Electromagnetic Radiation Levels Research Articles

Research Concerning Electromagnetic Emissions from Residential On-grid PV Systems

The paper presents the results of grid power quality tests and wide frequency electromagnetic radiation level tests to which home power networks with photovoltaic systems have been subjected. The said results are meaningful from the point of view of safety and compatibility of electrical devices and the power supply system they are connected to. The tests covered stability of phase voltage and its frequency, harmonic level flicker, as well as RF radiated and emission levels. The measurements performed provide an answer to the question concerning the level of compliance of randomly selected home-installed PV systems with applicable recommendations and regulations concerning electromagnetic compatibility. The ability to meet the applicable standards translates into the health and safety of building inhabitants, which is the ultimate goal. Legal regulations concerning electromagnetic compatibility of renewable energy sources are consistent throughout the entire European Union.

Hygienic characteristic of the electromagnetic situation created by the electromagnetic radiation of the antennas of mobile base stations in Cherkasy region before and after the introduction of 4G technology

This work is part of our researches to study the distribution of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations in populated areas. The aim of this work was to study and analyze the electromagnetic situation before and after the introduction of fourth generation 4G technology at mobile base stations. We analyzed the maximum and average levels of electromagnetic radiation from mobile base stations located in Cherkasy region. The electromagnetic situation was studied both in urban areas and in rural areas. It was found that after the introduction of the fourth generation 4G technology at the mobile base stations, the levels of electromagnetic radiation in Cherkasy region increased significantly. The median of maximum levels of electromagnetic radiation increased by 155.6% (in particular, in urban areas by 194.1%), and the median of average levels - by 75.2% (in particular, in urban areas by 141.1%). No significant changes in electromagnetic radiation levels were detected before and after the modernization of mobile base stations in rural areas. It has been proven that there are no prerequisites for increasing the maximum permissible level to 100 μW/cm2 when implementing 4G and 5G technologies at mobile base stations.

Safety-Optimized Inductive Powering of Implantable Medical Devices: Tutorial and Comprehensive Design Guide.

A tutorial and comprehensive guide are presented for the design of planar spiral inductors with maximum energy delivery in biomedical implants. Rather than maximizing power transfer efficiency (PTE), the ratio of the received power to the square of the magnetic flux density is maximized in this technique. This ensures that the highest power is delivered for a given level of safe electromagnetic radiation, as measured by the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the tissue. By using quasi-static field approximations, the maximum deliverable power under SAR constraints is embedded in a lumped-element model of a 2-coil inductive link, from which planar coil geometries are derived. To compare the proposed methodology with the conventional approach that maximizes PTE, the results of both techniques are compared for three examples of state-of-the-art designs. It is demonstrated that the presented technique increases the maximum deliverable power while operating at a given level of non-ionizing radiation by factors of 8×, 410×, and 560× as compared to the three existing designs, and maintaining moderate link efficiencies of 12%, 23%, and 12%, respectively.

Automation of the development of electrodynamic objects based on the dual approach

This paper considers an approach that demonstrates the features of creating complex electrodynamic systems. In practice, the creation of such objects is associated with a decrease in the levels of electromagnetic radiation, control of the direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. The main properties of the generated automated system for assessing the quality of the electrodynamic characteristics of objects are considered. Suggestions are given on its structural diagram, the contours of the operation control and control of the restructuring of electrodynamic objects are shown. The created system for assessing the quality of electrodynamic characteristics can be useful in the design of a wide class of technical systems.

Electromagnetic energy in buildings: analysis of the effect of roof shape and treated materials

This paper introduces a scientific approach for the simulation and analysis of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) patterns indoors. It applies physics laws in analyzing EMR interaction within real-like 3-D buildings with plastered walls, illustrated by a visually scalable representation. The research objective is to investigate the effects of different roof shapes and some architectural parameters on EMR patterns in buildings using a CST simulator. The effects of new materials such as treated cement mixtures and sheets of Carbon Nanotubes composite materials are also examined. The shielding effectiveness within the zones of human activity of the model buildings are evaluated. The results identify the determinant parameters for EMR shielding and pinpoint potential locations for energy harvesting. The simulation results of the multi-layered wall are verified using MATLAB. Field measurements are performed on an actual building. The measurement results support the efficiency of the simulator in evaluating EMR levels indoors with an acceptable error.

