Emission Levels Research Articles

Development of a VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) Measurement System to Identify Placebo Phenomenon in Emission Areas

VOCs (volatile organic compounds) can be used as a biomarker of placebo phenomenon, such as stress, panic disorder, health conditions, and many others. VOCs from the exhaled breath have different concentration levels that are also related to many health diseases. However, the use of VOCs as biomarkers in exhaled breath are very limited. Hence, this study aims to develop a novel e-nose (electric nose) system based on a VOC measurement system to identify placebo phenomenon in emission areas. For this purpose, a digital semiconductor VOC sensor and a microcontroller were used to detect VOC level. The developed system was tested inside a chamber for the initial calibration and comparation steps using fresh air and a comparator device. After calibration, the system was used to measure the VOC concentrations of 20 exhaled breath samples in the emission sampling areas (control and emission sources). In other sides, the VOC levels surrounding the emission areas were also measured using the comparator device. The placebo levels (PLS) of the exhaled breath samples were divided into PLS(-) or placebo negative and PLS(+) or placebo positive related to the placebo conditions. The sampling areas were divided into indoor and outdoor areas to identify the different placebo percentages and the dependence related to the emission levels. The results show that the emission levels of the emission sources are about 504-528 ppb, meanwhile, the control area (clean area) has <10 ppb of VOC levels. A higher VOC concentration, a higher PLS(+) percentage. The exhaled breath of PLS(+) samples contain >78 ppb of VOC levels, while PLS(-) samples has < 78 ppb of VOC levels (p < 0.05). It can be concluded that VOC concentrations in the emission sources has a potential to influence the placebo quantification in human psycological health. The developed e-nose system can be used to identify VOC levels as a biomarker of a placebo phenomenon.

Mediating Effects of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows on Carbon Dioxide Emissions

In this research, the direct and indirect effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in India are examined, covering the period from 1980 to 2014. To quantify the indirect outcome of the existence of FDI on CO2 emissions, in this study, the three mediating channels of FDI are considered. The three broad mediating channels of FDI inflows are energy structure, industrial structure, and high-carbon technology, by which foreign direct investments affect India’s carbon dioxide emissions. In this study, the unit root test, the Johansen cointegration, the Granger causality technique, and the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) are used for the empirical analysis. The findings discover a process of cointegration in the long-run and reveal unidirectional causation between FDI inflows and CO2 emissions. The outcomes of the SUR estimation indicate that all the mediating factors substantially contribute to the level of CO2 emissions. In this paper, the findings reveal that FDI inflows affect the level of India’s CO2 emissions mainly via mediating factors compared to their direct effect. Finally, in this research, it is recommended that the concerned authorities should prioritize the redistribution of foreign direct investment from high carbon-intensive technologies to less carbon-intensive and cleaner technologies for India’s carbonless and sustainable future.

Uncertainties around net-zero climate targets have major impact on greenhouse gas emissions projections.

Globally, more than 100 countries have adopted net-zero targets. Most studies agree on how this increases the chance of keeping end-of-century global warming below 2°C. However, they typically make assumptions about net-zero targets that do not capture uncertainties related to gas coverage, sector coverage, sinks, and removals. This study aims to analyze the impact of many uncertainty factors on the projected greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 for major emitting countries following their net-zero pathways, and their aggregate impact on global GHG emissions. Global emission projections range from 23 to 40 gigatons of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2eq), with a median of 31GtCO2eq. Our full range corresponds to about 40-75% of 2015 emission levels, which is much wider than the range of 30-45% reported by various integrated assessment models. The main factors contributing to this divergence are the uncertainty in the gas coverage of net-zero targets and uncertainty in the socioeconomic baseline. Countries with net-zero GHG targets by 2050 have a small range of 2050 emissions, while countries with net-zero targets beyond 2050 and unclear coverage, such as China, India, and Indonesia, have a large range of emissions by 2050.

