Levels Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE IN RUSSIA AND IN THE WORLD

The authors of the article present modern approaches to the assessment of the value of human life abroad and in contemporary Russia, which can be used to determine the fair amount of compensation payments to victims in emergency situations of various natures. To this end, a wide range of initial data was used: the results of Russian and international sociological surveys, statistics of Rosstat, the World Bank, and other international databases. The analysis of the legislation carried out by the authors showed that the value of human life in Russia fixed in the normative acts is from 0.5 to 9.2 million roubles. The authors obtained estimates of material losses for the national economy due to the premature death of the average person as a result of emergency situations and for the individual household — they amount to 31.7 and 7.9–10.5 million roubles respectively (in 2017 prices). The authors also provided estimates of the value of the life of the average person in Russia, obtained on the basis of sociological surveys conducted in 2017. The average value of human life in Russia, obtained by methods of sociology, is 5.2 million roubles; the median value is 1.4 million roubles. The article presents the author’s method of assessing the value of human life, taking into account the material and moral damage caused to the family of the deceased, built on the balance of average life expectancy, per capita final consumption, and satisfaction of the population of different countries with their lives. As an equivalent of people’s satisfaction with their lives, the authors also used data on the level of domestic violence in society and the balance of migration flows, both at the national and regional levels. Within the framework of this method, the value of the life of the average person is the average increase in the level of individual consumption, necessary to restore a normal level of satisfaction with their lives in conditions of increased mortality and reduction of the average life expectancy. The article presents also the author’s calculations performed by this method for different groups of countries. It is shown that the total value of human life in the world as a whole is 4.6–4.7 million uS dollars in 2011 prices. In the group of countries with per capita consumption of more than 10 thousand uS dollars the value of human life reaches 18.5 million dollars per year. In the group of countries with incomes below this mark, the value of human life reaches 0.5–1.9 million dollars. According to the authors, in Russia, the “value” of human life should be 51–61 million roubles in the prices of 2017 (about 1 million uS dollars depending on the official exchange rate). The results of the study of the quantitative assessment of the value of human life in Russia are correlated with the conclusions about the social need for just compensation of the damage suffered by the families of the victims of natural, man-made and other emergencies.

Level of Education versus Level of Domestic Violence in Islamabad

Level of Education versus Level of Domestic Violence in Islamabad

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda

Domestic violence is a global public health problem. It is prevalent in both the developed world and developing countries. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that are associated with domestic violence against women of reproductive age in Rwanda. The data from the 2014/2015 Rwanda demographic and health survey were used. Generalized linear mixed model was used to account for random effects, overdispersion of residual and heterogeneity. The findings of this study revealed that wealth quintiles, education level of the husband or partner, polygamy, alcohol status of husband or partner, size of the family, number of sexual partners including the husband in the last 12 months, the province the victim lived in, the ownership of an asset in the form of a house or land and the societal attitude towards wife-beating, were the determinants of domestic violence in women of reproductive age. The findings of the risk factors in the current study can help the policy makers, public health workers and institutions in charge of gender monitoring in Rwanda to come up with effective strategies to reduce the domestic violence levels directed against women.

Determinants of Domestic Violence in Women of Reproductive Age in Rwanda

Domestic violence is a global public health problem. It is prevalent in both the developed world and developing countries. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that are associated with domestic violence against women of reproductive age in Rwanda. The data from the 2014/2015 Rwanda demographic and health survey were used. Generalized linear mixed model was used to account for random effects, overdispersion of residual and heterogeneity. The findings of this study revealed that wealth quintiles, education level of the husband or partner, polygamy, alcohol status of husband or partner, size of the family, number of sexual partners including the husband in the last 12 months, the province the victim lived in, the ownership of an asset in the form of a house or land and the societal attitude towards wife-beating, were the determinants of domestic violence in women of reproductive age. The findings of the risk factors in the current study can help the policy makers, public health workers and institutions in charge of gender monitoring in Rwanda to come up with effective strategies to reduce the domestic violence levels directed against women.

