Level Of Division Research Articles

Impact of hydration with beverages containing free sugars or xylitol on metabolic and acute kidney injury markers after physical exercise.

The proper fluid and carbohydrates intake is essential before and during physical exercise, and for this reason most athletes drink beverages containing a high amount of free sugars. Sweetened soft drinks are also commonly consumed by those not doing any sport, and this habit seems to be both unhealthy and also the cause of metabolic problems. Recently, several sweeteners have been proposed to replace sugars in popular beverages. To examine the impact of free sugars and the popular sweetener xylitol on metabolic profile and the markers of kidney function and injury after exercise the present study was conducted with semi-professional football players. All participants were healthy, with a mean age of 21.91years. Their sports skills were on the level of the 4th-5th division of the league. The subjects took part in four football training sessions. During each session they drank a 7% solution of sugar (sucrose, fructose, glucose) or xylitol. The tolerability of these beverages and well-being during exercise was monitored. Before and after each training session, blood and urine were collected. The markers of kidney function and injury, uric acid, electrolytes, complete blood count, CRP, serum albumin, serum glucose and the lipid profile were analyzed. The main finding of this study was that the xylitol beverage is the least tolerated during exercise and 38.89% of participants experienced diarrhea after training and xylitol intake. Xylitol also led to unfavorable metabolic changes and a large increase in uric acid and creatinine levels. A mean increase of 1.8mg/dl in the uric acid level was observed after xylitol intake. Increases in acute kidney injury markers were observed after all experiments, but changes in urine albumin and cystatin C were highest after xylitol. The other three beverages (containing "free sugars" - glucose, fructose and sucrose) had a similar impact on the variables studied, although the glucose solution seems to have some advantages over other beverages. The conclusion is that sweeteners are not a good alternative to sugars, especially during exercise. Pure water without sweeteners should be drunk by those who need to limit their calorie consumption. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT04310514).

Prediction of Suitable Habitats for Sapindus delavayi Based on the MaxEnt Model

Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. (S. delavayi) is an important biological washing material and biomass energy tree species with a peel rich in saponins and a kernel high in oil content. We used the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to predict the suitable habitats for S. delavayi in China, screen the dominant environmental factors affecting its distribution, and analyze the changes in its suitable habitats under future climate change. The results provide a scientific basis for its introduction, cultivation, and germplasm resource collection and protection. Twenty-two environmental variables and China distribution data for S. delavayi were used to construct the species distribution model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to verify the model’s accuracy. The dominant environmental factors were screened through the jackknife method, then a geographical information system (ArcGIS) was used to determine the level of suitable habitat division and area calculation. The results showed that the MaxEnt model had an excellent predictive effect for which the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value was as high as 0.959. The annual precipitation (Bio18), minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), temperature seasonality (Bio4), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) were the dominant environmental factors that affected the distribution of S. delavayi. Under the current climate, the suitable area for S. delavayi is 1,321,308.07 km2, and under the four climate scenarios for the 2050s and 2090s, the suitable area is predicted to change by −3.97%~2.57%. Overall, the centroids of the highly suitable habitats will shift by different degrees to the southwest in the future.

A Localization Method of Ant Colony Optimization in Nonuniform Space.

The purpose of geographic location selection is to make the best use of space. Geographic location selection contains a large amount of spatiotemporal data and constraints, resulting in too many solutions. Therefore, this paper adopts the ant colony algorithm in the meta-heuristic search method combined with the incomplete quadtree to improve the searchability of the space. This paper proposes an improved ant colony algorithm in nonuniform space to solve the P-center facility location problem. The geographic space is divided by the incomplete quadtree, and the ant colony path is constructed on the level of the quadtree division. Ant colonies can leave pheromones on multiple search paths, and optimized quadtree encoding in nonuniform space stores pheromone matrices and distance matrices. The algorithm proposed in this paper improves the pheromone diffusion algorithm and the optimization objective at the same time to update the pheromone in the nonuniform space and obtain the ideal solution. The results show that the algorithm has excellent performance in solving the location problem with good convergence accuracy and calculation time.

