Level Of Cross-linking Research Articles

Diffusion of charged and uncharged contrast agents in equine mandibular condylar cartilage is not affected by an increased level of sugar-induced collagen crosslinking

Nutrition of articular cartilage relies mainly on diffusion and convection of solutes through the interstitial fluid due to the lack of blood vessels. The diffusion is controlled by two factors: steric hindrance and electrostatic interactions between the solutes and the matrix components. Aging comes with changes in the cartilage structure and composition, which can influence the diffusion. In this study, we treated fibrocartilage of mandibular condyle with ribose to induce an aging-like effect by accumulating collagen crosslinks. The effect of steric hindrance or electrostatic forces on the diffusion was analyzed using either charged (Hexabrix) or uncharged (Visipaque) contrast agents. Osteochondral plugs from young equine mandibular condyles were treated with 500 mM ribose for 7 days. The effect of crosslinking on mechanical properties was then evaluated via dynamic indentation. Thereafter, the samples were exposed to contrast agents and imaged using contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) at 18 different time points up to 48 h to measure their diffusion. Normalized concentration of contrast agents in the cartilage and contrast agent diffusion flux, as well as the content of crosslink level (pentosidine), water, collagen, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) were determined. Ribose treatment significantly increased the pentosidine level (from 0.01 to 7.6 mmol/mol collagen), which resulted in an increase in tissue stiffness (~1.5 fold). Interestingly, the normalized concentration and diffusion flux did not change after the induction of an increased level of pentosidine either for Hexabrix or Visipaque. The results of this study strongly suggest that sugar-induced collagen crosslinking in TMJ condylar cartilage does not affect the diffusion properties.

Structural features of eyelid connective tissue in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma

To study the connective tissue (CT) structure of upper eyelid skin of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Forty-seven patients aged 47-91 expecting blepharoplasty formed 3 groups: group 1 [16 subjects without POAG, median age 55years (interquartile range 54-55.5)], group 2 [12 subjects without POAG, median age 73 (72-76.5)], and group 3 [(19 subjects with POAG, median age 74 (70-80.5)]. Age differences between groups 1 and 2 and groups 1 and 3 are significant (p < 0.05). Thermodynamic parameters of skin samples taken during blepharoplasty: Endothermic peak ([Formula: see text], °C) and denaturation enthalpy ([Formula: see text], J/g of dry weight) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in groups 1-3 were, respectively, 8.41 (7.42-10.25) and 66.55 (59.9-66.7); 7.10 (5.76-10.17) and 67.35 (67.0-68.03); 11.40 (9.0-14.9) and 67.70 (67.05-68.45). [Formula: see text] differences between groups 1 and 2 are significant (p < 0.05), and Spearman's correlation between the age and [Formula: see text] is direct, medium (R = 0.638) and significant. [Formula: see text] in group 3 is significantly higher than in group 2. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in patients without POAG (groups 1 and 2) and those with POAG (group 3) are, respectively, 7.79 (6.9-10.17) and 66.6 (61.2-67,3); 11.40 (9.0-14.9); 67.7 (67.05-68.45); the respective differences are significant. Patients without POAG show a significant increase in [Formula: see text] with age, while [Formula: see text] slightly decreases. In POAG, [Formula: see text] is significantly higher and [Formula: see text] tends to grow, which may indicate structural changes in eyelid CT (collagen accumulation and cross-linking level rise). Since the upper lid is unaffected by increasing IOP directly, the changes may be viewed as manifestations of systemic CT pathology.

Study of the Foaming Kinetics in Epoxidized Natural Rubber Foams Crosslinked by Electron Beam Irradiation

AbstractThis work focuses on studying natural rubber (NR) and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) foams crosslinked at different absorbed doses and foamed using a chemical blowing agent. The aim is to study if the existence of epoxide groups within the natural rubber molecular structure influences the expansion capacity and the cellular structure morphology of these types of foam. This is accomplished by studying the foaming kinetics, that is, by quantifying the evolution of density and cellular structure parameters, such as cell size and cell density, as a function of foaming time. The results show that ENR foams exhibit higher cell nucleation rates and less intense cell degeneration than NR ones, which is because the presence of epoxide groups allows the polymer to reach higher crosslinking levels. Consequently, ENR foams present more homogeneous cellular structures and lower cell sizes.