Violence as a key manifestation of social problems in Bosnia and Herzegovina

The term ‘social problem’ was first introduced as a synonym for ‘illnesses’ under unfavorable social-economic conditions [9]. Social problems are considered by social science when it comes to their negative consequences for satisfying one’s needs and self-realization [15]. According to R. Metron and R. Nisbet, social problems are “the result of mismatch between social values and reality; the effect of social causes that are considered unfavorable; they can be manifest and latent; they have social consequences and determine planned and meaningful social actions” [10. P. 156]. The article focuses on the social problems in a part of Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) - the Republic of Srpska - to prevent and minimize them even in their most sociopathic forms. The empirical study was conducted on the sample of 220 respondents (105 male and 113 female) from October 2016 to January 2017 in seven municipalities of the Republic of Srpska as a part of B&H. The author wanted to estimate the respondents’ awareness of certain notions related to the pathological sexual assaults (paraphilias) and on the level of domestic violence in particular against women. The study combined empirical and theoretical parts to test the authors’ hypotheses. Among them an assumption that many respondents do not know the meaning and are not in any other ways familiar with different types of paraphilias. Another author’s assumption was that women of the Republic of Srpska are more exposed to specific types of violence, which is still not enough discussed in public due to the traditional communicative and social barriers. The third author’s hypothesis was that women are more exposed to psychological and physical violence due to unfavorable social-economic conditions. To prove this the author used statistical data to assess the relationship of different features of the sample and reveal the factors affecting the development and changes in the above mentioned social problems. If the factors considered in the article are not publicly recognized and discussed the current situation will lead to the highly deviant (delinquent) behaviour that will turn into a socially acceptable model and determine serious negative consequences for the society.

Community based intervention to prevent domestic violence against women in the reproductive age in Northwestern Ethiopia: a protocol for quasi-experimental study

BackgroundViolence against women is a well understood devastating global pandemic, and human right violation. One in three women experienced intimate partner violence worldwide. In Ethiopia, the level of domestic violence against women is one of the highest in the world. However, Ethiopia is signatory for various conventions and incorporated in legal frameworks. Nevertheless, effective implementation of the existing policy documents, and engaging different stakeholders is very limited. Therefore, we aimed to pilot feasibility of implementing available research evidence and policy documents at community level to prevent domestic violence against women in Awi zone, northwestern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based quasi-experimental study design will be employed using mixed method. Multistage stratified systematic sampling and purposive sampling will be used to recruit quantitative and qualitative study participants, respectively. A total of 1,269 women will be participated in the intervention, active comparator and control groups. Pre and post-test quantitative data will be collected using face-to-face interview. Qualitative data will be collected through in-depth, key informant interview and focus group discussions. Intervention: advocacy meeting will be held to persuade local politicians and sustain the implementation of community based intervention to prevent domestic violence against women. Community representatives will be trained to enhance peer education to promote community awareness and engage stakeholders to transform the traditional gender norm within local context. Awareness creation and husband involvement will be made through integrating the intervention with community health extension program. Only husband involvement will not be promoted in the active comparator to test the role of husband involvement on the domestic violence prevention activities. Intervention progress will be monitored regularly. Gathered data will be entered in Epidata and exported to SPSS (23.0) software for analysis. Descriptive statistics, logistic regressions, intention to treat analysis and difference in differences will be computed. Qualitative data will be transcribed, color coded, thematically analyzed and arranged using Nvivo.DiscussionThis interventional study is aimed to design, pilot and translate proven research evidence, agreed conventions and country policy document to real setting implementation. We are expecting to initiate implementation of culturally acceptable intervention through engaging stakeholders. Policy makers, planners and any concerned bodies will be benefited.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03265626

Elder abuse within the family environment in the Azores Islands

ABSTRACTObjectives:to dimension abuse against vulnerable adults within the family and community environment in the Azores Islands, identify risk factors for abuse and describe the profile of an abused elder. Method:descriptive cross-sectional study. Random sampling. The instruments used were: clinical histories of the users, Mini-Mental State Examination, Index of Independence in Basic Activities of Daily Living, Family APGAR Scale, Elder Abuse Suspicion Index and Social Work Assessment Form. Descriptive statistical analysis was used for qualitative and quantitative variables and multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with elder mistreatment. Results:abuse suspicion was identified in 24.5% of elderly participants. Psychological abuse was the most common type of abuse and sons were the main abusers. Conclusion:being a woman and belonging to a dysfunctional family is associated with an increased risk of becoming a victim of abuse; the high level of domestic violence against the elderly in the Azores Islands is in line with the rest of Portugal.