Sustainability Disclosure in Social Media – Substitutionary or Complementary to Traditional Reporting?

Abstract Objective: This study examines sustainability disclosure by 50 British companies from FTSE 100 and compares reporting via traditional sources and on Twitter by indicating whether the content in two various disclosure channels is of substitutionary or complementary nature. Methodology: A content analysis on more than 20,000 tweets was performed to examine sustainability disclosure practices which were compared with Bloomberg ESG scores for each studied company. Findings: On the general level of sustainability division into three pillars (Environment, Social and Governance), it can be observed that social media reporting provides complementary information. Whereas, the disclosure of environmental issues via traditional sources was relatively poor, the reporting of environmental information in social media performed best. However, with the division on ESG sub-pillars, the picture is not that clear. Most of the poorly performed ESG sub-pillars in traditional reporting, were also poorly reported in social media. Value Added: This article is a response to the call for studies on non-financial disclosure via social media, which is strongly highlighted in the recent literature concerning future research. Additionally, a comparative analysis with the reporting by traditional, well-studied channels was performed. Recommendations: This study offers an understanding of the British companies’ corporate practices that refer to sustainability disclosure by traditional channels and via social media. Hence, it has implications for organizations in the creation and use of communication channels when developing a dialogue with stakeholders on topics regarding sustainability.

LEVEL OF BIFURCATION OF BRACHIAL ARTERY AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Background: Brachial artery is the continuation of the axillary artery and the brachial artery usually divides in the upper limb at the level of the neck of the radius in the cubital fossa. In some specimen, it may be bifurcates into radial and the ulnar artery at a higher level than the normal. The level of division of the brachial artery may vary. Authors also reported the absence of the brachial artery.,in that case the radial and the ulnar artery arose directly from the axillary artery. The present study is aimed to assess the percentage of high bifurcation of the brachial artery into radial and the ulnar artery. The study was carried out in theMaterials and Methods: Department of Anatomy, Sree Mookambika Institute of Medical Sciences. A total of 108 specimens on both sides of the upper limb was observed and traced the brachial artery for its division. In the present study, out of 108 specimens, bifurcation of brachial artery atResults and discussion: the level of neck of radius is about 96.2% and the division of brachial artery at the level of middle third of the arm is 3.12 % and the division at the level of upper third of the arm is 1.08 % was observed. Vessels of the upper limb have much more importance in different kinds ofConclusion: diagnostic, analytic and therapeutic studies. Diagnostically this type of variation may disturb the evaluation of angiography images. Further knowledge of such variation has got clinical importance especially in the eld of orthopaedic, vascular, and plastic surgeries.

Exploring Regional Industrial Growth: Does Specialization Explain It?

Being a form of territorial division of labor, economic specialization should be considered as a strategic management priority, contributing to a competitive territorial production structure and, consequently, regional economic growth. The article is devoted, firstly, to the development of a method for assessing the level of territorial division of labor based on a new coefficient of regional economic specialization; and secondly, to the investigation of regional specialization effects on economic growth. The purpose of the to substantiate the influence of the territory specialization factor on industrial economic growth, along with other conventional factors of regional development, using econometric methods based on an extended exogenous growth model. Premised on the data from Russian manufacturing industries and using a new coefficient of regional specialization, the authors have developed and verified an original approach to substantiate the effectiveness of regional clustering for ensuring the growth of industrial output based on an extended exogenous growth model. Approbation of the proposed assessment method and verification of research hypothesis formulated by the authors have been carried out using regional statistical data of the Russian Federation for the period from 2005 to 2019. The empirical analysis results have contributed to a place-based theoretical approach, involving both the cluster concept and the concept of “smart specialization”. The practical significance of the research is to validate clustering feasibility as a form of territorial division of labor and provide a number of principles for the regional industrial policy based thereon to accelerate territorial economic growth.

