Levels Of Crime Research Articles

Determinan Tingkat Kejahatan Properti (Property Crime) di Indonesia

This study aims to find out and analyze how the Determinants of Property Crime Rate in Indonesia. This research is an effort to add to the existing literature on property crime research in developing countries, especially Indonesia. The type of data used in this study is secondary data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) which is grouped into two parts, namely the dependent variable namely Property Crime and the independent variable consisting of Population Density, Education Level, Unemployment, Income Inequality and Police Power. This study used descriptive and inductive analysis. This study uses panel data regression analysis using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) method with cross section of 34 Provinces in Indonesia and time series 2018 – 2021. The findings in the results of this study revealed that the variables of population density, education level, unemployment and police strength had a significant effect however, on the variable of income inequality did not have a significant effect on the level of property crime in Indonesia.

Engaging emerging adults: A missional model of ministry for house churches in South Africa

This article examines the role of house churches in South Africa in the ministry of emerging adulthood. Emerging adulthood is a turbulent life stage that is characterised by change and exploration. Additionally, it involves increasing responsibility and autonomy as young people assume more adult roles. This article suggests that emerging adulthood is a critical life stage for several reasons. Given the contextual realities of South Africa (high unemployment, high levels of crime, poverty), as well as the associated negative behaviour and the increasing religious disaffiliation among emerging adults, it is essential to provide nurturing support to this group in particular. To this end, this article presents a missional model for house churches as an alternative method of ministry for reaching and retaining this population group. The characteristics of house churches and emerging adults are explored and serve as the backdrop for this missional model.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article makes intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary contributions by engaging the theological disciplines of missiology and practical theology as well as psychology and sociology.

The Level of Criminal Victimization of Legal Entities in the Russian Federation

Victimological statistics play an important role in the implementation of activities aimed at countering crime. The study of statistical indicators of criminal victimization makes it possible to identify trends, trace the dynamics of negative consequences, and focus on the regions and areas of activity most susceptible to victimization. Based on mathematical formulas developed earlier by scientists for determining the level of crime and victimization, a formula for calculating the coefficient of criminal victimization in relation to legal entities has been derived in the scientific work, which allows more accurately tracking the level of corporate victimization both on the territory of the entire Russian Federation and in individual districts and subjects of the Russian Federation. As a result of the study, the level of criminal corporate victimization for 2021 and 2022 was calculated, their comparative analysis was performed. In particular, the average coefficient of criminal victimization of legal entities in Russia in 2022 amounted to 8970 and exceeded this indicator 2021 by 15 %; of all the districts of the Russian Federation, the highest level of victimization legal entities in the Southern Federal District, and the lowest — in the Central Federal District.

Nature and Types of Motorcycle-Related Crimes in Nakuru East Sub-County, Nakuru County, Kenya

Motorcycle is one of the most convenient modes of transport in Kenya. However, the motorcycle transport industry is faced with social, economic, and cultural challenges that have significantly increased crime levels in urban areas. The study sought to examine the nature and types of motorcycle-related crimes in Nakuru East Sub-county, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was based on Routine Activities Theory and Crime Pattern Theory. The survey research design was used in the study. Primary data was collected using interview schedules and key informant interviews. Stratified sampling was used to select 310 motorcycle riders from four strata, which include Bondeni, Flamingo, Mwariki B, and Kivumbini. Then, simple random sampling was used to select respondents from these strata. The data collected were tallied and analyzed to produce frequency distribution, percentages, and mean. The study found the use of violence and weapon as a nature of motorcycle-related crime. The study established Robbery with violence, robbery, assault and general theft as a major type of motorcycle-related crime. The study recommends increased police patrols and the enactment of stringent motorcycle transport laws to help address motorcycle-related crimes.

A Model of Competing Gangs in Networks

Two groups produce a network good perceived by a third party, such as a police or military institution, as a ‘public bad’, referred to as ‘crime’ for simplicity. These two groups, considered mafias, are assumed to be antagonists, whether they are enemies or competitors in the same market, causing harm to each other’s activities. This paper provides guidelines for the policymaker, typically the police, seeking to minimize overall crime levels by internalizing these negative externalities. One specific question is investigated: the allocation of resources for the police. In general, we recommend a balanced crackdown on both antagonists, but an imbalance in group sizes may lead the police to focus on the more criminal group.