MISSING PIECE IN THE PUZZLE: The health sector’s role in implementing the DVA

Successful implementation of the Domestic Violence Act is impeded by the absence of specific duties and responsibilities for health sector personnel. This article considers the role that the health sector could play. Although amending the Act would be ideal, alternatives include standardising domestic violence screening guidelines and developing an abuse management protocol for the effective implementation of the DVA. In this way, the health sector can make a significant contribution to reducing levels of domestic violence.

Gender Perception, Female Downgrading and Domestic Violence among Married Couples in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study was designed to investigate gender perception, female downgrading and domestic violence among couples in Cross River State. the ext-post factor research design was used in this study. The major independent variables for the study were gender perception and female downgrading while domestic violence was dependent variable. Four research hypotheses were formulated to guide the research in this study. The sample for the study was 800 married couples, made up of 546 males and 254 females, a stratified random sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used to get the subjects for the study. The major instrument for the data collection was four-point likert type scale called Gender Perception and Female Domestic Violence Questionnaire (GPFDVQ). The responses obtained from the instrument were coded, scored and analyzed statistically; group means and standard deviation were calculated. The independent t-test and Pearson Product Moment Correlation were used to analyze the data. All the four hypotheses were tested at 0.5 level of significance based on the result of data analyzed. The following findings were made: (1) couples with negative self-concept, (2) there is a significant positive relationship between gender perception and the level of domestic violence among couples. The higher unfavourable perception of gender the higher the level of domestic violence among couples and (3) there is a significant negative relationship between female downgrading and the level of domestic violence among couples. Counselling implications as well as conclusion were made to make for a happy family life. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6s1p423

Domestic Violence and Football in Glasgow: Are Reference Points Relevant?

A growing body of evidence suggests that people exhibit loss aversion – the displeasure from suffering a loss is larger than the pleasure enjoyed from an equivalent‐sized gain – and that expectations are important in determining what is perceived as a loss. Recent research suggests that disappointing results in sporting fixtures relative to prematch expectations play an important role in triggering domestic violence (Card and Dahl, 2011), consistent with the idea of loss aversion around expectations‐based reference points. This paper seeks to investigate whether such behaviour is exhibited by football fans in Glasgow by looking at the relationship between match outcomes relative to expectations and levels of domestic violence using a data set that contains every domestic violence incident in Glasgow over a period of more than eight years. Whilst we find that when the ‘Old‐Firm’ Glasgow rivals Celtic and Rangers play there are large increases in domestic violence (regardless of the outcome of the match), in other matches disappointing results relative to expectations are not linked to increased domestic violence, except when those matches occur at the very end of the season where the title is still being contended.

Gender Violence in the European Union Member States: Evolving Protections for Migrant Victims

Migrant domestic violence victims in the European Union that lack legal immigration status are extremely vulnerable. That this need should be addressed has been recognized through international and regional agreements that apply to all European Union member states. This article explores the types of protections that European Union member states have put in place through an examination of four country case studies. The article concludes that while these states have been obliged to put in place systems that offer protections, in practice, significant incongruities exist, a sentiment bolstered by a recent report issued by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women in which she remarked that the high levels of domestic violence have not "led to the adoption of necessary solutions that are coherent and sustainable, and which would lead to the elimination of all forms of violence against all women."

