Level Of Expenditure Research Articles

No Child is Left Behind? —— Education Problems of Left-behind Children in China

Urbanization in developing countries has raised concerns about the education of left-behind children. Using the fixed effect model and the time-varying difference-in-difference model, we examine how leftbehind experiences affect children’s educational choices and identities. We find that left-behind children have an approximately 2% higher probability to drop out of school. They tend to report lower levels of education expectations and education expenditures. The negative effect of left-behind experiences on education outcomes is significant, particularly among middle-school students. Despite improved living conditions, these findings suggest that left-behind experiences have hindered many children from enjoying educational success.

Physical Activity Surveillance in Children and Adolescents Using Smartphone Technology: Systematic Review

Self-reported physical activity (PA) questionnaires have traditionally been used for PA surveillance in children and adolescents, especially in free-living conditions. Objective measures are more accurate at measuring PA, but high cost often creates a barrier for their use in low- and middle-income settings. The advent of smartphone technology has greatly influenced mobile health and has offered new opportunities in health research, including PA surveillance. This review aimed to systematically explore the use of smartphone technology for PA surveillance in children and adolescents, specifically focusing on the use of smartphone apps. A literature search was conducted using 5 databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Web of Science) and Google Scholar to identify articles relevant to the topic that were published from 2008 to 2023. Articles were included if they included children and adolescents within the age range of 5 to 18 years; used smartphone technology as PA surveillance; had PA behavioral outcomes such as energy expenditure, step count, and PA levels; were written in English; and were published between 2008 and 2023. We identified and analyzed 8 studies (5 cross-sectional studies and 3 cohort studies). All participants were aged 12-18 years, and all studies were conducted in high-income countries only. Participants were recruited from schools, primary care facilities, and voluntarily. Five studies used mobile apps specifically and purposely developed for the study, whereas 3 studies used mobile apps downloadable from the Apple App Store and Android Play Store. PA surveillance using these apps was conducted from 24 hours to 4 weeks. Evidence of PA surveillance using smartphone technology in children and adolescents was insufficient, which demonstrated the knowledge gap. Additional research is needed to further study the feasibility and validity of smartphone apps for PA surveillance among children and adolescents, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Characterization of Female US Marine Recruits: Workload, Caloric Expenditure, Fitness, Injury Rates, and Menstrual Cycle Disruption during Bootcamp.

Basic training is centered on developing the physical and tactical skills essential to train a recruit into a Marine. The abrupt increase in activity and energy expenditure in young recruits may contribute to high rates of musculoskeletal injuries, to which females are more susceptible. To date, the total workload of United State Marine Corps (USMC) bootcamp is unknown and should include movement around the military base (e.g., to and from dining facilities, training locations, and classrooms). Thus, the purpose of this effort was to quantify workload and caloric expenditure, as well as qualitatively assess the impact of female reproductive health and injury rates in female recruits. Female recruits (n = 79; age: 19.1 ± 0.2 years, weight: 59.6 ± 0.8 kg, height: 161.6 ± 0.7 cm) wore physiological monitors daily throughout 10 weeks of USMC bootcamp. Physical fitness test scores, physiological metrics from wearables, injury data, and menstrual cycle information were obtained. Female recruits on average expended 3096 ± 9 kcal per day, walked 11.0 ± 0.1 miles per day, and slept 5:43 ± 1:06 h:min per night throughout the 10 weeks of bootcamp. About one-third (35%) of female recruits sustained an injury. In a subset of females that were not taking birth control and had previously been menstruating, 85% experienced cycle dysfunction during boot camp. High levels of physical activity and caloric expenditure, coupled with the stress of a new environment and insufficient sleep, may lead to alterations in female reproductive cycles and musculoskeletal injuries in young USMC recruits.