Emission Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Key Industries: A Case Study in the Central Plains of China

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the precursors of ozone and fine particulate matter, are one of the atmospheric pollutants harmful to human health. The emission characteristics of VOCs in Anyang, a typical industrial city in the Central Plains of China, are unclear. To determine the emission level and composition of local VOCs, this study conducted on-site sampling of 20 factories in eight key industries. A total of 105 VOC species in seven categories were observed. The concentration of total VOCs emitted from the eight industries in order from large to small was as follows: packaging and printing > pharmaceutical > paint manufacturing > industrial coating > chemical industry > metal smelting > furniture manufacturing > textile printing and dyeing. In addition to industrial coating, the total VOCs and their corresponding ozone formation potential of organized emissions in seven industries (1.44–87.64, 1.52–181.61 mg/m3) were higher than those of unorganized emissions (0.38–24.17, 0.38–125.55 mg/m3). The VOC emissions were concentrated in the central, south-central, and south-eastern parts of the city, mainly from the factories in the packaging and printing, pharmaceutical, paint, and coating industries. The furniture manufacturing (4.55 × 10−3) and pharmaceutical (1.66 × 10−3) industries in organized emissions were at high risk of carcinogenesis, while the pharmaceutical industry in unorganized emissions (3.61 × 10−4) was at moderate risk of carcinogenesis. Naphthalene was the main high-risk compound. In terms of non-carcinogenic risk, the packaging and printing industry in organized emissions (228.51) and the metal smelting industry in unorganized emissions (16.16) had the highest risk, and the main high-risk compound was ethyl acetate.

Comparative Analysis of Formal and Informal E-Waste Disposal Methods in Gurgaon: Implications for Environmental Pollution and Public Health

This research aims at the analysis of the effects of formal and informal methods of managing e-waste in Gurgaon–India. Having emerged as one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in and around the technology belt of India southeastern Gurgaon is confronted with pressing issues of managing its increasing e-waste flow. The study aims to make a comparison of pollution situation as well as health impacts between formal and informal e-waste recycling industries. Research also shows that those methods involve informal processing of more than 95% of Gurgaon’s e- waste and result in much higher emission levels to the air, water, and soil as compared to the formal wash and drain recycling. This sector is common in developing nations and is considered hazardous to the environment as well as the health of workers as it involves the recycling of products that have hazardous chemicals that are released into the environment while recycling. E-waste categorized under informal disposal method has grave health impacts which have been proven by Toddler mortality ratio resulting from respiratory inferences and neuro disorder. The research also emphasises improved possibilities of controlled formal disposal systems on environmental conservation and health. These observations show how there is a dire need for improving legislation around these sectors, as well as increased surveillance of the informal sector that should be integrated into the formal recycling channels. In the light of the findings, it can be concluded that in order to have effective policy interventions on e-waste scenario in Gurgaon it is necessary to strengthen existing norms, public awareness and generation of context relevant technology in the growing urban paradigm.

Atmospheric aggravation potential of a wastewater treatment plant concerning organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ether emissions.

The pollution potential of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Bursa, Türkiye, in terms of organochlorine pesticides (Σ22OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (Σ46PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (Σ14PBDEs), was investigated in air samples. Concentrations were determined using polyurethane foam disk samplers at key processes, such as the aeration tank (AT) and settling chamber (SC) of the WWTP and the background area (BA) at an urban site. Atmospheric concentration levels of PBDEs at the SC are 1.3 times higher than at the AT site. PCBs concentration levels are listed as SC>BA>AT from high to low. The highest OCPs concentration levels were detected at the BA site while the lowest concentration levels were obtained for the SC site. Compared to organochlorine pollutants (PCBs and OCPs), PBDEs levels were higher by two orders of magnitude ranging from 0.2 to 54.3ng/g. While the presence of OCPs was not significant, an unusual abundance of mirex was observed. HCB, HCHs (excluding β-HCH), and p,p'-DDE resulting mainly from the settling tank indicate enhanced mass transfer from wastewater to air. Regarding PCBs, the level and detection frequency of dioxin-like PCBs (118, 123) in the aeration tank and the settling chamber were remarkable. The upper levels of PBDEs congeners 17, 85, 138, 153, and 154 resulting from the settling tank suggest an enhanced mass transfer from water to air as the source medium. Although the primary fate of trace organics in WWTPs is expected to be sorption to sludge, the present study has shown that WWTPs can be a non-negligible source of local atmospheric PCB and PBDE pollution. However, this study provides a snapshot of the levels of persistent organic pollutants and emissions, and there is no doubt that more detailed and long-term studies are needed.

