Level Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Leading and lagging role between financial stress and crude oil

PurposeThe crude oil market plays a key role in addressing the issue of energy economics. This paper aims to detect the causality relationship between the crude oil market and economy based on the financial system.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used the static and dynamic Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda–Yamamoto and Diebold–Yilmaz connectedness index. The Hatemi-J Bootstrap Toda-Yamamoto approach allows researchers to use nonstationary data and that method is robust to nonnormal distribution and heteroscedasticity. The Diebold–Yilmaz connectedness index model provides researchers to detect the power of connectedness besides linkage direction. The analyzed period is the span from January 3, 2005 to October 3, 2022.FindingsThe results show bidirectional causality in the full sample but unidirectional causality before and after the 2008 financial crisis. During the 2008 financial crisis period and the COVID-19 period, there was a bidirectional and unidirectional causality, respectively. The connectedness approach indicates that the crude oil market affects financial stress through investors’ risk preferences.Research limitations/implicationsThe Diebold–Yilmaz spillover index model is based on vector autoregression methods with a stationarity precondition. However, some of the five dimensions that constitute the financial stress index (FSI) are nonstationary in level. Therefore, the authors takes the first difference of the nonstationary data.Practical implicationsThe linkage between the crude oil market and the FSI provides useful information for investors and policymakers. For instance, this paper indicates that an investor wanted to forecast future value of the crude oil (financial stress) should consider the current and past values of financial stress (crude oil). Moreover, policymaker should consider the crude oil market (FSI) to make a policy proposal for financial system (crude oil market).Originality/valueRecently, indicators of economic activity levels (economic policy uncertainty, implied volatility index) have begun to be considered to analyze the relationship between energy and the economy but very little is known in the literature about the leading and lagging roles of data in subsample periods and the linkage channel. The other originality of this research is using the new econometric approaches.

Optimized blockchain network model for 6G cellular vehicle‐to‐everything communication

AbstractRoad safety of electric cars has required large and fast data flow. The six‐generation (6G) networks that provide hyper‐speed, ultra‐reliable, and minimal delay meet the requirements. Data reliability can be supported with popular blockchain technology, which is still widely accepted as a decentralized data management system. This article used an optimum path with the highest signal‐to‐noise constraints for the proposed algorithms. The essential requirement of error‐free data transmission for high‐speed and large data has been successfully implemented. Three‐stage implementations are suggested. The edge computers at the partners are used as storage to resolve the first level. A C‐V2X network solution is used to resolve the second level of economic activity. A two‐stage optimization strategy is used to consider the last level of high network transaction levels. The results of the newly introduced optimization algorithms are simulated and contrasted with those of a traditional, time‐consuming step‐by‐step calculation method. The introduced algorithms tested with real‐time experimental signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) values, giving successful results.

Estimating the Disparate Quantitative Cumulative Impact of ASUU Strike on the Economic Growth: Evidence from North-East Nigeria

The study explores estimating the disparate quantitative cumulative impact of ASUU-strike on the economic growth: Evidence from North-East Nigeria. First, we study strike actions by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) in Nigeria and recent changes in the actions of the employer (Federal-Government-of-Nigeria), using primary data collection from each of the Federal and State own Universities of the six states of the North-Eastern Nigeria demographics over the period 2022-2023. We employed structured questionnaires and random sampling distribution to gather data for analysis. Next, we used panel data analysis to estimate data collected with particular emphasis on random effect. We find that the average effect of food-vendors, taxi-drivers & Okada-riders, landlord, banks domiciled on campuses and stationary sellers over ASUU-Strikes when all these independent variables changes across time and between universities increases by 1%, ASUU-Strikes decreases the incomes of food-vendors, taxi-drivers & Okada-riders, landlord, banks domiciled on campuses and stationary-sellers by about 2%, 3,9%, 9.3%, 14.7% and 9% respectively, holding all other predictors constant. We discuss implications for policy, indicating that ASUU-strike affects the level of economic activities of businesses domiciled in the university system and neighborhood-shops around the university campuses thereby further depresses nation’s economy. Finally, we make recommendations.