Factors and Patterns Associated with Juvenile Delinquency with Reference to Juvenile Crimes in India

Objectives: This study aims to examine the patterns in juvenile delinquency based on factors including age, gender, offence type, and characteristics used in NCRB reports and to comprehend the various factors that contribute to juvenile crime. Methods: This study was done using the secondary data which was collected from the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports in the year of 2017 to 2021 by the Government of India. Result and discussion: The analysis of the aforementioned data reveals that there is a higher level of juvenile crimes in India especially in various states. It also shows that a significant proportion of juvenile individuals have unfortunately fallen victim to a multitude of socio-economic pressures, including poverty, inadequate parental guidance, limited access to education, and the influence of peer groups. The crime rate in India has exhibited a notable upward trend over the years, accompanied by a concerning decline in the rate of convictions. Conclusion: The issue of juvenile delinquency necessitates focused consideration and an approach that prioritizes the well-being of children, with an emphasis on safeguarding and proactive measures to prevent their involvement in deviant behaviour. Research Implications: The findings can have implications for policymakers and educators in the realm of pedagogy development. Additionally, it bears relevance for family members and other stakeholders who play a crucial role in fostering the comprehensive growth and development of children.

Critical factors to consider in the trade–security nexus of the African Continental Free Trade Area: A catalyst for establishing peace

ABSTRACT This study examines the geostrategic importance of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), discusses its potential trade impacts on African states, and considers whether it could support regional peace. Regional integration is crucial for achieving industrialisation, promoting trade across African borders, and preserving regional peace and security. Inextricably linked to regional integration is a security community comprising a distinct group of individuals for whom the likelihood of large-scale conflict or violence has diminished. A comparative analysis was conducted using Africa’s trade patterns, milestones, and achievements during 2015–2017 and 2022–2023. Subsequently, the key causes of insecurity on the African continent were explored, focusing on the Regional Economic Communities and states embroiled in coups during 2020–2023. The findings suggest that African authorities view the AfCFTA positively and believe economic integration may bring about peace. However, African authorities would require a strong continental strategy – supported by robust regional and national programmes – to promote investor confidence and trade, considering Africa’s high levels of intercommunal violence, civil unrest, violent extremism, terrorism, and transnational crime. The AfCFTA delayed trade liberalisation to protect Africa’s less developed economies, resulting in poor working conditions, intellectual capital loss, and decreased tax collection.

Transport-related social exclusion and mobility in developing countries: the South African case

IntroductionTransport-related social exclusion has been studied in many countries, and from many different perspectives. In Africa, however, there is little recent research into the phenomenon, even though African cities tend to have poor transport services, urban sprawl is extensive usually resulting in long travel times and high travel costs, and certain areas experience high levels of crime. By implication, there are several factors that impact the ability of people to access economic and societal opportunities, however these are not well documented. Building on previous work from several authors, this research sought to describe transport-related social exclusion in a large metropolitan area in an emerging economy.MethodsUsing a qualitative methodology, 60 interviews were conducted with City of Johannesburg residents. The data was analyzed using manual thematic and classic content analysis.ResultsThe study found that residents often did not have access to services due to availability, but also that economic, geographic and fear-based exclusion were particularly prevalent in the sample, although there were several other psychological exclusion dimensions, as well as information exclusion.DiscussionThis study is the first recent study in South Africa to consider a wide range of commuters from varying demographic strata, thus providing a novel perspective on TRSE in a major urban area in the country. The study recommends that policy actions be considered, taking into account the minibus taxi industry, which is often overlooked in government policy. TRSE should also be an inherent element in urban (and other) transport planning, as well as take into account the broader societal realities faced by citizens. Future research directions include conducting broader quantitative studies across a variety of urban areas in South Africa, and beyond, to determine specific TRSE dimensions in various urban areas. Policy analysis is also recommended, to determine TRSE policy gaps and align interventions with specific commuter needs.

The pandemic as a criminological experiment: Crime in the Netherlands during 12 months of COVID-19 measures

COVID-19 caused serious personal and societal damage. It also created, however, a unique natural experiment. How did the pandemic affect crime levels? In this article, we analyse unique empirical data for the Netherlands, covering January 2016–March 2021, to assess if and how crime patterns changed during the first 12 months of COVID-19-related measures. Domestic violence, which was expected to rise, did not increase, nor did distraction burglary. Residential burglary, bicycle theft and pickpocketing, however, decreased considerably, especially during (some of the) weeks when lockdown measures were into force. Online crime rates on the other hand increased. An opportunity theoretical approach regarding crime offers a good explanation for these changes.

