sequencing analysis detects significant differences in duodenal microbiome composition between functional dyspepsia patients and control subjects.

Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a multifactorial disorder as its development may be based on several different pathophysiological mechanisms. Interaction of gut microbiome with the host has been proposed as a potential mechanism involved in the disease's pathogenesis. We aimed to characterize microbiome profiling on duodenal luminal content (DLC) of FD patients and compare it to that of controls (CG) and patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Outpatients fulfilling Rome IV criteria for FD, IBS, and control group (CG) underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and 2 cc of duodenal aspirate (3rd - 4th part) was aspirated in sterile traps. Duodenal microbiome was assessed after DNA extraction and 16S gene-based sequencing on Oxford Nanopore MinION followed by EPI2ME analysis (ONT/Metrich-ore Ltd). Bioanalysis of the microbiome (alpha-, beta-diversity, comparisons of relative abundances for all taxonomic ranks) was implemented in Python. Multiple group means comparisons were performed with one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal-Wallis test with Tuckey's and Dunn's post hoc tests respectively, in case of significance (P-value <0.05). 20 subjects with FD (8 females; age 49.9 ± 13.5 yrs.), 20 with IBS (14 females; age 57.6 ± 14.8 yrs.) and 10 CG (6 females; age 49.2 ± 13.8 yrs.) had their DLC analyzed. The α-diversity index of subjects with FD was significantly lower compared to controls (Shannon's index, p = 0.0218) and similar to that of patients with IBS. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) generated from species relative abundances (beta-diversity) showed no difference in the DLC profile of subjects with FD and IBS when compared to controls (p = 0.513). Compared to controls, the relative abundance (RA) of Chloroflexota phylum was lower in subjects with FD (p = 0.017) and IBS (p = 0.026), respectively. Additionally, the RA of the Rhodothermota and Thermotogota phyla was lower in FD (p = 0.017 and p = 0.018, respectively) but not in IBS patients (p = 0.15 and p = 0.06, respectively) compared to controls. Interestingly, the RA of specific taxa from Chloroflexota, Rhodothermota and Thermotogota phyla were consistently lower in subjects with FD when compared to CG but similar to IBS, during analysis of all the subsequent major ranks of taxonomy. At the class level, there were significant differences in Syntrophobacteria, Acidithiobacillia, Cytophagia and Flavobacteriia between the FD and CG groups (p < 0.05), but no such difference between FD and IBS was found. Finally, multiple significant differences at the order, family, genus and species level between the FD and CG groups were also detected. A positive relationship between the RA of Streptococcus and those from genus Granulicatella was observed both in FD (p = 0.014) and IBS (p = 0.014) patients. The microbiome profiling from duodenal luminal content of FD patients is significantly different to that of controls, including lower microflora diversity, different microflora structure/composition and specific taxa. Similar differences in the DLC between FD and IBS patients were not evident.

Stress-induced obesity in mice causes cognitive decline associated with inhibition of hippocampal neurogenesis and dysfunctional gut microbiota

Effects of stress on obesity have been thoroughly studied in high-fat diet fed mice, but not in normal diet fed mice, which is important to clarify because even on a normal diet, some individuals will become obese under stress conditions. Here we compared mice that showed substantial weight gain or loss under chronic mild stress while on a normal diet; we compared the two groups in terms of cognitive function, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal signaling, neurogenesis and activation of microglia in hippocampus, gene expression and composition of the gut microbiome. Chronic mild stress induced diet-independent obesity in approximately 20% of animals, and it involved inflammatory responses in peripheral and central nervous system as well as hyperactivation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal signaling and of microglia in the hippocampus, which were associated with cognitive deficits and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. It significantly increased in relative abundance at the phylum level (Firmicutes), at the family level (Prevotellaceae ucg − 001 and Lachnospiraceae NK4a136), at the genus level (Dubosiella and Turicibacter) for some enteric flora, while reducing the relative abundance at the family level (Lactobacillaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae), at the genus level (Bacteroidota, Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Bifidobacterium and Desulfovibrio) for some enteric flora. These results suggest that stress, independently of diet, can induce obesity and cognitive decline that involve dysfunctional gut microbiota. These insights imply that mitigation of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal signaling and microglial activation as well as remodeling of gut microbiota may reverse stress-induced obesity and associated cognitive decline.