Work Termination During The Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia Reviewed from Theory Maṣlaḥah Mursalah

This article aims to examine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the sustainability of the economic sector in the form of the phenomenon of termination of employment (PHK) which is increasing in Indonesia. Departing from this phenomenon, this study proposes a problem formulation regarding what is the perspective of ma theory maṣlaḥah, it's mursalah in viewing the termination of employment during the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This research is library researchby using the approach normative juridical, In answering research questions, this study uses mathematical theory maṣlaḥah mursalah. The results of this study indicate that,itthe occurrence of layoffs (PHK) during the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic Judging from the theoretical objectives maṣlaḥah mursalah, The decision taken by the company in terminating the employment relationship has the aim of company efficiency in order to survive is a situation that occurs beyond the ability of both parties (force majeure). So, if analyzed using the theory of maṣlaḥah, this condition is at the level of division of maṣlaḥah Hᾱjiyyat . Because in this case the steps taken by the company in doing layoffs as an effort to avoid themselves from greater harm if the company is not able to survive but this situation does not have a significant impact on the survival of business actors as classified in the level of Hᾱjiyyat.

Spatial functional division, infrastructure and carbon emissions: Evidence from China

Under the requirements of China's regional coordination and green low-carbon development strategy, using provincial balanced panel data from 1998 to 2017, this paper reveals how the spatial functional division affects carbon emissions and discusses the regulatory effect of transportation and communication infrastructure on the relationship between the spatial functional division and carbon emissions. The research conclusions are as follows. First, with the deepening of spatial functional division, the carbon emissions show a significant inverted U-shaped trend, and this result remains robust after taking into account location differences and spatial form. Second, the number of provinces where the spatial functional division exceeds the inflection point gradually increases; however, the level of spatial functional division in most provinces is insufficient. Third, the mechanism analysis indicates that market integration and technological progress are important channels through which spatial functional division affects carbon emissions. Finally, the enhancement of transportation and communication infrastructure contributes to the carbon reduction effect of the spatial functional division. In a context where the link between agglomeration and carbon emissions has been widely explored, this paper provides new evidence and cases for thinking about the synergistic development of industrial agglomeration and carbon emissions reduction from the perspective of functional division.

МІЖНАРОДНА ТРУДОВА МІГРАЦІЯ В ПЕРІОД РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ ПРОТИ УКРАЇНИ

The article is devoted to the development of international labor migration during the Russian war against Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to determine the essence and features of international labor migration on the basis of the analysis of Ukrainian and foreign literary sources, and its tasks are to identify internal and external factors in the formation of Ukraine's migration potential; conducting of the classification of international labor migration; characteristics of changes that occur in international labor migration during the war. The study found that international labor migration occupies a prominent place in the system of international economic relations as a barometer that characterizes the level of international division of labor, trends in demographic development, socio-economic and political situation of donor countries and recipient countries of labor. It has been shown that during the war, both the number of external labor migrants and forced migrants increased significantly, and a large part of the civilian population became refugees who were forced to seek asylum in European countries. There have been some changes in the geography of external migration processes, namely their reorientation from the Russian vector to the European one. The number of migrant workers and refugees from regions affected by active hostilities has increased. However, the war does not significantly affect the cyclical nature of Ukrainian labor migration. As before, the predominant type of external labor migration are short-term departures outside Ukraine. At the same time, one should expect an increase in the irreversibility of the movement of educational migrants, which poses certain threats to national security, as it significantly complicates the demographic situation in the country and destroys the Ukrainian labor market. Given the difficult socio-economic and demographic situation in Ukraine, which worsened during the war, solving existing problems in the field of external labor migration requires intensification of state migration policy in its main areas in particular the creation of decent living conditions in the postwar period, restoration of the national economy and infrastructure of the country. The most relevant areas of further research on this issue are the deepening of the theoretical foundations of the study of migration as a phenomenon and process, as well as the development of modern mechanisms for its regulation.