Efficiency traps beyond the climate crisis: exploration-exploitation trade-offs and rebound effects.

Higher levels of economic activity are often accompanied by higher energy use and consumption of natural resources. As fossil fuels still account for 80% of the global energy mix, energy consumption remains closely linked to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and thus to climate change. Under the assumption of sufficiently elastic demand, this reality of global economic development based on permanent growth of economic activity, brings into play the Jevons Paradox, which hypothesises that increases in the efficiency of resource use leads to increases in resource consumption. Previous research on the rebound effects has limitations, including a lack of studies on the connection between reinforcement learning and environmental consequences. This paper develops a mathematical model and computer simulator to study the effects of micro-level exploration-exploitation strategies on efficiency, consumption and sustainability, considering different levels of direct and indirect rebound effects. Our model shows how optimal exploration-exploitation strategies for increasing efficiency can lead to unsustainable development patterns if they are not accompanied by demand reduction measures, which are essential for mitigating climate change. Moreover, our paper speaks to the broader issue of efficiency traps by highlighting how indirect rebound effects not only affect primary energy (PE) consumption and GHG emissions, but also resource consumption in other domains. By linking these issues together, our study sheds light on the complexities and interdependencies involved in achieving sustainable development goals. This article is part of the theme issue 'Climate change adaptation needs a science of culture'.

The Kaldor–Verdoorn law at the age of robots and AI

This paper contributes to the literature around the Kaldor–Verdoorn law and analyses the impact of robotisation on the channels through which the law shapes labour-productivity growth. We start with a simple evolutionary reinterpretation of the law that combines Kaldorian and neo-Schumpeterian arguments. We then apply a GMM estimator to a panel of 17 industries in 25 OECD capitalist economies for the period 1990–2018. After elaborating on the general evidence of the evolutionary interpretation of the law, the estimates suggest a positive influence from robotisation: a higher robot density strengthens both the channel that ties labour productivity dynamics with mechanisation, and the one connected with the general advancement of science and technology which joins productivity to aggregate demand. This overall result is robust to several specifications of the underlying econometric model. Moreover, we find some evidence of technological unemployment out of the macroeconomic factor. Results agree with the empirical literature that suggests different impacts from robotisation on the basis of the level of economic activity considered.

Macroeconomic Drivers of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to Nigeria: Analysis of Shocks and Long-Run Causation

This study seeks to underscore the extent to which macroeconomic vectors cause foreign direct investment inflows using cointegration, vector error correction, impulse response functions, and variance decomposition techniques against annual Nigerian data from 1986 through 2020. It also attempts to unravel how FDI inflows respond to macroeconomic shocks. The results indicate that, in the long-run, interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, level of economic activity and growth, and degree of trade openness of the economy significantly cause FDI inflows to Nigeria. Whereas the direction of causation is positive for inflation, exchange rate and trade openness of the economy, it was negative for level of economic activity and interest rate. FDI inflows responded to shocks in the above independent variables in different directions, some positively for a designated time, while some negatively at other periods. Generally, shocks in the independent variables jointly affected the shocks in FDI from the second through the tenth periods of innovations. Policy implications favor government action to lower interest rate, maintain mild inflation and moderate devaluation of the Naira against the currencies of trading partners, among others.

Amount A vs Article 12B: One Size May Not Fit All

In this article, the authors attempt to compare the tax revenues that may be raised by certain middle-income countries under the Amount A and under an alternative multilateral tax regime based on the principles of article 12B of the UN Model Convention. The authors’ results indicate that while some middle-income countries may be better off under the Amount A regime, others may prefer the alternative regime based on the article 12B principles. The choice between these alternatives depends on factors such as the domestic economic activities of multinational enterprises in scope of Amount A, the level of domestic economic activities of companies engaged in automated digital services, the design of the taxation regime based on article 12B, and the specifics of double tax relief policies by the countries that host either companies in scope of Amount A or in scope of article 12B. The authors also offer some thoughts on how the multinational regime based on article 12B may coexist with Amount A under Pillar One.