Parent-child communication and educational anxiety: a longitudinal analysis based on the common fate model

BackgroundIn the face of family stress and emerging family problems, the transactional model of stress and coping provides new perspectives for solving stress problems in the family. This study integrates it with the common fate model to reveal new paths for coping with educational anxiety problems from the level of parent-child dichotomous interaction in the family environment, aiming to provide some theoretical and practical support for alleviating parents’ education anxiety.MethodsThis study used a combination of interviews and questionnaires to stratify students and their parents from a public junior high school in Jinan City to participate in the study. Data were collected in two time periods (T1, T2; one year apart), and the demographic characteristics of parents and children, parent-child communication quality, education anxiety, and parent-child trust relationship of 495 families were finally analysed by SPSS 27.0.ResultsThe results found that (1) based on the Common Fate Model, quality of parent-child communication negatively predicted parents’ education anxiety; (2) quality of parent-child communication positively predicted parent-child trust relationship; (3) parent-child trust relationship negatively predicted parents’education anxiety; (4) parent-child trust relationship mediated quality of parent-child communication and education anxiety.ConclusionsThis study sheds light on research related to stress coping and anxiety relief in the family environment, and provides theoretical and practical support for understanding the interaction between parents and children at the family level, and coping with stressful events together. It implies that future researchers should not only focus on one aspect when coping with and dealing with family problems, but should analyse the family as a whole, including the communication status and parent-child relationship between parents and children.

Overcoming barriers in implementing healthy school nutrition policies: insights from Ukraine

Abstract The general mortality rate from NCDs in Ukraine exceeds that in European Union countries, (Yurochko et al., 2023) exacerbated by the ongoing war. Healthy nutrition plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall quality of life and curbing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Despite its significance, ensuring healthy eating habits, particularly during the early stages of life at the period of setting lifelong habits (Jackson et al., 2020; Riley et al., 2018), remains a challenge. Besides, school-based settings represent an ideal environment for effective intervention because they offer a shared common physical, academic, and social space (Tapia-Fonllem et al., 2020). Through a series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this study identifies barriers and facilitators to policy implementation, with a focus on educational institutions. Qualitative analysis reveals barriers such as inadequate human resources, funding constraints, resistance from the food industry, and ineffective communication strategies at the family level. Moreover, there exists a disjointed understanding of nutrition standards. However, collaborative efforts with civil society, empowerment of nursing roles, strategic utilization of grants and fundraising, engagement with the food industry, and the adoption of a family-oriented approach emerge as crucial enablers for successful policy implementation. These findings offer theoretical foundations for fostering healthier nutrition environments within schools. This research serves as a roadmap for policymakers and educators striving to create sustainable and effective strategies for promoting healthy eating among early school-age children in Ukraine and beyond. Study finds human resource shortages, funding constraints, and food industry resistance as major barriers to school nutrition policy. Recommendations include collaborative approaches, nurse involvement, and aligned standards for effective school nutrition policy. Key messages • Healthy nutrition plays a pivotal role in enhancing the overall quality of life and curbing the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. • Through a series of semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, this study identifies barriers and facilitators to policy implementation, with a focus on educational institutions.

The analysis of orientational metaphor of ‘Zhōng’ (中) in Chinese traditional classic The Doctrine of the Mean

Abstract This paper studies the orientational metaphor of zhōng (中, ‘middle’) and its cultural values behind this metaphor in Chinese Traditional Classic The Doctrine of Mean. It is found that there are three metaphorical meanings for the orientational metaphor of zhōng (中, ‘middle’), including “an emotion of calm.”; “a moderate degree” and “an ethical standard”. The ethical standard of zhōng is the judge criteria for the Chinese traditional role schemas jūnzǐ (君子, ‘a person of noble character’) and xiǎorén (小人,‘a person of petty character’). In addition, the cultural values of Chinese society revealed by the ethical standard of zhōng (中, ‘middle’) are concluded systematically from the levels of individual, family and state.