ZERO-BASED BUDGET IN RESTRICTIVE CONTEXTS: WORK METHODOLOGY APPLYING FUZZY LOGIC FOR SMES

Purpose: The objective of the research is proposed a methodology to prepare a Zero-Based Budget (ZBB) for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Ecuador, applying fuzzy logic. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative approach is assumed to show findings derived from the work carried out in these Ecuadorian business units, belonging to non-essential sectors such as wood, textiles and footwear. Fuzzy logic, the technique of expertise, and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (TpFN) are used to capture true budget levels. Findings: The results recommend that optimal budget levels can be obtained for SMEs in restrictive and health emergency contexts. Originality/value: As a result of COVID-19 pandemic, markets and demand are contracting causing variations in income and demanding greater rationalization at the level of expenditures. For SMEs is essential prepared income and disbursements estimates. Based on the methodology proposed, predictions are made to achieve the objectives of SMEs. Directors will be able to make more successful decisions for the benefit of their companies, to streamline operations, direct the achievement of objectives, rationalize expenses (costs and expenses), and to project better scenarios in the future before carrying out cost-benefit analysis.

Trends in household demand and greenhouse gas footprints in Germany: Evidence from microdata of the last 20 years

This paper quantifies changes in the trend of greenhouse gas footprints associated with household consumption covering a period of 20 years. We combine greenhouse gas emissions related to the supply chain (embedded) and consumption (direct) with households' consumption expenditures from the sample survey of income and expenditure (EVS), and present the first comprehensive study on trends in greenhouse gas footprints of German households. We find a decay in changes in GHG footprints as a response to increases in household expenditure over time. In addition, our estimated own-price elasticities for electricity and heating indicate an increasing demand response to higher energy prices. However, this does not translate to a clear decreasing trend in the total GHG footprint because of the role of changes in the demand of other commodities and changes in expenditure levels across years. Further, comparing results of the more advanced EASI demand system with those of the more widely used QUAIDS approach, we find sizable differences.

Health shock, the Green for Grain Program and medical expenses: Empirical Evidence on the well-being of Chinese Farmers

Health shock is an important factor affecting the medical expenditure of farmers. As the largest environmental compensation project in China, the Green for Grain Program plays an important role in increasing the well-being of farmers. Based on the 2017–2019 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) dataset, this paper constructs two balanced panel data, which adopts the differences-in-differences propensity score matching (PSM-DID) from the perspective of post-hoc. The method identified the effect of health shock on the level of household medical expenditure in peasant household. The findings suggest that health shock have significantly increased the level of medical expenditure in peasant household, and this conclusion remains true after a series of robustness tests. Specifically, the health impact can significantly increase household medical expenditure by 2270 RMB yuan. Further research found that the impact is significantly heterogeneous due to whether farmers participate in the Green for Grain Program. Specifically, under the impact of health shock, the increased amount of medical expenditure of farmers participating in the Green for Grain Program is relatively small, that is, there is a “well-being paradox” phenomenon. Therefore, this paper puts forward suggestions on improving the level of farmers’ health literacy, optimizing the compensation policy for the Green for Grain Program and developing the service industry policy in the areas where the Green for Grain Program is implemented. This study has certain policy guidance and reference value for the Chinese government to continue to consolidate the results of the Green for Grain Program to alleviate poverty and improve the well-being of farmers in developing countries.

Research on Marketing Strategy of Indonesian Tourism Facing Chinese Tourist Source Market 印尼旅游业面向中国客源市场的营销策略研究

<p>How to grasp the development opportunities brought by the Belt and Road Initiative and further expand China's tourist source market is an issue worthy of the attention of the Indonesian government. In tourism development, Indonesia should give priority to the promoting role of tourism development in the growth of economic aggregate, attach great importance to the marketing and promotion of Chinese tourist source market, and pay special attention to the large scale of Chinese tourist source market, large number of tourists and high level of expenditure, as well as the characteristics of outbound tourism consumption behavior featuring large number of independent tourists, long stay, emphasis on destination safety and tourism experience. In order to further expand the Chinese tourist market, price strategies, scenic strategies, information strategies and visa strategies can be targeted in tourism marketing promotion, so as to better promote the healthy development of Indonesian tourism and promote the sustainable growth of Indonesian national economy.</p>

No Child is Left Behind? ——Left-Behind Children and Drop-Out Rates in China

The education of left-behind children is of great concern during the process of urbanization in many developing countries. Using the fixed effect model and the time-varying difference-in-difference model, we examine how left-behind experiences affect children’s educational choices and identities. We find that left-behind children have an approximately 2% higher probability to drop out of school. They tend to report lower levels of education expectations and education expenditures. The negative effect of leftbehind experiences on education outcomes is significant, particularly among middle-school students. Despite improved living conditions, these findings suggest that left-behind experiences have hindered many children from enjoying educational success.