The ghost of families past: Domestic violence legislation and policy in post-apartheid South Africa

abstractHigh levels of domestic violence are a prominent feature of post-apartheid South Africa and stand in stark contrast to the country's prominent image as being committed to gender equality. Both the State and women's organisations have mobilised around the issue, drafting law and policy responsive to the problem as well as initiating a host of campaigns and other interventions intended to combat it. Yet these have been to limited effect, and domestic violence persists.To explore this conundrum, this article briefly reviews the plethora of State documents issued in relation to domestic violence over the last 20 years, showing how high-level policy commitments have been leached of their transformatory content over time, through changing notions of gender equality and discursive shifts emphasising women's vulnerability. The increasing articulation of domestic violence with familialism, moralism and traditionalism is also highlighted. This discursive milieu is then located within the workings of the Department of Social Development in particular, showing how women have once again been made derivative of the family.

Risk Factors for Physical Domestic Violence in a High-Prevalence HIV Setting: Findings from Project Accept Baseline Data (HPTN-043).

Zimbabwe faces an acute generalized HIV/AIDS epidemic combined with rapidly deteriorating economic and political conditions, under which levels of domestic violence are on the rise. We aimed to determine possible demographic and behavioral factors associated with physical domestic violence in a rural setting in order to better inform both national and local domestic violence and HIV prevention policies. Using the Project Accept baseline data set, we selected demographic, socio-economic, and behavioral variables that might be associated with physical domestic violence based on a review of the literature. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out, and odds ratios (OR) were computed using logistic regression. Women reporting physical domestic violence were significantly more likely to report (i) a history of childhood domestic violence (OR=2.96, P<0.001), (ii) two or more lifetime partners (OR=1.94, P<0.001), (iii) some form of sexual abuse as a child (OR=1.82, not significant), and (iv) low or medium socio-economic status as measured by type of homestead (OR=1.4, P=0.04) than women who reported no experience of physical domestic violence. Married women were less likely to experience physical domestic violence than unmarried women (OR=0.65, P=0.011). Women at greatest risk of domestic violence include those with a personal history of violence or sexual abuse, multiple lifetime partners, and low or medium socio-economic status. Risk assessments and joint interventions for both domestic violence reduction and HIV prevention should target these population groups, which are effective both on the public health and global heath diplomacy levels.

Survey of unreported cases of domestic violence in two heterogeneous communities in Nigeria

Women in Nigeria are reluctant to report cases of domestic violence to the police. This study examines the magnitude of domestic violence in Nigeria. It also examines respondents' levels of education, culture, religion, and tradition vis-a-vis unreported cases of domestic violence in two heterogeneous communities in Nigeria. This study surmises that the level of domestic violence could be reduced if women were given social support to report incidences of domestic violence to the police. Quantitative method of data collection was employed in this study. The respondents were drawn from women in Victoria Island, Lagos and Akure, Ondo State. Four hundred and sixty-two surveys were analyzed, 284 from Victoria Island, and 178 from Akure. The results show that culture, attitudes of police, and absence of social support contribute to the unwillingness of women to report cases of domestic violence. This paper concludes that police officers need to be educated on how to properly handle domestic violence cases.

Domestic Violence, Alcohol Consumption and Depression in Criminal Population

The objective of this research was to determine the differences in levels of domestic violence, alcohol and depression by type of crime committed on 259 men and 200 women inmates of the Centre for Social Rehabilitation in Mexico. To assess alcohol consumption indicators were adapted from the National Addiction Survey, the CES-D was used to measure depressive symptoms and in terms of domestic violence, we designed a 16-reactive scale evaluating: verbal aggression, physical aggression, humiliation and respect. The results showed significant differences not by gender but by type of crime committed, specifically on domestic violence, in which was found that women had higher scores than men. Furthermore, the analysis by type of crime committed found a higher number of subjects with severe consumption that health damages and homicides. Regarding depressive symptoms, the results showed that women had higher scores than men; however, these differences were not significant. In conclusion, data indicate relevant differences by gender in terms of domestic violence, depressive symptoms and substance use, but not so, on the type of crime by substance consumption, depression or family violence.