Information-analytical model of psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of the critical infrastructure object

In this work, an information and analytical model of the psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of a critical infrastructure facility has been developed, which provides an objective process for revealing a latent negative impact on people who provide the main production process at the enterprise. It is shown that the features of management of an emergency of a terrorist nature in the interests of its prevention and prevention, caused by a hidden electromagnetic effect on the operational composition of a critical infrastructure facility, are determined by taking into account five factors. This is control over the level of electromagnetic radiation and the psycho-emotional state of the personnel of the facility, the prevention of errors of the operational staff and hidden psycho-emotional impact on him, technical counteraction of the hidden electromagnetic influence. Theoretically, there are three possible solutions to the problem. The first is the positioning of the language source. The second definition of the boundaries of the linguistic parameters of the individual in various psychophysical states. The third definition of the psychophysical state of the operator by the discrete components of his linguistic spectrum. Obtaining this model of obtaining this model is achieved by determining the psychophysiological state of the operator. The information-analytical model of the psychophysiological state of the operator of the main control panel of the critical infrastructure facility is a system of three dependencies. The first of them describes the psychophysiological state of the operator, they change during the performance of his functional duties. The second describes the i-th element of the current psychophysiological state of the operator, changes in time, and the third describes the development of anomalies in the i-th element of the psychophysiological state of the operator, making it difficult for him to perform his duties.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Radiation level in the Outdoor from Wireless Transmission Systems in Northern West Bank – Palestine

Exposure to electromagnetic fields is a major public concern due to the possible hazardous effects on health caused by exposure to these radiations. The aims of this study were to measure radiofrequency radiation levels from different wireless systems and to compare the results with the recommended limits by the World Health Organization (WHO) which should be less that 450 µw/cm2. The study was a cross-sectional study that was conducted in different cities and villages from the northern governorates in the West Bank; Jenin, Tulkarm, Nablus, Qalqilya, Tubas and Salfit. To measure the radiation levels ranging from 80 MHz to 2 GHz, a Portable Field Strength Meter with the suitable set of antennas was used. This frequency range covers the radiations from different sources as mobile phone base stations, local radio and television stations, mobile phones, Wireless Local Area Network, Bluetooth, wireless computer periphery and even microwave ovens. Points close to mobile phone base stations and local radio and television stations in addition to randomly selected points were included. The scanning process for each point was done twice and the higher reading was included in the analysis. The results were compared to the recommended limits of radiations by WHO. Also, a questionnaire was distributed to evaluate people knowledge and perception regarding radiations. A total of 2000 readings were obtained with a mean ± SD = 0.25 ± 0.214 µw/cm2. The highest reading was 1.91 µw/cm2. All the readings were below the limits of radiations recommended by the WHO. Most of the readings in the tested area 1184 (59.2%) were between 0.1 -0.45 µw/cm2 which are 1000- 4500 time less than the maximum allowed level (450 µw/cm2), 527 (26.35%) readings were <0.1 µw/cm2, 271 (13.55%) reading were between 0.45-1 µw/cm2 and the rest 17 (0.85%) were >1 µw/cm2 which were still 236-450 times less than the allowed WHO level. Regarding the questionnaire part, most of the participants use mobile phones frequently, they think radiations are dangerous and can cause cancer, they prefer not to have mobile base stations close to their living places. In this study, a scanning for all electromagnetic radiation sources caused by different sources of wireless communication systems showed theoretically no dangerous radiation levels and all the recorded levels were much lower than the recommended levels by the WHO. Most people feel afraid from radiations and think they are dangerous.

Enhancing Microwave Absorbing Properties of Nickel-Zinc-Ferrite with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) Loading at Higher Gigahertz Frequency

The rapid growth of electronic systems and devices operating within the gigahertz (GHz) frequency range has increased electromagnetic interference. In order to eliminate or reduce the spurious electromagnetic radiation levels more closely in different applications, there is strong research interest in electromagnetic absorber technology. Moreover, there is still a lack of ability to absorb electromagnetic radiation in a broad frequency range using thin thickness. Thus, this study examined the effect of incorporating magnetic and dielectric materials into the polymer matrix for the processing of radar absorbing materials. The experiment evaluated the sample preparation with different weight percentages of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) mixed with Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 (Nickel-Zinc-Ferrite) loaded into epoxy (P) as a matrix. The prepared samples were analysed by examining the reflectivity measurements in the 8 – 18 GHz frequency range and conducting a morphological study using scanning electron microscopy analyses. The correlation of the results showed that different amounts of MWCNT influenced the performance of the microwave absorber. As the amount of MWCNTs increased, the reflection loss (RL) peak shifted towards a lower frequency range and the trend was similar for all thicknesses. The highest RL was achieved when the content of MWCNTs was 2 wt% with a thickness of 2 mm with an RL of – 14 dB at 16 GHz. The 2.5 GHz bandwidth corresponded to the RL below -10 dB (90% absorption) in the range of 14.5 – 17 GHz. This study showed that the proposed experimental route provided flexible absorbers with suitable absorption values by mixing only 2 wt% of MWCNTs.