Control optimization of air traffic emissions in a two-variable dynamic model

Since 1999, every report released by the International Panel on Climate Change has advocated a decrease in the greenhouse gas emissions associated with aviation in order to preserve the current climate. This study used a two variable differential equations model with a non-linear control term to address several aspects of the emissions stabilization issue. By optimizing the control term parameter, several management alternatives can be obtained based on the properties of the phase plane of the model solutions, as identified by a stability analysis. The system can be stabilised around an equilibrium point that maintains the present number of passengers, or maintains the emissions level or is nearest to its present state. Each of these options entails different issues of growth or reduction in the number of passengers and/or the emissions rate, directly obtained from the model results. The last option seems especially novel and promising, since only short-distance flight passengers are severely reduced, while long-distance and international passengers are allowed to growth, and their associated emissions are reduced to below 50 percent of their actual value. Moreover, in a scenario of slow growth in air traffic, these rates could improve, with fewer reductions in the number of short-distance passengers.

Evaluating the environmental effects of Japan's tourism: insights into pandemic-induced changes and driving forces

Abstract The intersection of the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism has significantly influenced emissions from supply chains, highlighting a complex dynamic between tourism and climate change. Although the pandemic represents a unique event within a specific timeframe, analyzing its impact on tourism provides valuable insights into the characteristics of tourism carbon footprints (TCF) in the context of sudden public health crises. Accordingly, we used the latest data available from the global multi-regional input–output table of EXIOBASE3 and Japan’s tourist consumption statistics to estimate the TCF from all tourist sources in Japan based on the global economic system, and we visualized the carbon flow caused by population mobility. The decomposition of the environmental impact of the pandemic response further identified the driving forces of TCF changes. The main findings suggested that substantial differences exist in the emission levels and sectoral distributions of TCF between inbound and domestic tourism in Japan. Domestic TCF accounted for the majority of the overall TCF, and it also showed a stronger ability to withstand the pandemic impact, accounting for over 90% of Japan’s TCF during the pandemic. The pandemic greatly reduced the TCF and further exacerbated the driving differences. Prior to the pandemic, Japan’s TCF had diverse driving forces; however, pandemic-induced restrictions magnified the volume effect, especially in the inbound TCF, whereas other effects remained substantial for the domestic TCF.

The impact of China's regional economic integration strategy on the circular economy: Policy effects and spatial spillovers.

Concerns about global climate change, resource scarcity, and environmental degradation continue to escalate. Within this context, the circular economy has received widespread attention as a model of sustainable development. Simultaneously, China's regional economic integration (REI) strategy has been regarded as an important tool for promoting economic growth and optimizing resource allocation. However, existing studies have mainly focused on the impact of REI on economic growth, and there are insufficient empirical studies on how this strategy affects the circular economy. Still fewer such studies are set in a unified research framework; there is also a lack of heterogeneity analyses that introduce carbon emission characteristics. Therefore, this study analyzes panel data from urban centers in China, spanning from 2007 to 2021 and focusing on the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Using the staggered difference-in-difference (DID) model, propensity score matching and difference-in-difference (PSM-DID), spatial Durbin model, entropy weight TOPSIS, and other methods, this study examines the policy effects and spatial spillovers of the REI strategy on the circular economy. This study also quantifies the policy implications of REI on the circular economy, analyzes the heterogeneous effects of REI in cities with different carbon emission levels, and explores the spatial spillover effects of REI on the circular economy. The key findings are that: (1) REI implementation effectively promotes a circular economy. (2) There is heterogeneity in this effect at different levels of carbon emissions. The promotion effect is more significant for high carbon emission cities, while the integration strategy has a smaller marginal effect on the circular economy of low carbon emission cities. (3) There are spatial spillover and regional linkage effects at the interregional level, indicating a significant spatial dependence between REI and the circular economy. In other words, strategy implementation in one city positively influences the circular economy in neighboring cities. This study systematically and empirically investigates the impact of REI on the circular economy, reveals the heterogeneity of the carbon emission levels of REI affecting the circular economy, and provides new evidence for the environmental Kuznets curve theory. Furthermore, the spatial spillover effect of REI is quantified; quantifying the spatial spillover effect of REI expands the spatial dimension of regional sustainable development. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the need to maximize the environmental benefits of the REI strategy on the circular economy. This could be done by designing cross-regional circular economy projects, coordinating regional policy efforts, and implementing differentiated strategies to promote sustainable development.