Policing Hate Crime: Exploring the Issue with a Cohort of Sworn Police Officers

AbstractGlobally, there has been a trend in rising levels of hate crime that scholars have argued is reflective of significant social problems within society. Research into hate crime has typically focused on the police and their subsequent response to this crime type, with many findings reporting that the police are racist, homophobic and Islamophobic, to name but a few. However, existing research seldom captures the insights and experiences of sworn police officers, as much of the data is gathered from third parties. This paper presents the empirical findings from a Delphi study conducted with one police force in Australia, sampling sworn New South Wales (NSW) police officers between October 2020 and October 2021. The findings focus on four overarching areas: defining hate crime, perpetrators of hate crime, victims of hate crime, and responses to hate crime. These themes capture the perspectives of NSW police officers in relation to operational and organisational practice in respect of hate crime. Drawing on a Delphi method, the research outlines police perceptions of the nature of hate crime, as well as capturing how hate crime can be effectively reported, recorded, and responded to. Conclusions and implications are considered. These include the requirement for a clearer definition and targeted education strategies aimed at improving knowledge and understanding relating to hate crime. Future directions include the development of a standardised approach to reporting, recording, and responding to hate crime.

The relationship between indicators of financial digitization and levels of access to financial inclusion

The research aims to shed light on the most important modern concepts about financial digitalization and their indicators and attempt to untangle some overlapping concepts and definitions within a studied problem and address digital contributions because they raise the level of access to higher limits of comprehensiveness and have helped in assisting with quarterly observations of a sample of Arab countries that included (Iraq, Egypt, Bahrain, Jordan, the Emirates, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Morocco, and Tunisia), the stepwise model was used after achieving stationary and drawing time periods for the explanatory and dependent variables It is the model of owning an account in a financial institution, the model of owning a credit card, and the last one is the wages received by a mobile phone. It then became clear that the first and second models were the most significant and that the third was completely insignificant, and that the digital payments received for those in the labor force are the most influential, but inversely, followed by It receive digital payments based on the income of the exponentially rich directly, the research reached a set of conclusions and proposals, perhaps the most important of which was the discrepancy in the moral and significant impact between the indicators explaining changes in the levels of access to financial inclusion and not concentrating them in one indicator and focusing on the financial and legal infrastructure for digitization and its future trends, as it is expected that indicators of fraud and abuse will rise. And the levels of financial crimes with the increase in digital transactions.

Are Dollar Stores Magnets for Violent Crime? Evidence from Chicago

With the rise of economic inequality in recent decades, dollar stores have flourished in the United States. Although the media has increasingly portrayed dollar stores as violent crime magnets, limited academic research has examined their impact on nearby crime. This study employed a difference-in-differences approach to investigate the impact of dollar stores on localized violent crime patterns in Chicago. Results showed a significant increase in violent crimes, especially robberies, in nearby areas relative to the control areas, following the opening of dollar stores. There were no signs of spatial crime displacement. Moreover, after the closing of dollar stores, the levels of violent crime in nearby areas relative to the control areas returned to those of the prestore opening period, regardless of the type of crime. This study also explored how the impact of dollar store openings on nearby crime rates evolves over time and varies according to the surrounding context of the store's location.

Some Criminological Features of Crime in Migration Sphere

Relevance. In recent years illegal migration also remains relevant, accompanied by criminal networks created by foreign citizens and stateless persons and the maintenance of an underground economy, including smuggling and illegal employment, which can cause social and economic problems. Compliance with legislation in the field of preventing and combating migrant crime helps maintain law-abiding and compliance with laws and regulations, as well as law and order and public safety in the country. The purpose of the study is to supplement scientific knowledge in terms of determining the general level of crime of foreigners and stateless persons in modern Russia, to identify factors that contribute to the commission of crimes by migrants. Objectives: to assess the current state (general level) of migration crime and compare it with the level among the local population; establish quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crime in the migration sphere; identify specific properties, as well as changes in crime in the migration sphere. Methodology. When writing a scientific article, general scientific methods related to universal methods were used: dialectical, historical, system-structural, generalization method and particular methods: extrapolation method, factor analysis, forecasting, document research, content analysis of the press, biographical and statistical.The results of the study made it possible to: determine the current level of crime among migrants in Russia and identify the main types of crimes that are most often committed by migrants; provide new comparative data on the crime of migrants in comparison with the general population of Russia and a number of regions; identify previously overlooked and new risk factors, as well as the socio-economic vulnerability of migrants. Conclusion. Modern Russian society is faced not only with large-scale migration processes, but also with qualitative and quantitative changes in crime in the migration sphere. This phenomenon signals a possible increase in the near future in the increased public danger of the acts of migrants, and if organizational and legal measures are not taken to neutralize this type of crime, then the trend of increasing crimes by foreign citizens and stateless persons will increase in the near future.