Taxonomic review of the grasshopper genus Pteropera Karsch, 1891 (Orthoptera, Acrididea, Catantopinae) with description of three new species and a preliminary phylogeny of the Cameroonian species.

The Afrotropical grasshopper genus Pteropera Karsch, 1891, is reviewed. Some species present in Cameroon are described, Pteroperaaugustini Donskoff, 1981, is recorded for the first time in the country, and three new species are described from Cameroon, Pteroperakennei Yetchom & Husemann, sp. nov., Pteroperamatzkei Yetchom & Husemann, sp. nov. and Pteroperamissoupi Yetchom & Husemann, sp. nov., increasing the number of Pteropera species in Cameroon from eight to 12, and overall to 30 species in Central Africa. An updated key of Pteropera is provided. Photographs with data on the distributions of all known species are given. In addition, a phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference on the basis of a concatenated dataset of COI, 16S, and 12S markers of available Cameroonian species. The maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of the concatenated datasets resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny of the group and species of Pteropera were recovered as monophyletic, largely with high support. In all cases, the discrimination of all studied species based on barcode information was congruent with the species limits determined by traditional taxonomy. Our findings show the potential of integrative taxonomy to resolve the relationships among grasshoppers below the family level. Further analyses, including more comprehensive taxon sampling and additional nuclear markers, are needed, and the occurrence of several taxa still needs to be confirmed in African rainforests.

Social Anxiety in Adolescents: An Analysis of the Psychological Influence Mechanism of Social Media Use

With the rapid progress of Internet technology, social media has become an indispensable part of the daily life of contemporary teenagers, which has a profound impact on their social habits, information acquisition methods and psychological development tracks. This paper explores the psychological mechanism of social anxiety in adolescents using social media, aiming to reveal how social media exerts a profound influence on social behavior, psychological cognition and emotional state of adolescents through various complex ways.The features of social media, such as convenience, interaction, anonymity and visualization, together constitute the basic environment for teenagers to use social media. They have many impacts on teenagers, including positive aspects such as the expansion of social circle, the convenience of information acquisition and the realization of self-expression, and may also bring negative impacts, especially social anxiety. This paper makes an in-depth analysis from multiple dimensions. On the one hand, the phenomenon of social comparison on social media is widespread, and teenagers are prone to inappropriate self-evaluation and feelings of inferiority when browsing the life fragments carefully selected and displayed by others, which will trigger social anxiety. On the other hand, there is also the ever-present threat of cyberbullying and harassment, and these negative experiences pose a serious threat to adolescents' mental health and exacerbate their symptoms of social anxiety. In addition, the increase of information overload and cognitive burden, addiction and dependence on social media are also important factors leading to social anxiety among adolescents. From the family, school and social level, it is necessary to strengthen the education and guidance of young people, help them establish the correct concept of social media use, set a reasonable time to use, encourage physical social activities, and cultivate self-esteem and self-confidence. At the same time, for adolescents with social anxiety symptoms, professional psychological help should be sought in time to alleviate their anxiety and promote their mental health development.