Геоинформационные методы исследования пространственной неоднородности распределения доходов населения Аргентины

Argentina is a country with a very specific system of territorial division carried out for the optimization of public administration and collection of statistics. Historically developed spatial heterogeneity of socio-economic development has several specific features, as well as non-trivial factors, due to which the country is formed by a peculiar pattern of territorial inequalities. In addition to administrative divisions into provinces and departments, Argentina has a number of statistical division grids for the lower scale levels. However, the organization of the collection of statistical data for different levels of territorial division is not optimal: for a number of regions, statistical data in the public domain are practically absent, or presented in aggregated form. The aim of the research is to identify territorial differences in socio-economic development between regions and at various scale levels. The use of GIS methods made it possible to obtain the missing data for the lower level of territorial division, such as the spatial data on the administrative boundaries, population and income. The analysis of spatial autocorrelation of income distribution in Argentina can identify regions of growth as well as the influence of local factors on the territorial inequality in Argentina. The value of the coefficient of spatial autocorrelation of population income is one of the highest around the world.

Regional per capita income differences: Spatial and hierarchical dependencies

Relevance. Regional differences in per capita income are a matter of concern for many countries for many reasons, including the threat that such regional disparities pose to national security. Multiple tools and methods are used to investigate these disparities and fix them. The use of lower level aggregated data and the analysis that takes into account spatial interactions thus become particularly relevant because it allows us to reveal the diversity of interactions at the micro-level. Research objective. This study aims to determine the significance of spatial relationships at different levels of data aggregation and hierarchical dependencies in per capita income and highlight the level of administrative division (regional or municipal) that has the greatest impact on per capita income. Methods and data. The analysis relies on the data from 2,270 municipalities in 85 Russian regions. The Hierarchical Spatial Autoregressive Model (HSAR) was used to distinguish both spatial and hierarchical effects. We used three specifications of the model: with estimates of the spatial interaction on the higher level (spatial error at the regional level), on the lower level (spatial lag at the municipal level), and on both levels. Results. Spatial interactions explain the observed variation of per capita income at the municipal level data at both the higher (regional) and lower (municipal) levels but the model with the estimated spatial interaction on the higher level was better. Conclusion. Despite the importance of spatial interactions at the lower level, models that take into account spatial interactions only at the upper level may better explain the observed differences in some cases. Our findings contribute to the rather scarce research literature on spatial relationships on several levels of administrative division. We have shown that for each specific case it is important to identify not only the factors but also the spatial effects in relation to this or that level of the territorial hierarchy.

Регіональний інноваційний розвиток на засадах смартспеціалізації: типологія смартпріоритетів

The article clarifies the essence of the concept of "smart priorities" and presents the author's typology of smart priorities, based on the systematisation of theoretical and methodological approaches and empirical study of the results of prioritisation of EU regions development in the framework of regional strategies of smart specialisation. The expediency of supplementing the categorical apparatus of the theory of smart specialisation with the definition of "smart-priority" is emphasized. The author's interpretation of this concept, combining the essence of priority as a constructive component of smart specialisation strategy with the principles of smart choice, which are embedded in the methodology of smart specialisation and reveal its specifics, is proposed. According to the results of the literature analysis, the conclusion about the absence of a generalized typology of smart priorities and the relevance of its development. To typologize the priority spheres, a population approach was used, which involves identifying priorities with similar characteristics and combining them into groups according to certain characteristics. The sample of smart priorities for the study was formed according to the results of a multistage selection of regions registered on the S3 Platform. The final population included 354 priorities of 131 regions of EU countries. Based on the generalisation and systematisation of regional priority domains, eight typogroups were identified according to the following characteristics: the level of territorial division, inclusion of smart specialisation policy objectives, coverage of economic sectors, complexity, sectoral focus, directions of structural change, meaningful similarities, potential implementation by the initiating region. The developed typology allows for a comparative analysis of projects and policies to support them, which are implemented in the framework of regional strategies for smart specialisation. Also, the allocation of priorities on the basis of the potential for implementation by the initiating region provides an additional analytical tool for the development of this strategy. This tool provides for the distribution of regions into groups based on the assessment of their economic and innovative capabilities to develop the selected strategic domains. The proposed approach to the differentiation of territorial units provides preliminary information about the ability of regional ecosystems to create innovation and an understanding of the necessary additional components of smart specialisation strategies.