Analisis Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja pada Sektor Parawisata di Indonesia

The tourism industry is considered as the only effective strategy to enhance the level of economic activity in the general population. However, it cannot be denied that compared to other market sectors, this sector has stronger potential. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of investment, wages, and tourist visits on employment within the Indonesian recreation industry. This study utilizes a quantitative panel data approach for the years 2007-2021. The panel data, which employs a quantitative approach, is referred to as pooling. The current research employs regression analysis using multiple lines to determine the effects of investment, minimum wages, and tourist visits on the workforce in the tourism sector in Indonesia from 2007 to 2021. The data used in this study consists of panel data collected between 2007 and 2021, employing non-participant observation techniques for statistical database purposes. The research findings indicate that the F-test results for investment, minimum wages, and tourist visits do not significantly influence the employment practices within the tourism sector. The coefficient of determination is less than 0.570 or 57%, indicating that 57% of the variation can be explained by factors not included in the model. On the other hand, based on the investment test results and the number of new members, the situation in the Indonesian tourism sector has not improved. Conversely, there is evidence that the implementation of the workforce in the Indonesian public sector has progressed.

Wachstum oder Schrumpfung? Eine Frage der Entkopplung

Abstract Is Germany‘s real GDP still allowed to grow in the coming years if the country wants to be climate neutral by 2045, or will the economy have to shrink? This question is a controversial issue in science and politics. However, this macroeconomic indicator is not the variable on which economic policy should be focused. Decisive for the question of whether climate neutrality is compatible with economic growth is the emissions intensity of the economy – and thus the extent to which it is possible to decouple the level of greenhouse gas emissions from the level of economic activity. The goal of economic policy should be to reduce emissions intensity sufficiently so that GDP does not have to shrink in order to become climate neutral by 2045.

Threshold Effect in the Bank Lending Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission and the Role of Bank Portfolio Deterioration: A PSTR Specification in the WAEMU Zone

The objective of this paper is to analyse the influence of monetary policy on credit supply in the WAEMU zone over the period 1996-2017. The study focuses on the WAEMU countries, except for Guinea-Bissau, due to the unavailability of sufficient data. We apply the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model of Gonzalez et al. (2005). The results reveal the non-linearity of the link between monetary policy and credit supply. There is a threshold of credit risk exposure of 8.726% above which monetary policy loses its effectiveness. Indeed, monetary policy has a positive effect on the supply of credit when the value of the gross bank portfolio deterioration rate is less than or equal to the threshold of 8.726% and an insignificant effect above this threshold. Above this threshold, the link between monetary policy and bank credit supply is distended. In this case, it is the level of economic activity that stimulates the supply of bank credit in this area. These results indicate that the effectiveness of the monetary policy conducted by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), through the bank credit channel, should take into account the level of credit risk attained by banks. Thus, the study recommends that the authorities further strengthen prudential supervision within the WAEMU.

Features of employment in a singleindustry town on the example of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod oblast

The article describes the main features of the labor market in Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod oblast, analyzes employment strategies of the population from different property groups. Due to its geographical location, socio-demographic structure, Pavlovo was chosen as an example of a typical small town in the European part of Russia. The article presents the results of sociological survey conducted in 2011 and 2021. The 2011 survey was carried out by the Institute of Socio-Economic Studies of Population of the FCTAS RAS (Moscow) and Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod) with participation of the universities of Glasgow (Scotland) and Uppsala (Sweden). The 2021 survey — by the Center for the Study of Social Systems, the Department of Sociology of Project Activity and Pro-Competitive Regulation of the Lobachevsky State University of Nizhniy Novgorod., the universities of Glasgow (Scotland), Uppsala (Sweden) with the support of the Scientific Information Center, Nizhny Novgorod. As a result of the cluster analysis, four social groups were identified that differ from each other in socio-economic characteristics and strategies of behavior in the labor market. The relationship between the level of education and the position on the labor market is clearly visible. In the group of affluent households, there are more people who have higher education. Higher education and qualification level allow one to occupy higher-paying positions, diversify career strategies even in a single-industry city. While in low-income families, the share of those who are employed in the industrial sector, in particular, at the city-forming enterprise, is higher. Affluent households show the greatest economic activity, while combining additional ways of earning with the main specialty. It is important to note that the lower the family income level, the less often they use the opportunities for additional earnings. People of retirement age, while maintaining an average level of economic activity and sufficient labor potential (education, skill level), are quite severely limited in employment opportunities. Factors reducing the material well-being of family are the presence of minor children, the position of a single parent, the status of a pensioner. Those living alone are also often low-income, especially women.