Mobile payment use and payment satisfaction: mediation and moderation analyses

PurposeWith the development of financial technology (FinTech), this paper aims to investigate the association between mobile payment use and payment satisfaction using data from the 2017 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS).Design/methodology/approachThis study uses ordered probit regressions to examine the association between mobile payments and payment satisfaction because the dependent variable is ordinal. To alleviate endogeneity problems, this study uses instrument variables and Heckman's two-step estimation. Furthermore, to explore the potential mediators in this process, this study follows the three steps suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). Finally, this study divides the whole sample into subsamples to examine whether the association between mobile payments and payment satisfaction differs in diverse groups.FindingsThe results indicate that mobile payment use is positively associated with payment satisfaction. Moreover, mediation analyses imply that mobile payment use may help increase consumers' credit availability, which eventually improves payment satisfaction. Three moderators of this association are financial literacy, expenditure level and portfolio diversification, which enhance the positive association between mobile payment use and payment satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study explores the potential mediators between mobile payment use and payment satisfaction, which is beneficial to comprehensively understanding various pathways of this process. Moreover, this study conducts heterogeneous analyses to investigate whether associations between mobile payments and payment satisfaction are moderated by various factors, which will allow policymakers to formulate policies appropriate for specific situations of diverse consumer groups.

Differentiation of expenditure on health and life insurance in households in 2006–2020

Along with the growing wealth of society, the demand for insurance, including health insurance, increases. In recent years, there has been significant interest in insurance products which guarantee access to private healthcare facilities. The waiting time for an appointment with a specialist is shorter than in public institutions, and such insurance offers quick diagnostics and high-quality services.
 The study aimed to determine the level and differentiation of health insurance expenditure in various types of households and its share in total insurance expenses. From 2006 to 2020, as shown by statistics, the highest expenditure on health insurance was recorded in the households of non-manual workers (PLN 19.72 per person per year on average) and the lowest — in farmers’ families (8.85 per person per year on average). The indicator of the diversification of insurance expenditure structures for the surveyed households calculated for 2020 showed that farmers’ households had a significantly different (various) structure of expenditure on insurance than that observed in other types of households (total vpq = 0.96).

Impact of Violent Conflict on Household Income in Rivers State, Nigeria

This study empirically examined violent conflict and household income in Rivers state, Nigeria with secondary data sourced from various publications of World Bank Nigeria - General Household Survey, Panel 2019-2020, Wave 3 (2020). This study employed descriptive statistics, test and Granger Causality test. The empirical result showed that: the level of household expenditures on food in River State is higher than expenditures on non-food items. The result also showed that there is a bidirectional relationship between household expenditure on food and household expenditure on non-food; and a positive correlation between intensity of armed conflict and household economic in Rivers state. This study concludes that armed conflict is detrimental to household income and welfare in Rivers state. This study recommends that Nigeria president through the security agencies should intervene in the region, and community vigilante groups should be encouraged and collaborate with the government security agencies to establish sustainable peace in the region.

Incidence, Inequality and Determinants of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in India

This study tries to estimate the incidence, intensity and inequality of Catastrophic Health Expenditure in India and its determinants using unit-level data from the four consecutive surveys of NSSO on ‘Healthcare Consumption and Morbidity’ spread across a 23-year period. For CHE incidence, a 10% threshold level of household consumption expenditure is considered. Additionally, socio-economic determinants of CHE were identified using multivariate logistic regression. Study reveals that the demand for healthcare services has increased gradually during the period 1995–2014 but this demand is primarily financed from out-of-pocket expenditures and hence leading to an increased risk of financial catastrophe, peaking at 23.45% in 2014. But a significant reduction in demand for healthcare is seen in the latest 75th round. Although the incidence of catastrophe has decreased, the inequality of catastrophic burden has increased. The results show that economic and social vulnerability have a significant impact on the likelihood of CHE incidence in households. The findings suggest that a targeted approach is required to alleviate the socially and economically vulnerable households from health expenditure catastrophe.