Radio frequency peak and average power density from mobile base stations in Ekiti State, Nigeria

The ever-increasing number of mobile telecommunication base station as a result of increasing demand for broadband applications has raised a growing concern and worry over the health implications and safety of the radiations from these base stations by the resident of Ekiti State and Nigeria in Nigeria. Measurement of radio frequency was conducted in this research in order to study the electromagnetic field radiation level in Ekiti State Nigeria. Investigation was conducted with the four available mobile operators with the three sub-frequency band viz 900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 2100 MHz. The power density of radio frequency radiation was estimated through measurement with the aid of A 3-Axis RF Radiation Strength Meter TM-196 and Handheld Spectrum Analyzer Model NA-773, 144/430. The peak and average power density was computed using the method of theoretical calculation and the safety distance from the antennas were estimated. The measured and the calculated values were compared with the international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) standard for public and occupational exposure level. Results show that the radiations from the base stations adheres to the standard provided by ICNIRP

Dynamic Electromagnetic Exposure Allocation for Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels

Future wearable and portable devices with multiple transmit antennas operating below 6 GHz are constrained by regulatory limitations on the level of electromagnetic radiation a user can be exposed to, measured using the specific absorption rate (SAR). Signaling designs that are optimized to include SAR constraints can improve the performance of uplink transmission. These signaling schemes could include closed-loop beamforming, closed-loop precoding, and space-time coding, which have all been shown to achieve increased rates when optimized as a function of SAR. Previous research addressed SAR constrained optimization only within a single coherence time block. In this paper, we present transmit policies that dynamically allocate user electromagnetic radiation exposure over time. We propose three exposure allocation methods - optimal, uniform, and asymptotic - in the practical case with causal channel state information (CSI), and an on-off transmission approach for the low SAR-to-noise ratio regime. Our results demonstrate that the performance of SAR-aware transmission can be further improved by exploiting frequency and time diversity.

ПОГЛОТИТЕЛИ ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ШУНГИТОВЫХ ПОРОД

In recent decades, the industries have experienced rapid development of various technologies directly or indirectly related to the emission of electromagnetic energy into the environment. The number of emitting technical means in production and in everyday life is increasing. At present, there are different ways, methods and materials to reduce the effects of electromagnetic radiation. The properties of absorbers of electromagnetic radiation (EMR), formed on the basis of domestic natural material of shungite species from the deposit of the mining company "Koksu", Almaty region, are considered. The results of the interaction of EMR with samples of materials of absorbers and the dependence of the transmission coefficients on the angle of incidence of electromagnetic waves (EMW) in the frequency range 5.3-10.6 GHz are obtained. Research in these frequency ranges is crucial and relevant with the development and transition in the future of systems and mobile cellular networks of promising generations to higher radio frequency ranges. The use of powdered shungite for the creation of EMR absorbers in ultra-high-frequency radiation (UHFR) range has not yet been studied enough. Technological values of the selected EMR absorbers in comparison with other geomaterials: strength of stone-like shungite species, high indicators of density (for example, 2.61 g/cm3 – “TS” brand; 2.49 g/cm3 – “TK” brand) and mechanical resistance, high thermal and chemical stability, low cost, good mixing with binders. The test samples provide a decrease of EMR level due to the presence of absorption effects.

The effect of alloying additives on the magnetic permeability and permittivity of ferrite spinel

Coatings made of the materials that effectively absorb radiation, e.g., ferrite materials, are used to reduce the level of electromagnetic radiation in rooms containing household or industrial equipment. It is known that significant dissipation of the radiation energy is provided by the thickness of the shielding coating which should be comparable to the length of the electromagnetic wave in the material which, in turn, significantly decreases at high values of the magnetic permeability and permittivity of the radio-absorbing material. Ferrite radio-absorbing coatings are characterized by the high heat resistance, low flammability and small (10 – 20 mm) thickness. However, at frequencies less than 40 MHz, plates with a thickness of more than 30 mm are to be used to provide the effective absorption, and the weight and cost of the coatings increase significantly. The results of studying the effect of the sintering temperature and micro-additives of titanium, calcium and bismuth oxides on the dielectric constant of Ni- and Mn-Zn radio-absorbing ferrites are presented. Reactively pure starting oxide components with a basic substance content of more than 99.6 % wt. were used to synthesize samples using traditional oxide technology. It is shown that alloying with bismuth and titanium oxides is rather effective for obtaining radio-absorbing ferrites with a combination of high values of the magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity. The obtained results can be used in production of ferrite radio- absorbing materials operating in the megahertz range.