Reconstructing host plant repertoire and timing of evolution of phyline plant bugs (Hemiptera, Miridae)

AbstractThe diversity of phytophagous insects is often attributed to the success of land plants in the framework of ecological speciation. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain host plant driven insect diversification in a phylogenetic context and have mostly been explored using Lepidoptera. We posit that Miridae are a great system to examine these hypotheses because they are one of the largest primarily phytophagous insect families and include many species with narrow host repertoire. Focusing on the species‐rich Phylinae (&gt;2700 spp.), we generate the most taxon‐rich phylogeny published to date and for the first time estimate divergence times and trace the evolution of host plant associations across the group. Focusing on two clades of oak‐associated phylines, we further examine if diversification in these insects and their hosts coincided or if the insects tracked their hosts. We find that Phylinae diverged from their orthotyline sister group before the end of the Cretaceous, tribal‐level taxa diversified throughout the Paleogene, and diversification within genera mostly occurred in the Neogene. Host plant repertoire reconstructions at the family level show transitions from stenophagy to polyphagy are more common than the reverse. We reconstructed the ancestral phyline host as ambiguous, followed by Asterales throughout most of the deep splits. Species‐level divergences in the two oak‐associated clades coincide with those in oaks, a pattern is that is consistent with the hypothesis that these plant bugs may have cospeciated with their hosts. Our study shows that Phylinae are a suitable system to further test hypotheses on ecological speciation of plants and insects but will require more robust phylogenetic hypotheses of the group.

The Current High Bird Colonisation Rate in a Major Mediterranean Island is Consistent With a More Intense Past Defaunation Compared to Nearby Mainland

ABSTRACTAimWe expand here previous own biogeographic work on the determinants of avian colonisation of a major land‐bridge Mediterranean island. So far we have explained mechanistically the high current rate of colonisation of the island which proceeds by overflow of mainland species with growing population trends and with prior experience as winter visitors. However, here we focus on the historical factors that have led to such a high colonisation rate.LocationMajorca Island and a nearby Iberian mainland coastal region with equivalent characteristics (Alicante province).Time PeriodTwenty‐five years (1991–2015).Major Taxa StudiedBirds.MethodsWe compared the pattern of species gain and loss in Majorca and Alicante during the study period.ResultsWe found that while Alicante only gained eight new species and lost one, Majorca lost none and gained 21 species as breeders (odds ratio 2.6). The process of species gains in 5‐year periods since 1991 showed a nonlinear pattern in both regions, with an abrupt decline in Alicante starting in 2006–2010 and final stagnation during 2011–2015, but just a smooth and recent pattern of slowdown in Majorca (2011–2015 on). Taxonomic diversity of colonising species at the family level, as well as habitat of colonisation, were quite similar between regions, but larger body size species were more common in Majorca.Main ConclusionsWe conclude that current differential colonisation rates between both regions are consistent with a more intense past defaunation of the resource‐poor region (Majorca) prior to modern rural flight that happened simultaneously in both regions. While Alicante could be approaching a theoretical carrying capacity in the number of species, Majorca is farther from it. We predict that the island will continue gaining species in the next few decades. Worldwide, further research on comparing wildlife recovery rates between regions with differential intensity of past wildlife defaunation is badly needed to understand biodiversity recovery processes.

Teachers' perception of their students' dietary habits in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a qualitative study.

Poor dietary choices and consumption of unhealthy foods are major determinants of malnutrition among adolescents in Ethiopia. The school food environment is a valuable setting for exploring adolescents' eating habits. Teachers have an important role in understanding factors that impact students' dietary choices. The aim of this study is to explore secondary school teachers' perceptions towards adolescents' dietary habits in Ethiopia. The study employed a qualitative research design. Four focus group discussions, involving a total of 13 teachers, were conducted at governmental and private schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Additionally, observations of the food environment in these four schools. The transcripts from the focus group discussions and photographs from observations were analyzed using thematic analysis. Triangulation of data sources and persistent observation of the data were employed to enhance the study's trustworthiness. The study was approved by the Norwegian Center for Research Data and the Addis Ababa Health Bureau, and all participants provided informed consent. Teachers perceived adolescents' dietary habits as unhealthy, characterized by the consumption of unsafe foods, limited variety, and reliance on processed foods. Factors negatively influencing adolescents' dietary habits include a lack of awareness about a healthy diet among both students and parents. Low familial income levels were also identified as a barrier to eating a healthy diet. The unavailability of healthy foods and the advertising of unhealthy and processed foods as well as peer influence were hindrances to a healthy diet both at school and home. This study provides additional evidence of the nutrition transition which is linked to the double burden of malnutrition among adolescents in low-income countries. Factors affecting adolescent diets at school are multileveled. Incorporating nutrition education into the school curriculum will likely improve dietary awareness mitigating peer influence. Regulating the school food environment and enforcing advertisement laws targeting adolescents can promote healthier school food environments. Providing short term nutrition trainings for biology or science teachers and strengthen their role in delivering nutrition education to children and their families, along with implementing measures to address food insecurity and restricting availability of unhealthy food at school need to be regarded as priorities.