Does Environmental Cost Expenditure Matter? Evidence from Selected Countries in the Asia-Pacific Region

This study investigated the effect of companies’ environmental cost expenditure on environmental performance and the disclosure thereof by selected companies in the Asia-Pacific region. This region is vulnerable to significant environmental degradation due to its substantial economic development. This study examined the issue from a legitimacy theory perspective. Secondary data, collected from the Bloomberg database of 578 listed companies from 2008 to 2020, were used as the sample for the study. The results show that the level of environmental cost expenditure does matter because it was positively associated with environmental performance and its disclosure. The environmental performance variable also served as a mediating variable between environmental cost expenditure and disclosure. Disclosure provides a signal to investors to access companies’ environmental initiatives and risks, which could influence their investment decision. The findings highlight the importance of companies’ financial commitment to protect and preserve the environment in their daily operation. The findings also help managers to make strategic business decisions to strengthen their companies’ legitimacy by operating within the norms and values shared by society. The results from this study provide an insight which can be generalized with respect to companies from other regions.

Gpr75-deficient mice are protected from high-fatdiet-induced obesity.

G-protein coupled receptor 75 (GPR75) has been identified as the high-affinity receptor of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a vasoactive and proinflammatory lipid, and mice overproducing 20-HETE have been shown to develop insulin resistance when fed a high-fat diet (HFD), which was prevented by a 20-HETE receptor blocker. Simultaneously, a large-scale exome sequencing of 640,000 subjects identified an association between loss-of-function GPR75 variants and protection against obesity. Wild-type (WT) and Gpr75-deficient mice were placed on HFD for 14 weeks, and their obesity phenotype was examined. Male and female Gpr75 null (knockout [KO]) and heterozygous mice gained less weight than WT mice when placed on HFD. KO mice maintained the same level of energy expenditure during HFD feeding, whereas WT mice showed a significant reduction in energy expenditure. Diet-driven adiposity and adipocyte hypertrophy were greatly lessened in Gpr75-deficient mice. HFD-fed KO mice did not develop insulin resistance. Adipose tissue from Gpr75-deficient mice had increased expression of thermogenic genes and decreased levels of inflammatory markers. Moreover, insulin signaling, which was impaired in HFD-fed WT mice, was unchanged in KO mice. These findings suggest that GPR75 is an important player in the control of metabolism and glucose homeostasis and a likely novel therapeutic target to combat obesity-driven metabolic disorders.

Komparácia krajín EÚ na základe nástrojov sociálnej politiky na zmiernenie finančnej zraniteľnosti domácností

The social policy of the European Union is focused mainly on the most vulnerable group of citizens. The social instruments that countries use to increase the living conditions and to decrease social exclusion and vulnerability can differ between countries. The submitted paper uses cluster analysis to compare 27 member states of the European Union based on their social policy instruments in 2019. The study analyses the dependence of social policy instruments and household financial vulnerability using correlation and regression analysis. It examines whether higher levels of social benefits and government expenditure result in lower financial vulnerability. However, the results suggest that the financial vulnerability of households is not associated with low benefits. Clusters reporting a low level of benefits recorded a low financial vulnerability of households and vice versa. Results of the correlation and cluster analysis prove that the increase of the first factor (benefits in material need, expenditure on active labour market policy, family benefits, disability benefits) and the third factor (unemployment benefits) are associated with a decrease in financial vulnerability of households.

The place of charity in a public health service: Inequality and persistence in charitable support for NHS trusts in england

The British National Health Service (NHS) relies for the great bulk of its funding on direct taxation, but the contribution of charitable sources of income to the NHS is not well-understood. The few studies of charitable giving to the NHS to date have concentrated on aggregate levels of income and expenditure. However, to date there has been limited collective understanding about the extent to which different kinds of NHS Trusts benefit from charitable funding and about the persistence of inequalities between trusts in their access to these resources. This paper presents novel analyses of the distribution of NHS Trusts in terms of the proportion of their income that comes from charitable sources. We build a unique linked longitudinal dataset which follows through time the population of NHS Trusts, and the population of associated NHS charities, in England since 2000. The analysis illustrates intermediate levels of charitable support for acute hospital trusts compared with the much lower levels of charitable support for ambulance, community and mental health Trusts and, conversely, much higher levels of charitable support for Trusts providing specialist care. These results represent rare quantitative evidence relevant to theoretical discussions about the uneven nature of the voluntary sector's response to healthcare need. They provide important evidence for a key feature (and arguably weakness) of voluntary initiative, namely philanthropic particularism - the tendency for charitable support to focus on a restricted range of causes. We also show that this ‘philanthropic particularism’ – reflected in the very sizeable differences in charitable income between different sectors of NHS trusts - is becoming more marked over time, while spatial disparities, notably between elite institutions in London and other locations, are also substantial. The paper reflects on the implications of these inequalities for policy and planning within a public health care system.

