Levels Of Cottonseed Meal Research Articles

Use of Expander Cottonseed Meal in Broiler Diets Formulated on a Digestible Amino Acid Basis

This experiment was designed to evaluate the use of expander cottonseed meal (CSM) in broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis and to determine the tissue distribution of gossypol enantiomers and their relationship to gossypol consumption. Gossypol is an antinutritional polyphenolic pigment found in cottonseed. A total of 800 1-d-old broilers (Arbor Acres) was randomly divided into 40 groups of 20 birds each and placed in a broiler house with wood shavings litter. The CSM was included in starter and grower diets at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of the diet. Diets were formulated to have similar levels of digestible methionine and lysine as the 0% CSM control diet. At 21 d of age, five birds per pen were randomly selected for the determination of gossypol enantiomers in plasma, liver, heart, and breast muscle. Tissues were again collected at 42 d of age. Results of this experiment indicated that at 21 d of age cumulative body weight and feed-to-BW ratios of birds fed CSM diets were not significantly different from the control. By 35 d of age, feed-to-BW ratios of experimental birds fed the 28% CSM diet were significantly greater than the control birds, and by 42 d, BW were lower than those of the control group. Tissue concentrations of total, (+) and (−) gossypol increased linearly as the level of CSM increased. At 42 d, liver had the most gossypol with a ratio of 87% (+) gossypol to 13% (−) gossypol. Plasma contained 73% (+) gossypol and 27% (−) gossypol. Heart contained 45% (+) gossypol and 55% (−) gossypol. Breast muscle had the least gossypol. Results of this experiment indicated that expander solvent CSM could be fed to broilers at up to 21% of the total diet if amino acid digestibility was considered.

Effect of Iron Supplementation to Cottonseed Meal Diets on the Growth Performance of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Three basal diets containing 0, 27.5, and 55% solvent-extracted cottonseed meal (CSM) as replacements of 0, 50, and 100% of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) on an equal nitrogen basis were each supplemented with three levels (40, 336, and 671 mg) of iron (Fe) from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (3×3 factorial experiment). Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus in triplicate aquaria twice daily to apparent satiation for 10 weeks. Dietary levels of CSM significantly affected weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), feed efficiency ratio (FER), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and apparent protein utilization (APU), with diet containing 27.5% CSM provided the best performance. Total replacement of SBM by CSM decreased weight gain and feed consumption, possibly due to toxic effect of free gossypol. Supplementation of dietary iron from iron sulfate heptahydrate at a 1:1 weight ratio of iron to free gossypol had no effect on gossypol toxicity. Histological examinations of fish fed CSM containing (27.5% and 55%) diets had increased glycogen accumulation in liver as compared to that of fish fed the SBM-based diets. Fish fed 55% CSM and 0% SBM-based diets had increased liver necrosis and liver and anterior kidney pigment deposition. These parameters were not evident in fish fed diets containing 27.5% CSM. Dietary levels of iron and interactions between CSM and iron had no effect on the liver, spleen, or anterior head kidney histology. WG, FI, PER, and APU were significantly affected by the interaction between dietary levels of CSM and Fe. For SBM-based diets, these parameters linearly increased with increasing dietary level of iron. This effect was not observed for diets in which 50 and 100% of SBM were replaced by 27.5 and 55% CSM. Survival, and serum and liver iron content were not affected by dietary levels of CSM, iron, or their interaction. The effect of CSM on whole body composition was seen only for fish fed the 55% CSM diets, with fish fed these diets having lowest fat and highest moisture content. Dietary level of iron and the interaction between iron and CSM had no effect on whole body composition.

Effects of Long‐Term Feeding of Cottonseed Meal on Growth, Testis Development, and Sperm Motility of Male Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Broodfish1

AbstractThe effects of long‐term feeding of cottonseed meal on growth, testis development, and sperm motility of male channel catfish Ictulurus punctatus were studied. Brood‐sized male channel catfish were stocked into 0.04‐ha earthen ponds in April 1992 at the rate of 120 fish per pond. The fish were fed a diet (32% protein floating catfish feed) containing either 0, 25, 375, or 52% cottonseed meal to satiation daily, except for winter months when fish were fed on days when the water temperature was 15 C or above. Fish were harvested in July 1994. Feed consumption was similar for fish regardless of dietary treatment. Feed conversion was higher for fish fed the two highest levels of cottonseed meal and weight gain was depressed in these groups. Testis weight, gonosomatic index, and sperm motility were not negatively affected by high levels of dietary cottonseed meal indicating that reproductive capacity was not diminished. Thus it wonld appepr that up to 52% cottonseed meal could be used in the diets of brood‐sized channel catfish unless maximum gain is important. In a practical situation, growth rates of brood‐sized channel catfish are not as important as reproductive performance.

An Evaluation of Low-Gossypol Cottonseed Meal in Diets for Broiler Chickens 1. Effect of Cottonseed Meal Level and Lysine Supplementation

A low free gossypol pre-press solvent meal was incorporated into broiler diets at levels up to 30%. Residual gossypol levels were neutralized by supplementation with soluble iron; various levels of lysine supplementation were examined in an attempt to compensate for deficiencies in the meal and to overcome potential problems with amino acid digestibility. Results indicate that the incorporation of cottonseed meal into the diets did not significantly affect body weight gain and mortality of broilers. The addition of cottonseed meal increased feed intake and depressed feed utilization in a linear manner. Lysine supplementation was ineffective in overcoming this effect. Possible reasons for this response are discussed.

The effect of Feeding increased levels of cotton-seed meal on the performance of laying hens

The effect of Feeding increased levels of cotton-seed meal on the performance of laying hens

Effect of feeding on high levels of cotton-seed meal on the egg quality

Effect of feeding on high levels of cotton-seed meal on the egg quality

Vitelline Membrane Strength and Egg Yolk Mottling

Four levels of cottonseed meal ranging from 0 to 18% of the diet and ferrous sulphate in three levels ranging from 0 to 531 grams per 45.4 kg. of ration were used in the twelve experimental rations. Ten hens were randomly placed in each ration treatment, three production periods were used, and the days of storage ranged from 28 to 48 days. The effect of these factors on yolk mottling and vitelline membrane strength was measured.Some yolk mottling was found in all rations with highly significant effects attributable to cottonseed meal, ferrous sulphate, and days of storage. An increase of cottonseed meal in the ration caused an increase in the mottling score.The incorporation of ferrous sulphate had the effect of decreasing the amount of yolk mottling until the cottonseed meal level reached 18% of the diet. Individual hen reaction to the inclusion of cottonseed meal in the ration was also noted in the study.Considerable variation was noted among the various loci on the yolk with regard to vitelline membrane strength. This study showed a stronger vitelline membrane at the lower portion of the yolk (area near chalazae closest to the pointed end of the shell).