Influence of Sensory Impairments on Incidence of Dementia in the Korean Population.

Previous studies have shown the influence of visual and auditory sensory impairment on dementia incidence. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the incidence of dementia will increase with visual and auditory impairments than with visual or auditory impairment. Data from the Korea National Health Insurance Service database were used, including disease and medication codes from 2009 to 2018, and the 2011 national health check-up results. Participants were grouped based on their sensory abilities: normal, visual impairment, auditory impairment, and both visual and auditory impairments (dual sensory impairment). To compare the incidence of dementia, hazard ratios were calculated for each group, with reference to the normal sensory (NS) group. Sensitivity analyses were performed comparing dementia incidence from 2014 to 2018, excluding the onset of the disease in 2012 and 2013. We identified 8,289 cases of dementia during the seven-year follow-up. In the multiple Cox regression analysis, adjusted for sex, social economic status, age, comorbidities, smoking, alcohol consumption, and activity level, the auditory impairment (hazard ratio= 1.1908) and visual impairment (hazard ratio=1.3553) groups showed a significantly higher dementia incidence than the NS group. Dual sensory impairment (hazard ratio=1.5267) showed the highest incidence. The sensitivity analysis yielded similar results. Visual and auditory impairments are associated with an increased risk of dementia, particularly in individuals with dual sensory impairment. Hence, visual and auditory impairments might have increased the risk of dementia through independent pathological processes. Therefore, preventing and correcting sensory impairment is necessary to reduce the risk of dementia.

Evaluating a pathway for environmental sustainability: the role of energy mix and research and development in European countries.

Within the European Union (EU), the majority of countries are considered developed, and the level of economic activity is rising. As a result, carbon dioxide emissions have increased. If the European Union wants to maintain long-term, sustainable growth, it must act quickly to find solutions to pollution. Population, wealth, renewable energy, nuclear energy, and research and development (R&D) are all factored into the STIRPAT model to determine their respective environmental impacts. Slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence are explored in panel data for 30 European nations from 1990 to 2021 using a newly developed Cross Section Autoregressive Distributed Lag (CS-ARDL) method. The study found that population growth and the continued use of fossil fuels are major causes of environmental degradation. Alternately, employing renewable and raising incomes both have the potential to significantly cut pollution over the long run. Likewise, investments in R&D assist lessen the damage done to the environment. The nuclear energy coefficients, however, are insignificant. However, fossil fuels have negative effects on the ecosystem. If the EU wishes to stop the degradation of the environment, the analysis demonstrates that renewable energy is the best way to do it. The time has come for the EU to make a gradual transition away from fossil fuels and toward more environmentally friendly alternatives. Economic growth should be matched by decreased CO2 emissions, and increasing investment in R&D can serve as a catalyst for environmental sustainability. The results were reviewed using three different estimators: the augmented mean group (AMG), the mean group (MG), and the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG). Important policy recommendations for a sustainable European environment are also suggested by the research.