Preparation and assessment of poly(methacrylic acid-coethylene glycol dimethacrylate) as a novel disintegrant

Purpose: To prepare and evaluate poly(methacrylic acid (MAA)-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGD)) as a tablet disintegrant. Methods: Poly(MAA-co-EGD) in acid (H) and sodium (Na) forms at cross-linker (EGD) levels of 0.25 -16 % were synthesized and subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Swelling capacity, disintegration efficiency and cytotoxicity to Caco-2 cells were determined using standard procedures. Results: Poly(MAA-co-EGD) in acid (H) and sodium (Na) forms were successfully prepared. In contact with water, the polymers in Na form swelled more than those in H form. The swelling capacities of polymers in H and Na forms decreased with increasing amounts of cross-linker. Incorporation of the polymers accelerated the disintegration of microcrystalline cellulose tablets (placebo), and the disintegration efficiency depended on the salt form and amount of cross-linker. The Na salt form of the polymer crosslinked at 16 % EGD was the best candidate disintegrant. When used at 2.5 and 10 %, the selected polymer effectively promoted the disintegration and drug release of propranolol hydrochloride tablets. Moreover, cytotoxicity tests showed that it was non-toxic to Caco-2 cells. Conclusion: The developed poly(MAA-co-EGD) possesses good disintegration and dissolution functionalities. Thus, it may be adopted as a new super-disintegrant for fast-release tablets. Keywords: Tablet disintegrant, Methacrylic acid, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, Propranolol hydrochloride

A Comparative Study of Age-Related Level of Sclera Collagen Crosslinking in Patients with Different Stages of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

A Comparative Study of Age-Related Level of Sclera Collagen Crosslinking in Patients with Different Stages of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma

A study on the thermal stability of amylose-amylopectin and amylopectin-amylopectin in cross-linked starches through iodine binding capacity

It has been proved that when normal maize starch granules were cross-linked, amylose did not cross-link to one another, but amylose-amylopectin (A-AP) and amylopectin-amylopectin (AP-AP) were carried out. The objective of this study was to study the thermal stability of the cross-linked starches (CLs), and correlate it to iodine binding capacity (IBC) of native starch and CLs with different water bath temperatures (20, 40, 60, 80, 100° C, the starch slurry was prepared at a temperature of 20° C). CLs was prepared through cross-linking of normal maize starch with 0.1, 1, and 10% sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) and 0.1% phosphorous oxychloride (POCl3). At different temperatures, no differences were observed for the IBC of native starch, however, the IBC of CLs decreased with the increase of the water bath temperature. At boiling temperature, the IBC of all the cross-linked starches was similar to the native maize, indicating that nearly all the amylose was leached out and had formed blue complexes with iodine. In addition, at 20° C, the IBC of the cross-linked starch was negatively related to the cross-linking agent level added.

Elastoplastic behavior of highly cross-linked and vitamin E-stabilized polyethylene – A biomechanical study

BackgroundVitamin E-stabilized cross-linked polyethylene has been touted to alleviate the negative effects of oxidation. Although it has demonstrated significant improvements in wear resistance, bio-tribology, and oxidative resistance, little is known about the effect of antioxidants and dosage of cross-linking on the mechanical strength. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of these novel materials, which are commonly used in orthopedic implants. MethodsSamples of different polymers were prepared with various levels of cross-linking and with or without vitamin E-stabilization and then tested according to ASTM D695 and D638. The elastoplastic characteristics under compression and tension were compared between the groups. FindingsVitamin E-stabilized cross-linked polyethylene showed a significant increase in elastic modulus over other groups, with a maximum increase of 26% in compression and 40% in tension when compared to the highly cross-linked group without vitamin E stabilization. The elastoplastic behavior under compression differed to that in tension for all polymers, demonstrating the anisotropic characteristics of these polymers. InterpretationThe lower mechanical strength of highly cross-linked polyethylene has been a complication with the use of this polymer in orthopedic liners. This current study suggests that vitamin E-stabilized cross-linked polyethylene could be a suitable alternative material for knee implants because of its improved strength in resisting external forces.