Burden of vitiligo on Chinese patients: an online survey.

Burden of vitiligo on Chinese patients: an online survey.

ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ КРАЇН ‒ ЧЛЕНІВ ЄС УКРАЇНІ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article examines the issue of economic assistance from EU member states to Ukraine to overcome the negative consequences of the Russian Federation’s military aggression against Ukraine. In the economic literature, the issue of Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine is focused mainly on the analysis of sanctions and other measures aimed at increasing pressure on the Russian economy and reducing its potential for military aggression. Less attention in the literature has been paid to the supportive measures for countries that have suffered from external military aggression. Therefore, the analysis of systematic data on the economic aid of the EU countries to Ukraine will provide an opportunity to identify factors of the economic aid from the Western countries, namely the EU and its sectoral distribution. The article proves that the issue of maintaining macroeconomic stability becomes fundamentally important for Ukraine on the back of an increase of its military expenditures, a substantial decrease in budget revenues, the need to maintain a certain level of social expenditures, a significant decrease in export potential and a partial Russian infrastructure blockade. That is why the EU’s financial support for Ukraine looks more important than ever. The article proposes economic-mathematical models based on the regression-correlation method for determining the determinants of EU economic aid to Ukraine. The results of the analysis show that total aid to Ukraine is significantly correlated with the donor country’s trade relations with Ukraine, the presence of a common border with the Russian Federation, and is inversely proportional to the size of the donor country’s economy. Countries with a larger share of migrants from Ukraine are the largest providers of financial aid to Ukraine. Humanitarian aid significantly correlates only with imports to Ukraine. Military aid depends on the size of the donor’s economy and the presence of a common border with the Russian Federation. No evidence was found of the influence of the following indicators on aid to Ukraine: direct investment in Ukraine, distance from Ukraine, total development aid to the countries of the world. The research allows to conclude that among the EU member states the main donors during the Russian-Ukrainian war were Germany, Poland and France and in relative terms – the Baltic states and Poland. The future development of the Ukrainian economy and foreign trade in general and in particular with EU member states will largely depend on the restoration of the country’s destroyed export structure and access to the seas.

Kemiskinan dan Ketimpangan Melalui Prevelensi Ketidakcukupan Konsumsi Masyarakat di Indonesia

Poverty is a person's inability to meet the needs of everyday life. Poverty is a serious problem that must be addressed immediately. One of the causes of poverty is because there are differences between income and expenditure levels that occur in various regions, this is what is known as inequality. The prevalence of insufficient public consumption is a condition in which people are unable to meet their needs properly and healthily. This is closely related to poverty. Because, if there is no poverty, it is possible that people's consumption will be fulfilled. This study uses a qualitative method in the literature approach. This research aims to examine more deeply related to poverty and inequality in Indonesia through the prevalence of insufficient consumption of the Indonesian people. The results of this study show that the poverty and inequality rates in Indonesia since March 2022 and the insufficient public consumption will also decrease. the insufficient consumption of the Indonesian people in terms of food consumption has increased from 2019 around 7.63, 2020 around 8.43 until 2021 it reaches 8.49.
 Keywords: poverty, inequality, inadequacy society

Public education expenditures, growth and income inequality

This paper analyzes the relationship between public education spending, long-run growth and income inequality. We propose an endogenous growth model with occupational choice and an endogenous supply of teachers and education quality. We show that endogenous school quality alters the shape of those relationships in a way that has new policy implications. First, growth depends on the level of public education expenditures and on the shape of the human capital distribution. Second, the relationship between public education and inequality can be either positive or negative. Calibrating our model to US state data, we find that a significant share of states faces a trade-off between increasing growth and decreasing inequality through public education spending. We find that this trade-off is overall more likely in states with higher public education expenditures, teacher employment share and relative wage, and intergenerational mobility. Finally, the existence of such a trade-off depends on how public education spending is financed.