Late-time Radio Brightening and Emergence of a Radio Jet in the Changing-look AGN 1ES 1927+654

We present multifrequency (5–345 GHz) and multiresolution radio observations of 1ES 1927+654, widely considered one of the most unusual and extreme changing-look active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs). The source was first designated a CL-AGN after an optical outburst in late 2017 and has since displayed considerable changes in X-ray emission, including the destruction and rebuilding of the X-ray corona in 2019–2020. Radio observations prior to 2023 show a faint and compact radio source typical of a radio-quiet AGN. Starting in 2023 February, 1ES 1927+654 began exhibiting a radio flare with a steep exponential rise, reaching a peak 60 times previous flux levels, and has maintained this higher level of radio emission for over a year to date. The 5–23 GHz spectrum is broadly similar to gigahertz-peaked radio sources, which are understood to be young radio jets less than ∼1000 yr old. Recent high-resolution Very Long Baseline Array observations at 23.5 GHz now show resolved extensions on either side of the core, with a separation of ∼0.15 pc, consistent with a new and mildly relativistic bipolar outflow. A steady increase in the soft X-ray band (0.3–2 keV) concurrent with the radio may be consistent with jet-driven shocked gas, though further observations are needed to test alternate scenarios. This source joins a growing number of CL-AGNs and tidal disruption events that show late-time radio activity, years after the initial outburst.

Technologies for the reuse of demolition waste in the production of geopolymer-based building materials: prospects and opportunities

In a climate change scenario that is increasingly affecting our daily lives, it is essential to rethink the reuse of existing resources and avoid the exploitation of raw materials. If we consider the stock of existing buildings in Italy, we cannot ignore the fact that most of them are in a state of decay or in need of major maintenance; the recovery or demolition of these buildings generates a considerable amount of waste that has a negative impact on the environment, from transport to disposal. A sustainable design approach can achieve interesting results in terms of economic, environmental and social impact. Starting from the final phase of the life cycle of buildings, this paper aims to show the possibilities of recovering traditional building materials such as cement, brick and tuff. The use of innovative production technologies will allow the reintroduction of these materials to the market, with consequent benefits in all aspects of the ‘sustainability triad'. The aim of the work is to identify a practical, easy-to-use process for the production of eco-sustainable materials that, while retaining their intrinsic chemical-mineralogical characteristics, can be easily used in the context of the existing built heritage thanks to the compatibility between these new materials and the pre-existing substrate. The innovative results obtained as part of an international research project show how the use of demolition waste for the composition of geopolymer mixtures allows the reuse of large percentages of construction waste, while guaranteeing the mechanical performance of materials produced with traditional techniques, which have a high level of emissions; the production of geopolymers allows an 80% reduction in emissions compared to the production of Portland cement. The paper is intended to serve as a starting point for further in-depth application of the mixtures produced and to provide reflections and future research directions.

Evaluating and prioritizing strategies to reduce carbon emissions in the circular economy for environmental sustainability.

The conversion of economic system into a circular economy (CE) is indispensable, as it is the key strategy in combating climate change and reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in China. However, difficulties are inevitable during this process. It is essential for the long-term operation of a CE to adequately address and overcome any challenges it faces. The present research used the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (FAHP) approach to determine the main challenges and sub-challenges in the context of CE and its ability to help reduce the CO2 emission levels for carbon-free economy. Next, the study used the Fuzzy VIekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranje (FVIKOR) method to measure the strategizing solutions, which are hindering the effective use of CE towards the green future. The findings of the FAHP indicated that waste management disposal (CECER2) is the most crucial challenge. The regulatory and policy complexity (CECER5) and financial investment and cost considerations (CECER4) are the next key challenges. The results of the FVIKOR revealed that policy and regulatory support (CES6), waste reduction and zero waste goals (CES4), and recycling and upcycling (CES2) are most significant mitigation strategies for lowering carbon emissions through CE for environmental sustainability in China. The implications reveal the essential need for tailored policy frameworks and financial incentives to promote implementation of CE strategies, leading to substantial carbon emissions reduction in China.

How do green municipal bonds affect carbon emissions in China? Evidence from the staggered difference-in-differences approach.

Under the "Dual Carbon Goals", China's municipal government bonds play a vital role in advancing local environmental governance. This paper constructs a quasi-natural experiment based on the issuance of green municipal bonds, and empirically examines its carbon emission reduction effects by using the staggered difference in differences approach. The issuance of green municipal bonds can substantially diminish the level of carbon intensity and pass a series of robustness tests. Green municipal bonds can generate green project financing effect, greening effect and industrial structure allocation effect to promote the reduction of carbon emission level in a region. At the same time, there exists heterogeneity in local governments' emphases on environmental protection, economic development, carbon peaking progress and urban resource endowment. Further research found that green municipal bonds have significant spatial spillover effect, which not only promotes the reduction of local carbon intensity, but also leads to the reduction of carbon intensity in the surrounding cities. The proposed policy implications include: increase the proportion of green municipal bonds in local government bonds; establish standardized issuing criteria of green municipal bonds, accelerate credit rating and improve performance management of green municipal bonds; design green municipal bonds according to local conditions; and strengthen green finance and its supporting services.