The Effect of Intrachain Cross-Linking on the Thermomechanical Behavior of Bulk Polymers Assembled Solely from Single Chain Polymer Nanoparticles

Chemical cross-linking of polymer chains is a powerful means for tailoring the thermomechanical properties of bulk plastics. Nonetheless, upon cross-linking, processability is reduced as the plastic becomes thermoset. Here, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study the effects of intramolecular chemical cross-linking on chain topology and thermomechanical properties of a bulk, thermoplastic polymer. Polyethylene (PE)-like plastics are assembled purely from chains which have undergone a set level of intrachain cross-linking (to form single chain polymer nanoparticles, SCPNs). We have analyzed the chain topology at an equilibrated state in terms of chain unfolding and entanglement by radius of gyration and primitive path, respectively. The extents of both chain unfolding and chain entanglement were found to decrease with increasing intrachain cross-linking ratio. By applying simulated cooling, uniaxial tension, and uniaxial compression, we characterized the thermomechanical properties at the glassy s...

A Mild Inhibition of Cathepsin K Paradoxically Stimulates the Resorptive Activity of Osteoclasts in Culture

Cathepsin K (CatK) inhibition allows reducing bone resorption with specific advantages compared to the existing anti-osteoporosis drugs. Its clinical use appears even more promising with the recent development of ectosteric inhibitors. A confusing observation, however, is that a low dose of the active site CatK inhibitor odanacatib (ODN) was reported to decrease bone mineral density and increase serum levels of the bone resorption marker carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX). The present study provides a possible explanation for this paradox. The resorptive activity of human osteoclasts seeded on bone slices was inhibited when subjected to ODN at doses of 20nM, but about 100-fold lower doses induced a significant increase in CTX levels and in eroded surface (12 repeats). This low-dose-induced stimulation was prevented by inhibition of non-CatK cysteine proteinases, thereby indicating that the stimulation results from an interplay between CatK and other cysteine proteinases. Effective interplay between these proteinases was also shown in enzymatic assays where the CatK-mediated degradation of collagen was enhanced upon addition of cathepsins B or L. Furthermore, extracts of osteoclasts subjected to a low dose of ODN showed higher levels of cathepsin B compared with extracts of control osteoclasts. In conclusion, the low-dose-induced stimulation of resorption observed in the clinical study can be reproduced in osteoclasts cultured in the absence of any other cell. Our data support an osteoclast-intrinsic mechanism where a mild inhibition of CatK results in increased levels of other proteinases contributing to the collagen degradation process.

Impact of gluten separation process and transglutaminase source on gluten based dough properties

This study evaluated the effect of the wheat gluten (WG) separation process and transglutaminase (TG) microbial source on WG dough quality, and opportunities to use these factors to tailor dough quality. Two types of gluten (harshly and mildly separated), two types of TG (commercial and novel SB6), and three TG concentrations were evaluated for effects on dough mixing properties, protein structure and solubility. Mildly separated gluten improved dough development parameters, resulting into higher values of most compared with harshly separated gluten. Despite more strongly cross-linked proteins being found in the harshly separated gluten, both gluten types showed similar levels of cross-linking at optimum mixing time, although differences in the secondary protein structure were indicated. Thus, disulfide-sulfhydryl exchange reactions were found to be promoted by mixing, although restrictions on establishment of new bonds because of prior cross-links in the material were clearly indicated. Degree of polymerization in doughs made from mildly separated gluten increased to varying extents with TG addition depending on TG source and concentration. Thus, for the first time, we show that an appropriate combination of WG separation procedure and TG source can be used to tailor gluten dough end-use properties.