Trend and predictive psychosocial factors of persistent depression/non-depression in Chinese adolescents: A three-year longitudinal study.

Depressive symptoms are common in adolescents, while its prevalence trend in adolescents is seldom reported. In addition, few studies focus on adolescents without depressive symptoms. This study aimed to reveal the trend and predictors of persistent depression/non-depression among Chinese adolescents over three-year period. Three-wave data were collected from T1 to T3 in a sample from six junior high schools in Shenzhen, China. The 20-item of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used, with scoring ≥16 as depression. Of all 1301 adolescents, 33.4%, 15.5% and 9.0% reported depressive symptoms at baseline, T2 and T3 respectively, while 66.6%, 47.7% and 39.6% reported non-depressive symptoms at three time-points. At the individual level, baseline positive identity and general positive youth development significantly increased persistent non-depression at T2 and T3. At the family level, baseline family harmony and communication consistently prevented persistent depression at T2 and T3, while family communication consistently promoted non-depression. At the school level, baseline awareness of no expectation from teacher and poor interpersonal relationship consistently increased persistent depression and prevented non-depression. The incidence of depression in adolescents aged 11-15 is not high. The rate of persistent non-depression is approximately 30% higher than that of persistent depression, and both have a downward trend over years. Positive youth development and healthy family function are protective factors of depression, while school maladjustment decreases persistent non-depression. During early adolescence, more attention should be paid to family function and school maladjustment to promote non-depression in adolescents from a new broader view.

The relationships between resilience and child health behaviors in a national dataset.

Resilience mechanisms at the individual, family, and environmental levels may improve health outcomes despite potentially harmful stress exposure partly through the practice of positive health behaviors. We performed a secondary analysis of 2016-2021 National Survey of Children's Health data to assess the relationships between three resilience domains - child, family, neighborhood - and six health behaviors using multiple regression models adjusted for the other resilience domain(s) and potential confounders. Analysis revealed significant associations between each resilience domain and multiple health behaviors in a total weighted analytic sample of 70,156,540 children. For each outcome, the odds of better health behaviors were highest with high resilience in all possible domains. For example, among children ages 0-5 years, the adjusted odds of having "good quality" vs. "poor quality" sleep for those with "high" resilience in all domains were 2.21 times higher (95% CI 1.78, 2.63) than for those with "low" resilience in all domains. This line of research may help to inform the design of resilience and health behavior promotion interventions by targeting multiple socio-ecological domains of influence to improve health and development outcomes in children exposed to experiences or sources of potential stress. This study assessed the associations between three socio-ecological resilience domains (child, family, and neighborhood) and six child and family health behaviors in a national dataset. Resilience exists within multiple socio-ecological levels and supports healthy functioning despite experiencing stress. Studies in adults and limited pediatric sub-populations show associations between resilience and health behaviors, which in turn influence numerous health outcomes. Resilience at three levels of socio-ecological levels was found to be associated with the performance of multiple child and family health behaviors in a nationally representative general pediatric population. These findings have important implications for child and family health promotion efforts.

Association of housing tenure and unaffordable housing with preterm birth and other adverse birth outcomes in Canada: a population-based study

BackgroundSocioeconomic risk factors are known drivers of adverse birth outcomes. Housing is a key target for policy interventions.ObjectiveTo estimate the associations of housing tenure (renting vs owning) and unaffordable housing...