Spatial and temporal evolution patterns and spatial spillover effects of carbon emissions in China in the context of digital economy.

Global warming caused by carbon emissions has become a significant concern for countries worldwide. This study thoroughly examines the spatiotemporal patterns and spatial spillover effects of carbon emissions in China. This research employs kernel density estimation, Moran's index, and the standard deviation ellipse model to analyse the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon emissions in China while utilizing the spatial Durbin model to explore the spatial spillover effects of the digital economy on carbon emissions. The subsequent findings are derived from the following: (1) China's carbon emissions are characterized by substantial spatial and temporal agglomeration. Low carbon emissions are in the eastern littoral regions, while high carbon emissions are concentrated in the inland areas, such as the northwest. The local Moran index suggests that high-high and low-low clustering patterns characterize China's carbon emissions. (2) The spatial trends and evolutionary characteristics of carbon emissions in China are readily apparent. During the sample period, the carbon emission level in the east and west was significantly higher than in the central region, and the gap between the areas was progressively narrowing. The results of the standard deviation ellipse indicate that China's carbon emissions are undergoing a substantial discrete phenomenon in their spatial distribution. (3) Digital economies reduce carbon emissions, have regional spillover effects, and reveal geographical variance across eastern, central, and western regions. This study offers quantitative evidence for integrated nationwide and regional emission reduction and carbon mitigation strategies, as well as for region-specific emission reduction programs.

Enhanced waste-to-biomass conversion and reduced nitrogen emissions for black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) through modifying protein to energy ratio.

The appropriate protein to energy ratio (P/E ratio) has played a crucial role in maximizing waste-to-biomass conversion and minimizing nitrogen emissions. Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, BSFL), capable of converting organic wastes into nutrient-rich biomass, it has the potential to become an innovative solution to reduce environmental impacts and optimize waste resource utilization. However, the appropriate P/E ratio for BSFL in the waste treatment process has remained unknown so far. This study utilized several common production chain residues to prepare diets with varying P/E ratios, to observe growth performance, nutritional components, fatty acid composition, fatty acid conversion, amino acid composition, waste-to-biomass conversion, and nitrogen emission levels of the BSFL. The results indicated that by adjusting the P/E ratio within the range of 9.79-17.8mg/kJ, biomass conversion increased from 8.79% to 11.60% (an increase of 31.97%), nitrogen conversion enhanced from 27.31% to 40.99% (an increase of 50.10%), while nitrogen emissions reduced from 2.69g to 0.48g (a reduction of 82.16%). Compared to other reported methods, adjusting the P/E ratio proved more effective and cost-efficient. The P/E ratio 11.67mg/kJ is relatively more suitable for using BSFL in organic waste treatment. Due to the significant variation in nitrogen levels within typical organic waste, our research findings advocate for the mixed treatment of multiple waste types to ensure the P/E ratio close to 11.67mg/kJ. The findings will provide new insights into the application of BSFL biotransformation technology in organic waste management.

Future runoff trends in the mang river basin of China: Implications of carbon emission paths.

In recent years, the rapid development of the global economy has led to an increasing impact of the ongoing climate warming phenomenon on the hydrological cycle. In this context, the runoff changes affected by human activities are more severe. This study classifies climate scenarios based on carbon emission levels into "low-carbon" (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5) and "high-carbon" (SSP3-7.0, SSP5-8.5) dual carbon development paths, and analyzes the evolution characteristics of runoff in the Mang River Basin in the near future (2021-2060) and far future (2061-2100) through driving the SWAT model. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The suitability of the SWAT model in the Mang River Basin was confirmed with a high accuracy (R2>0.65, NSE > 0.8), and the parameters ESCO and SOL_AWC were found to have a high sensitivity to runoff. (2) Increased precipitation fluctuation and continuous temperature rise will be the climate change trend in the basin under the dual carbon pathway. It is estimated that by the end of the 21st century, the overall highest temperature will increase by 1.37-5.02°C, with temperature increases of 0.53-0.63°C/10a and 0.17-0.38°C/10a under the "high carbon" and "low carbon" pathways, respectively. Furthermore, the far future precipitation levels are expected to be higher than near future levels across various climate scenarios, with this trend being especially significant under the "low-carbon" pathway. (3) With the influence of climate change, there is a larger increase in runoff volume under the "high-carbon" pathway, with the growth rate of SSP5-8.5 being the fastest at 0.099m3/s·a, resulting in an overall runoff change of 30.65%. On the other hand, the runoff volume under the "low-carbon" pathway shows a slow growth trend, with an increasing rate that accelerates after the mid-21st century. The runoff change rates range from 0.046 to 0.079m3/s·a. (4) Climate change will significantly alter the overall runoff conditions of the basin. With the passage of time and the increase of carbon concentration emission, the impact of temperature on basin runoff will become increasingly stronger. However, precipitation was still the dominant factor leading to changes in runoff. The overall climate environment within the basin will shift towards a warmer and wetter direction. This research will help in the future to adopt appropriate measures for soil and water conservation and ecological protection strategies in ecologically vulnerable areas affected by human activities and located in different geographical basins under the background of climate change.