Australian housing markets, the COVID-19 pandemic and black swan events

PurposeThis study aims to examine the impact of lending liquidity on house prices especially during black swan events such as the Global Financial Crisis of 2007–08 and COVID-19. Homeownership is an important goal for many, and house prices are a significant driver of household wealth and the wider economy. This study argues that excessive liquidity from central banks may be driving house price increases, despite negative changes to fundamental drivers. This study contributes to the literature by examining lending liquidity as a driver of house prices and evaluating the efficacy of fiscal policies aimed at boosting liquidity during black swan events.Design/methodology/approachThis study aims to examine the impact of quantitative easing on Australian house prices during back swan events using data from 2004 to 2021. All macroeconomic and financial data are freely available from official sources such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics and the nation's Central Bank. Methodology wise, given the problematic nature of the data such as a mixed order of integration and the possibility of cointegration among some of the I(1) variables, the auto-regressive distributed lag model was selected given its flexibility and relative lack of assumptions.FindingsThe Australian housing market continued to perform well during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the house price index reaching an unprecedented high towards the end of 2021. Research using data from 2004 to 2021 found a consistent positive relationship between house prices and housing finance, as well as population growth and the value of work commenced on residential properties. Other traditional drivers such as the unemployment rate, economic activity, stock prices and income levels were found to be less significant. This study suggests that quantitative easing implemented during the pandemic played a significant role in the housing market's performance.Originality/valueGiven the severity of COVID-19, policymakers have responded with fiscal and monetary measures that are unprecedented in scale and scope. The full implications of these responses are yet to be completely understood. In Australia, the policy interest rate was reduced to a historic low of 0.1%. In the following periods house prices appreciated by over 20%. The efficacy of quantitative easing and associated fiscal policies aimed at boosting liquidity to mitigate the impact of black swan events such as the pandemic has yet to be tested empirically. This study aims to address that paucity in literature by providing such evidence.

Peculiarities of the forensic characteristics of appropriation and waste committed by the employees of the agro-industrial enterprise

The article is devoted to the elements of the forensic characteristics of appropriation and waste committed by the employees of the agro-industrial enterprise, which include the method, subject, setting and traces of the crime, as well as the identity of the criminal. In addition, the author established that the method of committing a criminal offense related to embezzlement and/or embezzlement by an employee of an agroindustrial enterprise is certain conscious actions of an official or materially responsible person of a given agro-industrial enterprise, aimed at preparing and achieving a certain illegal beneficial result on its benefitIt is noted that encroachment on the property of an agro-industrial enterprise, which is carried out through appropriation and embezzlement by its employees, can be conventionally divided into the following types: methods of encroachment on property by responsible persons from warehouses (for example, the creation of unaccounted surplus material values with their subsequent illegal possession, illegal write-off of material values, overestimation of the actual amount or value of material values used by the enterprise) and methods of encroachment on property during the transportation of agricultural products by persons to whom it is entrusted (for example, creation of unaccounted surpluses, alienation of property at low prices).The author proved that the situation of embezzlement and embezzlement committed by employees of an agro-industrial enterprise can be attributed to insufficient control and gaps in accounting and accounting, a low level of economic activity, improper or insufficient control over the transportation and preservation of property, as well as the possibility of uncontrollably changing the process production, collection or transportation of agricultural products.It was also concluded that the person of the criminal of this category of criminal offenses is always characterized by specific features. First of all, it should be noted that the subject of embezzlement and embezzlement can be both a private and an official person. In addition, they have a high level of intelligence and education, knowledge of all production and transportation processes, and appropriate professional knowledge.

Analisis Fungsi Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Surabaya

The realization of economic growth and development cannot be separated from the support of the allocation of funds used to make it happen. These expenditures will increase aggregate spending and increase the level of economic activity in the country (Sukirno, 2004). From this aspect, research was carried out using a qualitative descriptive method originating from the BPS City of Surabaya. The results obtained by the regional budget in the city of Surabaya from 2018 – 2020 have fluctuated. In 2019 the regional budget for the City of Surabaya increased by 26.24% while it decreased in the following year by 22.18%. While in 2019 Surabaya City's GRDP increased by 6.08%, but in 2020 it decreased by 4.85% due to Covid-19.

Vliv socioekonomického statusu na výskyt depresivních symptomů v populaci Česka – výsledky EHIS 2019

This paper examines the effect of socioeconomic factors (including achieved level of educational attainment, economic activity, and income) on the occurrence of depressive symptoms in the Czech population. The analyses are based on the cross-sectional European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) from 2019. The results of these analyses show the individual and also combined effect of education, economic activity, and income. The odds ratio of depressive symptoms is the highest among respondents with primary education, those who are unemployed, and those with lower income. Socioeconomic status is significantly associated with depressive symptoms.

MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF UKRAINE AND DYNAMICS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT IN THE CURRENT REALITIES

The purpose of the article is to analyse the key macroeconomic factors that determine the general state and dynamics of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine in modern realities. The methodological basis of the study is the generalisation of the results of applied research in the field of economics, scientific works, statistical data, which highlight some aspects of the development of the modern Ukrainian economy. Results. The modern conditions in which the Ukrainian economy is forced to operate against the backdrop of military escalation have a corresponding impact on the state and dynamics of its macroeconomic environment, and thus on the level of economic activity of all business entities. The article analyses the peculiarities of the development of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine in the period before the full-scale military invasion and in the first year of the war. The study analyses such structuring macroeconomic factors of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine as the availability and accessibility of natural resources, the sectoral composition of the national economy, the state and development of the markets for goods and services, the state and development of the financial market, and analyses the main indicators of economic development. Practical implications. The practical results can be used as a basis for further research: on ways to improve the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine; on financial support for the recovery of the national economy and, accordingly, improvement of the dynamics of the macroeconomic environment of Ukraine; on the prospects for transformation of certain macroeconomic factors of the macroeconomic environment: in particular, in the electricity market by introducing renewable energy technologies; in the markets for goods and services by introducing the principles of the "green" economy in industrial production; in the sectoral composition of the national economy by increasing the role of technology and innovation in economic activity, etc. Value/originality. The results of the study provide a deeper understanding of the role and importance of the dynamics of the country's macroeconomic environment in the economic activity of business entities, as well as an assessment of the economic consequences of the war on the state of Ukraine's macroeconomic environment.

A threshold model of urban development

We propose a simple model of distribution of economic activity across cities of endogenous size and number determined by individual incentives. The individuals populating our model are endowed with idiosyncratic entrepreneurial creativity, the realization of which requires urban agglomeration linked to a crowding cost. Focusing on the dynamics of urban development, our predictions include a U-shaped relation between well-known measures of urbanization and urban primacy, a hypothesis that we test empirically using World Bank data. Our findings complement a growing consensus on U-shaped relations between level and concentration of economic activity across a broad set of applications.

INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE METHODOLOGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE HROMADAS: GENERAL IDEA AND EXAMPLE OF SMART CITY INFRASTRUCTURE

The purpose of the study is the development of analytical tools and organizational and economic mechanisms for the post-war restoration of sustainable development of territories based on the infrastructural and service methodology of the development of innovative hromadas as a basis for ensuring the well-being of local hromadas to avoid the social, environmental and economic problems of war and their approval within the framework of pilot infrastructural and service projects. Methodology. The research is based on the approach of R. Jochimsen, who, in one of the first system descriptions, defined infrastructure as a set of material (production), institutional and individual conditions available to economic agents, which condition integration and the maximum level of economic activity. It is also worth considering the idea that the main differences of the neo-industrial paradigm of local hromada development lie in competent participation based on self-organization, multisubjectivity and decentralization of social relations based on cooperation and communicative equality, and the orientation of society towards the realization of human potential. Innovative hromadas correspond to these trends and provide an effective solution to the primary task of the service-oriented system, which consists in the development of a service policy capable of ensuring the inclusion of existing resources and functional potential of territories to ensure dynamic, balanced, complex socio-economic development. The infrastructure-service approach includes the maximum satisfaction of human needs and desires, as well as the creation of working and living conditions, and aims to meet the needs of the hromada by attracting and retaining human resources through the development of services and infrastructure. Practical implications. The results of the research have applied socio-economic significance and are aimed at solving the important problem of post-war restoration of sustainable development of territories through the design of service provision and use of resource potential of local innovative hromadas. The main result of the application of the developed methodology is the scientific substantiation of the organizational and economic support for the post-war restoration of the sustainable development of territories based on the infrastructure-service methodology of the development of innovative hromadas and the development of the corresponding analytical toolkit, which will allow its adaptive use within the framework of intelligent specialization. Scientific and methodological approaches will be developed to determine the role of infrastructure and service clusters for the well-being of hromadas, based on a consideration of their impact on human capital and its components. Value/originality. Compared to existing analogues, the proposed approach is systemic, takes into account the specifics of innovative activity and covers the entire range of tasks for managing infrastructure and service factors of sustainable development.