Work-Life Balance and Service Delivery

Purpose: Police officers in Kenya face a wide array of stressors in the line of duty, including exposure to high levels of crime, violence, and the ever-present threat of traumatic incidents. Inadequate resources, long working hours, and the burden of meeting performance targets further contribute to elevated stress levels among officers. This study aimed to determine the effect of Work-Life Balance on service delivery at National Police Service in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was grounded based on Servqual model.
 Methodology: The study adopted desk review of empirical literature. Target population was National police officers working in Nairobi City County. The findings were derived from reviewed empirical literature.
 Results: The findings show that Work-Life Balance impacted the service delivery. The inspector general of police should work closely with inspectors for regularly assess the workload.
 Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The inspectors should conduct regular assessments of workload and staffing levels to ensure they are balanced and manageable.

International experience in countering theft on railway transport in the context of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Relevance. The issue of countering theft on railway transport in Kazakhstan is highly relevant due to the widespread use of rail transport, which is economical, convenient, and allows for rapid movement over long distances. However, the closed environment of railways poses safety risks, leading to increasing theft cases, which negatively affect society and require urgent solutions. Purpose. This study aims to investigate the current level of crime, specifically theft, on railway transport in Kazakhstan. It seeks to identify factors influencing these thefts, examine the experience of advanced foreign countries in addressing similar issues, and provide recommendations for incorporating effective strategies into Kazakhstan's legislation. Methodology. The study employs a combination of general scientific and special cognitive methods, including the general dialectical method, system and structural method, comparative and legal method, sociological method, formal logic, and literature analysis. Results. The study includes a theoretical part, examining the criminological characteristics of property thefts on railway transport in Kazakhstan, and a practical part, identifying social factors that provoke such crimes and analysing foreign policies addressing these criminal acts. Conclusions. The study's findings can be applied in law enforcement to optimize and organize investigations of passenger property thefts. Additionally, the insights can be used in criminology education and scientific research to enhance recommendations and develop methods for investigating other types of criminal offences. Keywords: theft; railway transport; other people's property; passengers

Роль уголовной политики в деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы

This article attempts a scientific and theoretical understanding of the modern criminal policy of the Russian Federation and its impact on the penal enforcement system, namely on the state of the regime (law and order) in institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment. The analysis of the work on the prevention of penitentiary crimes forces penitentiary scientists to look for effective, scientifically based ways to counteract them. The humanization of criminal policy expressed in the application of criminal penalties not related to deprivation of liberty, for example, the imposition of punishment in the form of forced labor, has significantly reduced the quantitative index of persons held in correctional institutions, but, unfortunately, this has led to the concentration of particularly dangerous criminals in these institutions, which negatively affected the state of law and order in these institutions and This has led to an unprecedented increase in offenses in modern penitentiary history, committed by convicted persons serving a criminal sentence in the form of imprisonment. Thus, a comprehensive study of the relationship between criminal policy and penal enforcement policy will allow us to develop a number of effective measures aimed at achieving the goals pursued by criminal and penal enforcement law and significantly reduce the level of penitentiary crime.

Exploring Heterogeneous Effects of Victimization on Changes in Fear of Crime: The Moderating Role of Neighborhood Conditions

A growing research body shows that victimization increases victims’ fear of crime. Typically, this research estimates average effects, which may conceal that people respond differently to victimization or that ecological contexts shape the experience of crime. The current study is among the few that attempt to uncover potential heterogeneities in victimization effects by ecological contexts. It explores whether the victims’ neighborhood conditions (levels of crime, disorder, and concentrated disadvantage) moderate the impact of violent victimization close to home on fear of crime. For this purpose, longitudinal multilevel models were estimated using data from a two-wave panel survey of about 3300 adult respondents nested in 140 neighborhoods in two large German cities. The results suggest that individuals from more disadvantaged neighborhoods tend to increase their fear of crime more strongly after victimization than those from more advantaged areas. For the other neighborhood conditions, victimization effects were estimated to be more homogenous.