Thermoreversible cross-linking of maleated natural rubber with glycerol

In this article, thermoreversible covalent cross-linking of maleated natural rubber (MNR) with glycerol was studied. Firstly, NR was grafted with maleic anhydride using a reactive processing method. The result showed that MNR was successfully obtained without the addition of initiator. The highest grafting was 1.76%. Secondly, the obtained MNR was dissolved in toluene and then mixed with glycerol, which is used in this study as the thermoreversible cross-linking agent. Fourier transform infrared spectra of the casted MNR film mixed with glycerol showed that upon heating, covalent ester cross-links were formed via the reaction of succinic anhydride ring with hydroxyl groups of glycerol. The swelling test indicated that the swelling index (%) decreased with increasing glycerol loading. This indicated that the degree of cross-linking directly depended on the amount of glycerol. The tensile strength and modulus were significantly improved upon increasing the level of cross-linking. The MNR cross-linked with glycerol can be remolded at 150°C more than three times. After remolding, the mechanical properties decreased with increasing recycling round.

Biodegradation of cross-linked and cationic starches

The biodegradability and the influence of the degree of substitution of cationic groups or cross-linking level of starch were studied by using enzymatic hydrolysis and two aerobic degradation methods. Cationic starches with a degree of substitution varying from 0 to 0.54 were obtained by modifying native potato starch with 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, while cross-linked starches with a degree of cross-linking varying from 0 to 92.5% were obtained by reaction of native potato starch with epichlorohydrin. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiment was performed using α-amylase preparation, and aerobic degradation studies were carried out in liquid and solid media by using ISO 14855-2 and 14851 standards methods. The dextrose equivalent, molecular weight, viscosity and biodegradability parameters were used to assess biodegradation process. Biodegradability of modified starches decreased with increasing degree of modification. The addition of cationic groups to starch to the extent >0.1 mol/molAGU reduced the biodegradability of starch derivatives, and CS became non-biodegradable when DS ≥ 0.54. The cross-linking of starch by building the alkyl chain cross-links between the polysaccharide macromolecules reduced ultimate biodegradability of starch derivatives, when the degree of cross-linking was higher than 92.5%.

Single step synthesis of Janus nano-composite membranes by atmospheric aerosol plasma polymerization for solvents separation

Solvent permeation across membranes is limited due to physical resistance to diffusion from the selective layer within the membrane and to plasticizing effects generated by the solvent molecules onto the polymeric macromolecular matrix. Nano-composite thin film membranes provide promising routes to generate controlled microstructural separation materials with higher selectivities and permeabilities. Here, the fabrication of nano-composite based on octamethyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane - hexamethyldisiloxane thin film membranes is demonstrated by aerosol assisted atmospheric plasma deposition onto pre-formed nano-porous membrane supports for the first time. Stable, atomically smooth and continuous solid films with controllable thickness down to 50 nm were achieved. The deposition process allowed for the control of the wettability of the surfaces to water and organic solvents, leading to the generation of hydrophobic but alcohol-philic surfaces. The liquid entry pressure of the films to water was found to be 8 bar from plasma polymerization as oppose to 3 bar for the bare nano-porous support only. In addition, the ideal separation selectivity for ethanol to water, up to 6.5, highlight the impact of both the surface energy and level of cross-linking of the hexamethyldisiloxane nanostructures on the diffusion mechanisms. This new atmospheric plasma deposition strategy opens-up cost-effective and environmentally friendly routes for the design of the smart Janus membrane with customizable properties and performance.

P-50 - Role of di-tyrosine and di-tryptophan in α- and β-casein cross-linking triggered by riboflavin-induced photooxidation and peroxyl radicals

In whole milk, riboflavin, lipids and proteins coexist. When exposed to light or other stressors, excited states of riboflavin (3RF) and lipid-derived peroxyl radicals are generated, which can induce oxidation and crosslinking of caseins, the major milk proteins. The nature of the crosslinks, and the involvement of di-tyrosine (diTyr) and di-tryptophan (diTrp) in these changes is unknown. In this study, we have examined changes in the structure and composition of α- and β- caseins elicited by 3RF and peroxyl radicals (ROO•) derived from thermolysis of AAPH (2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride). SDS-PAGE, western blotting, fluorescence and UPLC methodologies were employed. Exposure of caseins to AAPH and 3RF resulted in extensive monomer consumption and high levels of protein cross-linking. Trp and Tyr residues were consumed, with the extent of formation of di-Tyr and diTrp dependent on the nature of the oxidant and presence of O2. With 3RF, diTyr and diTrp were primarily generated under an N2-atmosphere, with alternative pathways occurring in the presence of O2. In contrast, with ROO• low yields of diTyr and diTrp were detected, with alternative pathways likely to involve carbonyls and other oxidation products of Trp, Tyr and His mediating protein crosslinking.