Sensitivity of plants to high frequency electromagnetic radiation: cellular mechanisms and morphological changes

The technological advancement and increased usage of wireless and other communication devices have greatly enhanced the level of radiofrequency electromagnetic field radiation (EMF-r) in the environment. It has resulted in unprecedented increased exposure of living organisms to these radiations. Most of the studies in past have, however, focused on animal systems and comparatively less attention has been paid to plants with studies reporting various, sometimes contradictory effects. This review is an attempt to provide a critical appraisal of the available reports regarding the impacts of these radiations on plant development and the underlying physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms involved. Here, we propose that the main entry point for the biological effects of EMF-r corresponds to an increase in ROS metabolism and cytosolic calcium that leads to various cellular responses including changes in gene expression and/or enzymatic activities, which could ultimately result in immediate cellular alterations or delayed plant growth. This may constitute a new perspective in the interpretation of plant responses to EMF-r exposure. Understanding the impacts of EMF-r and the inherent abilities of plants to cope up with such changes should lead to EMF-r being considered as full-fledged environmental signals that are perceived by the plants and integrated into their development patterns.

On the Optimal Deployment of Power Beacons for Massive Wireless Energy Transfer

Wireless energy transfer (WET) is emerging as an enabling green technology for Internet of Things (IoT) networks. WET allows the IoT devices to wirelessly recharge their batteries with energy from external sources such as dedicated radio frequency transmitters called power beacons (PBs). In this paper, we investigate the optimal deployment of PBs that guarantees a network-wide energy outage constraint. Optimal positions for the PBs are determined by maximizing the average incident power for the worst location in the service area since no information about the sensor deployment is provided. Such network planning guarantees the fairest harvesting performance for all the IoT devices. Numerical simulations evidence that our proposed optimization framework improves the energy supply reliability compared to benchmark schemes. Additionally, we show that although both, the number of deployed PBs and the number of antennas per PB, introduce performance improvements, the former has a dominant role. Finally, our proposal allows to extend the coverage area while keeping the total power budget fixed, which additionally reduces the level of electromagnetic radiation in the vicinity of PBs.

The Consequence of Drinking Water, in Air and Soil with the Presence of Natural Radioactive Elements

The current work was evaluated so as to assess the impact of naturally hot components in soil and water samples. The majority of the world's covers were made up of emitting radiation components. We have taken eight consecutive research previous studied article related with the present work what we are focused. The first source of hot isotopes is deposits that can be enriched in 238 U and its girl isotopes. All the foremost necessary natural resources are water. Natural radiation and its effects on human health, plants, and mining have recently become a major environmental concern as a result of the invention of widespread inert gas levels in home air at concentrations that exceed each location. Precise activity and gamma-absorbed dose rates of terrestrial present radionuclides in edge soil were determined through gamma-ray chemical analysis. The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data on natural environmental electromagnetic radiation and radiation levels, as well as to assess the corresponding tomography health effects on individuals. precise activity and gamma-absorbed dose rates of terrestrial present radionuclides in edge soil were determined through gamma-ray chemical analysis. The goal of this study was also to collect baseline data on natural environmental electromagnetic radiation and radiation levels, as well as to assess the health effects of tomography on individuals.

Personal Dosimetry of Microwave Electromagnetic Radiation. Long-Term Experiments with a “MERA” Device

In this paper, we present the measurement results of the dynamics of the level of electromagnetic microwave radiation obtained using “MERA” personal dosimeters developed at the Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Russian Academy of Sciences. The measurements were performed under various conditions: in Russia and foreign countries, in megacities and resort areas, day and night, and in public transport and airplanes. The data obtained based on direct long-term measurements allows assessing the real electromagnetic microwave load exerted by modern means of mobile communications on the environment surrounding a person.