Views, events, and debates

by Pragna Patel Based in London, Southall Black Sisters is a pioneering black and Asian feminist group which has, for over 30 years, worked with women seeking to escape domestic violence and forced marriage, providing them with practical support, and campaigning on their behalf, challenging laws, policies, and attitudes which compromise the rights of women to live lives free from violence and racism. Here, Pragna Patel, founding member and driving force of SBS, tells us about the history and the work of this highly respected organisation by Gill Hague, Ravi Thiara, and Patrick Ndira In March 2010, the Ugandan Constitutional Court rejected a petition calling for the abolition of bride price in the country. Undaunted, activists have taken their fight to the Ugandan Supreme Court. Many believe bride price disempowers women, commodifying them and contributing to high levels of domestic violence. Below, we hear about a research project the findings of which have fed into the campaign to bring about the end of the practice. by Adrienne Hopkins Our Oxfam GB colleague, Adrienne Hopkins, got back to the office recently, after a work trip to Nepal, and told us about how inspired she'd been by the programme she had been to see, so we asked her to share with G&D readers what she'd learned on her visit.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and domestic violence: The sleeping giants of Indian health?

Over the past two decades two significant public health concerns have begun to draw increasing attention in India: the increasing prevalence of HIV and the continued presence of high levels of domestic violence. Although HIV prevalence remains relatively low India now has the largest absolute number of people living with HIV. An estimated adult prevalence of approximately 1% translates into 5.7 million people living with HIV of which 37% are women under the age of 30. This epidemic is taking place in the context of a cultural environment which is characterized by high levels of violence and social norms that often support violence against women. In such a setting it is important to understand the intersections between HIV and domestic violence as successful attempts to reduce HIV prevalence must also entail interventions to reduce domestic violence. (excerpt)

Predictors of Loneliness Among Court-Involved and Substance Abusing Mothers

This study examined predictors of loneliness among 94 urban mothers with a history of substance abuse and criminal justice involvement. The study replicated the finding that loneliness is significantly related to level of substance abuse. Significant predictors of loneliness included co-occurring conditions of the mother, the number of minors in the home, the level of domestic violence, informal social support, and service satisfaction. Based on these findings, the authors suggest that work with substance abusing mothers involved with the criminal justice system should address multiple ecological levels, including characteristics of the mother and her children, partner relations, and informal and formal social supports.

A Guttman Scale for Empirical Prediction of Level of Domestic Violence

ABSTRACT Theory posits that in relationships of domestic abuse, there is a cycle of violence wherein the frequency and severity of violence increases over time. The theory based on Walker's extensive anecdotal research, and widely seen in clinical practice, lacked empirical support. This research assessed the reported history of 209 female survivors of domestic violence, in relation to thirty items of physical violence commonly reported by victims. Factor analysis reduced the item pool to eleven items, which were then used to successfully create a seven-step Guttman Scale for severity of violence. Two alternative scales also emerged by interchanging item five on the scale. The research provides empirical support to Walker's theory that in domestically abusive relationships, the severity of violence increases over time. The utility of this scale for mental health and law enforcement professionals is that by knowing any particular event of physical abuse that has occurred at some time in a relationship, it can be predicted with 91% certainty that all the lower levels of violence have also occurred.

Achieving social change on gender-based violence: A report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series

The Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication—a South African multi-media health promotion project—together with the National Network on Violence Against Women, formulated an intervention to address domestic violence. Recognising that behavioural change interventions aimed solely at individuals have limited impact, the intervention was designed to impact at multiple mutually reinforcing levels; individual, community and socio-political environment. The intervention and its evaluation results are presented. Soul City successfully reached 86%, 25% and 65% of audiences through television, print booklets and radio, respectively. On an individual level there was a shift in knowledge around domestic violence including 41% of respondents hearing about the helpline. Attitude shifts were also associated with the intervention, with a 10% increase in respondents disagreeing that domestic violence was a private affair. There was also a 22% shift in perceptions of social norms on this issue. Qualitative data analysis suggests the intervention played a role in enhancing women's and communities’ sense of efficacy, enabling women to make more effective decisions around their health and facilitating community action. The evaluation concluded that implementation of the Domestic Violence Act can largely be attributed to the intervention. While demonstrating actual reductions in levels of domestic violence was not possible, the evaluation shows a strong association between exposure to intervention components and a range of intermediary factors indicative of, and necessary to bring about social change. This paper reports on the evaluation, discusses its limitations and challenges as well as lessons learned regarding multi-level interventions on domestic violence.