Standardization of ileoanal J-pouch surgery technique: Quality assessment of minimally invasive ileoanal J-pouch surgery videos

BackgroundIleal pouch anal anastomosis is a complex procedure associated with significant morbidity, with several complications after ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery leading to pouch failure. The aim of the study is to evaluate the heterogeneity surrounding the technique of ileoanal J-pouch surgery by assessing the safety and quality of published online peer-reviewed surgical videos. MethodsIleal pouch anal anastomosis videos published on peer-reviewed surgical journals and video channels were edited and anonymized to demonstrate specific steps of the surgical procedure: mobilization and division of the rectum, formation of the ileoanal J-pouch reservoir, anastomosis, and lengthening techniques. The anonymized videos were presented to a group of reviewers with expertise in ileal pouch anal anastomosis blinded to the names and affiliations of the surgeons performing the procedure. Primary outcome was the rate of interobserver variability in the assessment of specific technical steps of the ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery procedure. Secondary outcome was the appropriateness of the use of surgical videos review as an assessment tool for ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery, measured as rate of reviewers being unable to answer for poor video quality. ResultsIn total, 29 video fragments were distributed, and 13 assessors completed a 60-item survey, organized in 7 major domains. The survey completion rate was 93.4%. Out of a total 729 answers, in 23 (3.2%) the reviewers indicated they were unable to comment due to poor video image, and in 48 (6.5%) were unable to comment due to the particular step not being shown in the procedure. The proportion of assessors rating rectal mobilization technically appropriate ranged from 30.7% to 92.3% and from 7.7% to 69.2% for safety. The level of rectal division was considered appropriate in 0 to 53.8% of the videos, whereas the stapling technique used for rectal division was appropriate in 0 to 70% of the videos. ConclusionOur study assessed published peer-reviewed videos on ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery and reported heterogeneity in the safety of the demonstrated techniques. Blind assessment of published peer-reviewed ileal pouch anal anastomosis videos reported a high rate of unsafe or inappropriate technique for rectal mobilization and transection in the reviewed videos, with fair interobserver agreement among reviewers. There is a need for consensus on what is considered safe and appropriate in ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery. Peer review of ileal pouch anal anastomosis surgery videos could facilitate training and accreditation in this complex procedure.