Phenolic Pollutant Uptake Properties of Molecular Templated Polymers Containing β-Cyclodextrin.

Templated (T) and nontemplated (NT) cross-linked materials containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and epichlorohydrin (EPH) were prepared at variable β-CD-EPH ratios (1:15, 1:20, and 1:25) in the presence and absence of a molecular template (toluene). The structural characterization of the materials was carried out using spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared, solids 13C NMR, and scanning electron microscopy) and thermogravimetric analysis. The adsorption properties were studied with phenol-based adsorbates (2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP)) at equilibrium and dynamic conditions. The monolayer adsorption capacity ( Qm) varied for the T-polymer/TNP systems ( Qm = 0.10-0.95 mmol/g) and NT-polymer/TNP systems ( Qm = 0.23-0.83 mmol/g). The range of Qm values for the T-polymer/PNP systems (0.26-0.62 mmol/g) exceeded that of the NT-polymer/PNP systems (0.23-0.40 mmol/g). The kinetic uptake profiles for the polymers and phenolphthalein were reliably described by the pseudo-first-order model. The β-CD inclusion site accessibility for the polymers varied from 15 to 20%, according to the level of cross-linking, where the accessibility of the T-polymers exceeded that of the NT-polymers. The structural characterization and phenol adsorption properties provide complementary support for the role of tunable polymer morphology in adsorption processes. The role of two-site binding was demonstrated for linear and globular polymer materials according to their unique adsorption properties with phenols of variable size and hydrophile-lipophile character.

Grafting polymerization of acrylic acid onto chitosan-cellulose hybrid and application of the graft as highly efficient ligand for elimination of water hardness: Adsorption isotherms, kinetic modeling and regeneration

Grafting copolymerization of acrylic acid from chitosan-cellulose hybrid ((CTS/Cell)-g-PAA) was conducted and the grafting efficiency and crosslinking level were optimized at 86.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated a mechanically robust material with a porous surface which allows diffusion. This property along with the high water absorption under wide range of pH values qualified the material for application as adsorbent/ligand to metal ions from aqueous solutions. This was additionally signified using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra collected for the graft before and after chelation to metal ions that cause water hardness, which confirmed that the oxygenated and nitrogenated groups are the main sites for binding metal ions in high capacity with removal efficiency above 90% in most cases. Application of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models for the metal ions on the graft copolymer indicated that the adsorption data are better fitted by Freundlich model for all metal ions while a chemisorption nature of adsorption was deduced by a kinetic modeling study. Further, the adsorption was highly favoured in case of Ca(II) and Mg(II) while to a much lesser extent in case of Na(I). The polymeric ligand showed also outstanding performance during competitive removal of a mixture of metal ions from aqueous solution with a selectivity order Ca(II) > Mg(II) >> Na(I), such selective removal activity of the ligand was almost not influenced after induced desorption and reuse for additional four succeeding cycles.

ECM Cross-Linking Regulates Invadopodia Dynamics

Invadopodia are membrane protrusions dynamically assembled by invasive cancer cells in contact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Invadopodia are enriched by the structural proteins actin and cortactin as well as metalloproteases such as MT1-MMP, whose function is to degrade the surrounding ECM. During metastasis, invadopodia are necessary for cancer cell intravasation and extravasation. Although signaling pathways involved in the assembly and function of invadopodia are well studied, few studies address invadopodia dynamics and how the cell-ECM interactions contribute to cell invasion. Using iterative analysis based on time-lapse microscopy and mathematical modeling of invasive cancer cells, we found that cells oscillate between invadopodia presence and cell stasis—termed the “invadopodia state”—and invadopodia absence during cell translocation—termed the “migration state.” Our data suggest that β1-integrin-ECM binding and ECM cross-linking control the duration of each of the two states. By changing the concentration of cross-linkers in two-dimensional and three-dimensional cultures, we generate an ECM in which 0–0.92 of total lysine residues are cross-linked. Using an ECM with a range of cross-linking degrees, we demonstrate that the dynamics of invadopodia-related functions have a biphasic relationship to ECM cross-linking. At intermediate levels of ECM cross-linking (0.39), cells exhibit rapid invadopodia protrusion-retraction cycles and rapid calcium spikes, which lead to more frequent MT1-MMP delivery, causing maximal invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation. In contrast, both extremely high or low levels of cross-linking lead to slower invadopodia-related dynamics and lower ECM degradation. Additionally, β1-integrin inhibition modifies the dynamics of invadopodia-related functions as well as the length of time cells spend in either of the states. Collectively, these data suggest that β1-integrin-ECM binding nonlinearly translates small physical differences in the extracellular environment to differences in the dynamics of cancer cell behaviors. Understanding the conditions under which invadopodia can be reduced by subtle environment-targeting treatments may lead to combination therapies for preventing metastatic spread.