Hygienic strategy of mobile communication base station antennas radiofrequency electromagnetic field values modern control

Introduction. The urgency of the issue is due to the rapid development of new telecommunications and information technologies, the widespread introduction and distribution of cellular base stations (BS), which changes the conditions of contact of the population with sources of electromagnetic radiation of radio frequencies (EMR RF). The aim of the study is to summarize the results of the analysis of the project documentation for the placement of mobile radiotelephone network BS in terms of comparability of calculated and actually measured levels of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from transmitting antennas; to determine the prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS. Materials and methods. For hygienic control of EMR levels, serial broadband meters PZ-42 and NBM-550 were used; the method according to MUC 4.3.1677-03 "Determination of the levels of the electromagnetic field created by radiating technical means of television, FM radio broadcasting and base stations of land mobile radio communications". 74 BS were examined, whose antennas were a source of EMR at the frequency of 2620-2640 MHz with a power of 24.2-24.4 W. Results. The maximum length of the building restriction zone (BRZ) from the BS antennas ranged from 16 m to 101 m, regardless of the power of the radiating means, in 50% of cases the length of the BRZ was 30-45 m. In 40% of cases, BS antennas are installed on the roofs of low-rise buildings with BRZ at a height that falls to 5-10 meters from ground level. The excess of the calculated EMR values in terms of energy flux density (EFD) was determined for 50% of the BS. Instrumental measurements of EFD in 19.4% of cases showed excess remote, 11.1% - exceeding marked only by considering the expanded uncertainty (EU) measurement EFD. It was found that the values of EFD measured with EU are more closely approximated to the calculated values. Conclusions. Substantiated recommendations on whether the calculation of the era for height and length for the lower lobes in a radiation direction of antenna, recording ratio EU of the measured values of EFD for additional health human in multivariate emitters of EMR RF. The prospective tasks of hygienic control of the safety of the BS operation are defined.

IOT based Monitoring and Detection of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation Levels

EM radiations are considered as one of the major reasons for effecting and heating up the body tissues that could even burn when exposed at certain frequencies. At lower frequencies, external electric and magnetic fields induce circulating currents inside the body and radiations from EM devices are very harmful for human health. One such example is mobile phones which we always carry and utilize in our daily routines. Radiations emitted from mobile phones are harmful to human health. Hence, it is of paramount importance to detect and monitor EM radiation levels so that preventive measures could be taken to minimize or to completely avoid such radiations at prohibited areas such as Hospitals. The main aim of the proposed work is real time monitoring of the EM radiations emitted from mobile phones and comparing with FCC and ICNIRP levels that is allowed for general public. The system is mainly composed of arduino uno, RF detector and receiver, 16*2 LCD display, ESP 8266. Arduino Uno acts as a controller and responsible for converting voltage level to electric field value. RF receiver with RF detection circuit detects the radiations from the surrounding. 16*2 LCD will display electric field value. If the electric-filed value is greater than the allowed range, the piezo electric buzzer will turn on. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi module will upload the electric-field value data on the Think Speak cloud so that the radiations level can be monitored remotely. Simulation is done using proteus ISIS and finally the hardware is implemented to showcase the results.

Методика расчета геометрических характеристик экрана биологической защиты для радиолокационных станций

Protection of radar stations personnel and equipment from electromagnetic radiation is of great practical importance. Its key element is a special biological protection screen that prevents radiation from entering the protected area or significantly reduces the level of the electromagnetic field in it. Today, despite a significant number of works devoted to the problem of engineering protection from radiation exposure and the creation of new effective structures and materials for protective screens, both in our country and abroad, there is no single method that allows to determine the geometric characteristics of the protective screen based on data on the configuration and parameters of the radar station. This method should be based not only on the analysis of the beam path in the approximation of geometric optics, but also take into account the diffraction effects at the edge of the screen, which lead to the penetration of electromagnetic radiation into the zone of its geometric shadow. Moreover, the diffraction effects, taking into account the sufficiently large wavelengths of radiation from the radio range and the distances between the screen and the protected structures, will be a significant factor in terms of radio wave propagation, which cannot be ignored when designing protective screens. The method for calculating the geometric characteristics of biological protection screens from electromagnetic radiation from radar stations is considered in the article. At its first stage, the energy flux density in the protected zone is determined in the absence of a biological protection screen for subsequent comparison with the maximum permissible levels regulated by sanitary rules and norms.  The thickness of the protective screen and the material from which it should be made, the geometric characteristics of the screen, and the influence of diffraction phenomena on these characteristics are shown. The characteristics of biological protection screens were calculated considering the requirements for the level of electromagnetic radiation in the protected area.