POPULATION AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF RECREATIONAL AND TOURIST POTENTIAL

The article defines the directions that it is recommended to assess the role of the population in the formation of recreation and tourism activities (RTA). It is proved the need to investigate the role of the population in the RTA in two main directions: 1) as a subject of recreational and tourist systems in its relation to their media (objects); 2) combined - as a subject and component of the object of recreational and tourist systems. The population forms the flows of recreation and tourists, developing relevant structures and mechanisms for their recreational and tourist service, organizes directions and fields of economic and non-economic activities that ensure the recreational needs of the population, creates a specialized recreation infrastructure, develops and implements a variety of functional and territorial organization of recreation and tourism, forms at the national and international level of territorial division of labor.
 In order to evaluate the recreational potential of a separate plot or object usually consider not the entire nomenclature of conditions and resources, but only a characteristic or typical combination. Each territory, each object of recreation and tourism has its own set (complex) of resource characteristics. And this circumstance greatly facilitates the procedure for a comprehensive assessment of recreational potential due to elimination (allocation) of a characteristic complex of terms and resources of RTA. A similar situation arises for a functional assessment of recreational potential. The valuation of conditions and resources are not developed for a general list of species and forms of RTA, but for those that are distributed in this area in this locality.
 It is determined that among the numerous characteristics and indicators of recreational potential, the concept of recreational and tourist attractiveness is one of the objective indicators of resource potential. Estimation of recreational potential for quantitative indicators of recreation and tourists and their numerical and spatial distributions creates an objective basis for all other characteristics and indicators of RTD.
 Another important characteristic of the recreational potential, which forms the population as a factor of RTA is a recreation capacity of territories and objects of RTA. The concept of "recreational capacity" is related to "recreational attractiveness". Attractiveness characterizes recreational territories and objects for their attraction, according to real flows of recreation and tourists. Recreational capacity is intended to set the upper limits of such attractiveness. Attractiveness represents the actual use of a recreational resource, and the capacity indicates its critical level of recreation, which does not lead to degradation of this resource. In recreational geography, tourism and planning of territories, this direction is well known and extremely designed. The indicators of recreational capacities for certain types and recreation forms and recreations - beach baths, short-term rest in green zones, anthropogenic load of resort zones and areas of the natural reserve fund, maximum population density in various functional zones of the big city, etc. At the same time, the zonal principles of assessing the recreational capacity of objects and areas of recreation and tourism have not yet been developed, and this actual problem is waiting for its researchers.
 The population forms a so-called anthropogenic load on the territory, and its economic activity is man-made load. Anthropogenic-technogenic load is considered as a factor of recreational and tourist activities, in turn, indicators of anthropogenic-technogenic load are the original characteristics of "anti-resource" of recreation potential. The article has proven that in the context of the study of the prerequisites for the development of recreation and tourist activities of the region also need to analyze both the quality of life of the population, in addition to the assessment of this indicator have a high contrast and diversity in the country.
 Key words: population, recreational and tourist potential, attractiveness of recreational territories, anthropogenic-technogenic load, quality of life of the population.

Effects of Landscape Patterns on Runoff and Sediment in Danjiang River Basin

The Danjiang River being the main tributary of the Hanjiang river, is the main water source of the south-to-north water diversion project in China, which is benefit from the protection of ecological environment. As the main reasons for ecological degradation, the land use changing and severe soil erosion attacted considerable attention in recent years. Based on the land use data and measured runoff and sediment data, the landscape pattern index analysis method and statistical analysis method were employed to explore the relationship between landscape pattern indexes and runoff and sediment in Danjiang River Basin (DRB). The results show that the runoff and sediment of the river present a downward trend from 1985 to 2018. The forestland was the dominant type of land use, and the growth rate of grassland was the highest. Results also show that the patch density (PD), the interspersion and juxtaposition (IJI), the edge density (ED), CONTAG, DIVISION and the largest patches index (LPI) have the same trend, indicating that the fragmentation degree of landscape, the connectivity between landscapes, and the richness of landscape increased. In addition, the shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) and IJI were positively associated with the runoff at landscape level, number of patches (NP), PD, ED, and CONTAG were negatively associated with sediment, and CONTAG was positively correlated with sediment. At class level, the NP, PD, LSI, and IJI of forestland, the NP, PD, and DIVISION of cropland, the LPI of grassland, and the NP, PD, and LSI of construction land were negatively correlation with runoff. The LSI and ED of grassland and the LPI of construction land were positively correlation with runoff. And the LSI, IJI, and ED of forestland and the LSI, IJI, and ED were negatively correlation with sediment.

Trends in the world economy in the context of the global deflation crisis development model after 2007

This article examines the theoretical issues of the current global crisis of the development model, which began in 2007. Different theoretical concepts of the emergence and course of crisis processes are analyzed from the point of view of the mainstream premise of the existing equilibrium in economic systems, which is supported by the prevailing concept of the commodity nature of money. Our understanding of the role of the financial sector in the development of the real economy, as well as the nature and mechanisms of the crisis in the development model, is presented. We do not believe that equilibrium is a natural state of real economic systems in which money serves only as a medium of exchange. Accordingly, we consider money as an external factor in relation to the real economy, and the financial sector as an independent one, acting in accordance with its own laws and to a large extent determining the processes that take place in the real economy. The study argues that the modern economic system, throughout its history, is characterized by a tendency of constant growth of imbalances, which is opposed by a more intense tendency to form more efficient economic structures. An analysis of the current economic situation is made, based on some important circumstances that led to a reduction in the scale of the financial sector of the economy and to a decline in its efficiency. Alternative directions of existing potentials for creation in the world economy are considered. Appropriate conclusions are drawn that global civilization is on the verge of epoch-making changes and it is important in which direction social processes in certain regions of the world will turn to ensure the well-being of all peoples, built on a higher level of social division of labor.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on China's Manufacturing Sector: A Global Value Chain Perspective.