α- and β-casein aggregation induced by riboflavin-sensitized photo-oxidation occurs via di-tyrosine cross-links and is oxygen concentration dependent

Type I photo-oxidation generates Trp-(TrpN) and Tyr-derived (TyrO) radicals in proteins which can dimerize producing cross-links, or alternatively react with O2. It was therefore hypothesized that the O2 concentration may have a significant effect on dye-photosensitized reactions. We studied photo-oxidation of α- and β-caseins induced by riboflavin (RF), a photosensitizing vitamin present in milk, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Triplet-state RF induced oxidative modifications on both caseins, and significant levels of cross-links. The extent of damage, and the yield of cross-links versus oxidized products, was dependent on the O2 concentration. In the absence of O2, the overall extent of damage was decreased, but the yield of cross-linked products was significantly elevated. These cross-links are consistent with inter- and intra-molecular di-Tyr or di-Trp bridges. Alternative cross-links were detected in the presence of O2, consistent with pathways involving the reaction of protein radicals with O2 or O2−.

Porous Organic Polymers via Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization.

Highly porous and solution processable organic polymers that can be structurally tailored for various applications are in great demand. Previously reported strategies to prepare porous polymers usually rely on a high level of cross-linking or structurally rigid polymer backbones. We now demonstrate that one-dimensional linear polymers with flexible backbones prepared through ring opening metathesis polymerization can be highly porous. This new strategy allows facile access to diversified porous organic polymers having tunable mechanical/chemical properties bearing different functionalities.

Floating liquid crystalline molecularly imprinted polymer coated carbon nanotubes for levofloxacin delivery

Liquid crystalline molecularly imprinted polymers (LC-MIPs) were low cross-linking MIPs (5–20 mol%) by introducing a LC monomer into the MIP polymerization system to keep the shape of the imprinted cavities due to additional interactions between the mesogenic groups. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) coated LC-MIP (MWCNT@LC-MIP) was the first fabricated as a novel floating interaction-controlled DDS. The synthesis was achieved by adding 9-vinylanthracene to obtain the high-density vinyl group functionalized MWCNTs firstly, and then polymerization of LC MIPs was performed on the surface of MWCNTs using a mixture of methacrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and 4-methyl phenyl dicyclohexyl ethylene (LC monomer) with levofloxacin (LVF) as model template drug. Both template/functional monomer ratio and levels of crosslinker were optimized to obtain the best imprinting factor. Characterizations of polymer were investigated by the transmission electron microscope, nitrogen adsorption, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectra and floating behavior studies. The imprinting effect was confirmed by the adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and effect of selectivity. In vitro release studies were examined by the LVF-loaded MWCNT@LC-MIP and the control samples, MWCNT@LC-NIP, MWCNT@MIP, MWCNT@NIP and the bare MWCNT using acetonitrile as the dissolute medium. The release profiles showed an obvious zero-order release of LVF from MWCNT@LC-MIP, which exhibited 3.8 μg/h of the release rate with duration of about 20 h. In vivo pharmacokinetic study displayed the relative bioavailability of the gastro-floating MWCNT@LC-MIP was 578.9%, whereas only 58.0% of MWCNT@MIP and 11.7% of the bared MWCNT. As a conclusion, MWCNT@LC-MIP showed potentials for oral administration by the innovative combination of floating and controlled release properties.