Estimation of the primary air pollutant emission levels of in-use gasoline vehicles and their influencing factors in Beijing, China

Estimation of the primary air pollutant emission levels of in-use gasoline vehicles and their influencing factors in Beijing, China

Experimental and modeling study of the effect of cetane improver-coupled EGR on RP-3 kerosene spray ignition and emissions

ABSTRACT To improve the ignition quality of RP-3 kerosene as a single fuel for application in direct injection diesel engines, the effect of ignition improvers and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the ignition and emission of RP-3 fuel was investigated. The ignition delays of three sets of fuels, pure RP-3, 1,2-dimethoxyethane(1,2-DME)/RP-3, and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate(2-EHN)/RP-3, were measured experimentally in a constant volume combustion chamber. The exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC, and NOx) were measured under different operating conditions, and the effect of EGR was evaluated. The kinetic analysis was performed by merging a new model. The results showed that the ignition delay of pure RP-3 fuel was shortened by 22.4% on average as the ambient pressure varied from 2.2 MPa to 4 MPa. 2-EHN promoted RP-3 ignition more effectively than 1,2-DME. The introduction of EGR in low-temperature and low-pressure conditions is more favorable for shortening the ignition delay. The addition of ignition improvers weakens the effect of EGR on ignition. Lower ambient pressures bring higher levels of emissions. 2-EHN has a more significant positive effect than 1,2-DME to reduce HC and CO emissions. 1,2-DME-doped fuels are prone to bring about a spike in NOx under high ambient temperatures. Kinetic analysis reveals that 2-EHN has a more significant effect on the first stage of ignition. For 1,2-DME/RP-3, the OH radical formation pathway is enriched with more low-temperature branched chain reactions originating.

Carbon Emissions from Northern Households based on the Emission Factor Method Impact Factor Studies

With the improvement of living standards, household carbon emissions have exhibited a significant upward trend. In northern regions, the substantial influence of seasonal heating demand results in higher energy consumption and carbon emission levels among households. However, micro-level studies examining the characteristics of per-household carbon emissions and their influencing factors in these areas remain scarce and limited. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more comprehensive research to provide a theoretical foundation for formulating precise carbon emission reduction policies and strategies. this study employs the emission coefficient method to quantify the carbon emissions resulting from energy consumption by urban and rural households in northern regions. The findings indicate that electricity consumption and transportation-related travel are prominent sources of carbon emissions among northern households; additionally, the use of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and other energy sources also contributes significantly to overall emissions. Notably, coal-fired heating has a particularly pronounced impact on household carbon emissions during winter months.

GREEN ECONOMY: ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ECO-INNOVATIONS IN UKRAINE AND THE EU

In the article, the state and dynamics of eco-innovation development in Ukraine and the European Union (EU) countries are examined, focusing on comparing the two regions. In the context of growing environmental challenges, such as climate change, eco-innovations are essential for achieving sustainable development, reducing CO2 emissions, and enhancing economic efficiency. The EU demonstrates a high level of research and development (R&D) investment and a transition to renewable energy sources. In Ukraine, there is a positive trend, although the pace of development is slower. The study conducts a regression analysis to determine the impact of R&D expenditures, the share of renewable energy, and CO2 emission levels on the eco-innovation index, confirming the significance of emission reduction as a key factor in stimulating ecological innovations. The results highlight the need to improve Ukraine’s state policy in the field of ecoinnovations, taking into account the European experience.