This paper, based on the notion of Trade in Value Added (TiVA), combines the global trade analysis project (GTAP) model with the value-added model in seeking to simulate and assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China's manufacturing sector in global value chain (GVC) reconfiguration. The empirical study provides three major results. First, at the macroeconomic level, the pandemic wreaks a negative impact on all the economies, including the U.S., in regard to import & export trade, GDP and social welfare policy. Second, nation-level simulation shows that there's a remarkable disparity across different pandemic scenarios in the level of division of labor and of GVC participation for China and its trade partners. Third, sector-level analysis shows that the impacts of the pandemic include promoting the level of GVC participation and of labor division in China's manufacturing sector (electromechanical equipment and computer goods). This paper also provides policy advice for Chinese government: participation in higher-end GVCs, introduction of further structural reforms and retention of foreign investors, and active responses to GVC reconfiguration and cross-border capital flow.

Political and legal position of municipal self-government in the public administration system

Public administration in Poland has taken the form of a system of entities with different tasks and objectives, as well as different competences. It is a part of the classical model based on the functioning of two separate components, such as the state administration, including the government and local self-government. From the perspective of a democratic state governed by the rule of law, the existence of local self-government is extremely important, and even becomes a necessity. Therefore, the deliberations addressed in the paper focus on the functioning of this form of public administration at the lowest level of basic division of the state, which is the commune. The presented research is an attempt to indicate the legal status and position of commune self-government not only in the broadly understood local self-government but also in the whole public administration system.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLUENT READING SKILL IN CHILDREN WITH GENERAL SPEECH UNDERDEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE RHYTHMIC STRUCTURE OF A PROSE TEXT

Introduction. The paper presents the results of a study on the influence of identifying the prose text rhythm on the development of fluent reading skills in children with the general speech underdevelopment. Materials and Methods. The methods employed in the study are analysis of scientific literature on the issues of formation of rhythm in the text and syntagmatic division of the text, the rhythmic analysis, and the statistical method. Results. Identification of a rhythmic structure in the text and division of the text into syntagmas help improve the technical aspect of reading and affect the development of fluent reading skills in children with the general speech underdevelopment. Conclusion. The findings suggest that it is essential to teach primary school children with the general speech underdevelopment to feel the text rhythm, identify it at the level of syntagmatic division, and find semantic dominants in the text to overcome the difficulties of developing fluent reading skills. The identification of rhythmic patterns in the text enables children both to upgrade their fluent reading skills and to understand better the meaning of what they read.

Experimental investigation and optimization on surface parameters of ZrO2 nano particles reinforced Al-7050 metal matrix composites for aeronautical applications

In this investigation, the composite metal framework material is created by Zirconium oxide nano powder (ZrO2) strengthening aluminum combination (Al-7050) manufactured and are set up by differing the level of weight division of the fortified particles as 5%, 10% of ZrO2 nano powder and the rest of the aluminum compound individually. The machining attributes that impact the surface harshness, for example, feed rate, profundity of cut and slicing speed were concentrated through trial work. In this exploratory work surface harshness has been done by two machining strategies dry turning machining and wet turning machining. The trial estimations of surface unpleasantness contrasted and advancement strategies. The system dependent on symmetrical exhibit Taguchi's method and Analysis of Variation (ANOVA) and Signals to clamor proportion (S/N Ratio) were utilized to streamline the surface unpleasantness. The aftereffects of surface harshness esteems were expanded by the boundaries, for example, cutting velocity, feed rate and profundity of cut were 15.694%, 80.379% and 1.375% separately.