Is there a relationship between housing deprivation and crime? Evidence for the Spanish case

Purpose Crime increased in Spain during the period of 2017–2019 after a decade of decline. This coincides with severe housing deprivation multiplying by three in just four years, affecting 3.4% of the population in 2020. However, no research has been found that analyzes whether this deterioration of the physical conditions of housing and its environmental elements has impacted the level of crime in Spain. This study aims to analyze how housing deprivation affects crime in the Spanish context. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, different items that are considered by Eurostat as elements of housing deprivation are used. The difference generalized method of moments estimator is used for 16 Spanish regions that comprises the period from 2013 to 2019. Findings The results suggest that certain structural and environmental elements of housing are positively associated with crime: space (0.5% and 0.4%) and high housing expenditure (0.4% and 0.5%) are positively correlated with the two dependent variables; the lack of light and overcrowding stand out as they establish a positive and statistically significant association with four out of the six analyzed crime categories; the absence of lighting effect reaches up to 1.8% and 1.7% in the case of violent robberies and vehicle theft, respectively. Finally, pollution is negatively associated with robbery with violence (−1.9%), theft (−0.7%) and robbery with force (−0.5%). Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that examines whether this deterioration of the physical conditions of housing has impacted the level of crime in Spain. It is also pioneering at the European level by using nonmonetary dimensions of inequality such as housing.

The Application of Chemical Castration as Additional Punishment for the Perpetrators of Child Sexual Violence Crimes Subject to the Death Penalty

Human life is a cyclical pattern, commencing with birth and childhood, progressing through adolescence and young maturity, entering adulthood, and ultimately reaching old age. From these periods, childhood is a crucial time that requires full attention, as children are often incapable of defending and protecting themselves. This lack of self-protectiom is specifically observed against the heinous crimes of sexual violence, where the perpetrators are sentenced to the death penalty or chemical castration as additional punishment. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the application of chemical castration as additional punishment for the perpetrators of a child sexual violence crimes. In this context, a normative juridical method was used to emphasize the patterns by which the application of the rule governing the imposition of castration process is implemented in Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg. The implementation patterns of restitution and protection for the child victims of sexual violence are also explored. The results showed the following conclusions, firstly, the application of the rule governing the imposition of chemical castration as additional punishment for the perpetrators of the sexual crimes was fair when the defendant was subject to the death penalty. However, castration process was unnecessary due to causing excessive criminal sanctions, as the death penalty was the highest sanction according to Article 67 of the Criminal Code. Secondly, the implementation of restitution and protection for the child victims became a negative precedent and failed to develop a deterrent effect when imposed on the state. In this case, the perpetrators were often comfortable due to being unburdened with compensating the victims through restitution, increasing the level of sexual violence crimes. This situation hindered the achievement of protecting and preventing crimes. From these results, Decision Number 86/Pid.Sus/2022/PT Bdg was appropriate in meeting the sense of justice for the victims and facilitating their recovery.
 Keywords: Child; Sexual Violence Crimes; Death Penalty; Chemical Castration.

Public budget and crime: an analysis based on the examination of indicators of lethal and non-lethal crimes in the state of Ceará

Objective: This article aims to analyze a possible relationship between budget execution and crime levels in the State of Ceará between 2012 and 2021.
 Methodology: Use of linear regression using dependent variables (budgetary expenditures with the public security function) and independent variables (public revenue, intentional lethal violent crimes, seizure of weapons, violent property crimes, thefts, and sexual crimes).
 Results: After evaluating the proposed variables, the results showed the influence of 2 (two) of the 6 (six) independent variables analyzed: revenue at 1% and theft at 10%. The other indicators related to intentional lethal violent crimes, gun seizures, violent property crimes, and sex crimes did not show consistent results.
 Contributions of the Study: Expands the level of knowledge about possible relationships between budget expenditures and crime (its various typologies), in order to better understand whether effectively only spending on public security can influence the level of crime in a state of the federation.