Level Of Compassion Research Articles

The association of compassion with dignity and symptoms in end-of-life cancer patients.

Compassion is essential in palliative care; however, there is a lack of evidence of the association between this construct and patients' dignity-related distress. The present study aimed to investigate the association between end-of-life cancer patients' sense of dignity, the level of compassion of the healthcare professionals (HCPs) noticed and perceived by the patients, and levels of compassion that HCPs felt they had toward patients, investigating through specific attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, the relationship between compassion and patients' physical and psychological symptoms, such as levels of anxiety and depression, was also investigated. The study was cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 105 end-of-life cancer patients and 40 HCPs. Patients had a Karnofsky Performance Status of 50 or lower and a life expectancy of less than 4 months. For each patient, sociodemographic data were collected, and a set of rating scales assessing compassion, dignity as well as physical and psychological symptoms were administered. The results showed significant negative associations between patients' perception of compassion and dignity-related distress as well as significant negative associations between patients' perception of compassion and patients' symptoms. Compassion seems to be involved in diminishing dignity-related distress and alleviating physical and psychological symptoms. Other studies are needed to understand whether patients' symptoms or whether specific HCPs' conditions influence compassion. Exploring compassion and at the end-of-life could encourage a dignity-conserving care.

Compassion, stress and coping strategies in family caregivers of patients with heart failure

The requirements of caring for individuals with diseases with excess care burden like heart failure (HF) comprise a source of stress for the caregiver. This situation affects the health of caregivers and may cause a reduction in their level of compassion. However, compassion is associated with psychological benefits and coping strategies like positive mood in caregivers.The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between compassion, coping strategies and stress levels of family members caring for individuals with HF. We found that the dysfunctional coping strategies were determined to play a partial mediating role in the relationship between caregiver compassion levels and stress levels. Caregivers with higher compassion levels reported lower stress levels. This situation may be linked to their use of relatively fewer dysfunctional coping strategies. Findings help to examine the correlations between compassion, coping strategies and stress levels of family members caring for individuals with HF.

Keeping health care professionals healthy: Systematic strategies for mitigation, wellness, and burnout prevention.

9013 Background: Health care professionals are deeply committed to the compassionate care of their patients. However, the same level of caring and compassion is not typically extended to colleagues, much less toward themselves. Escalating issues include: burnout, demoralization, personal conflicts, early retirement, and high turnover. Literature and training offer few suggestions to proactively address these complexities. There is a lack of attention to creating truly healthy work environments, with strategic infrastructure to enhance leadership, communication, and relationship among team members that directly impact wellness, engagement, and productivity. We will present the Staff Leadership Model (SLM) that integrates courageous and compassionate communication to foster healthier work environments, including how to implement and sustain the necessary infrastructure. Methods: In 4 large academic cancer settings, evolving iterations of the SLM were developed since 1995, focusing on maximizing inherent human capacities. In 2007, the Department of Supportive Care Medicine (DSCM), an interdisciplinary department at City of Hope (COH), systematically integrated the SLM. Specific processes, such as onboarding and skills training, regularly scheduled, open and honest communication, ways of working agreements, and performance evaluations that actively support value-driven behaviors, were implemented. Tailored interpersonal strategies were implemented, such as small group democratic meeting structure that equalizes all members, and problem-solving skills to deal with conflict. Clinicians received annual Press Ganey-administered surveys that measured clinician engagementas well as clinician resilience, measuring the ability to disconnect from work and ability to find meaning in their work, providing early warning indicators of burnout. Results: Sustained success has been demonstrated: 1) 5 years top tier clinician/staff engagement scores, with increase from 4.24 in 2022 to 4.32 in 2023 (+0.14 vs. overall COH) ; 2) 3.96 resilience index score vs. 3.80 overall COH in 2023 (3.23 decompression score vs. COH 2.94 and 4.69 activation score vs. COH 4.65); 3) Growth of the department from 25 professionals in 2007 to 170+ in 2024; 4) A clearly-defined clinical triage created through the expertise of the professionals; and 5) Staff creativity and leadership resulting in the creation and consistent growth of innovative, market-differentiating programs. Conclusions: Results support the relationship between the SLM and healthier work environments that increase engagement and decrease burnout, as reflected by the consistently high scores. The resilience index is a new survey measure with one year data. Cause-effect relation will continue to be evaluated. Overall, SLM creates a culture of health, wellness, support, and optimized individuals and teams.

Compassion and the quality of life of the inpatient healthcare team

Introduction Nurse-patient relationships and interactions during inpatient care evoke feelings of empathy and compassion. Compassion can lead to satisfaction, but also to exhaustion. Compassion fatigue is a commonly used concept that signifies the exhaustion of healthcare personnel due to the specific activities and repeated exposure to the suffering of others. This manifests through physical and emotional over-tiredness, anxiety, anger and irritability, low vitality, social isolation, diminished sense of enjoyment of one’s career, cognitive disorders, and sleep disturbances.ObjectivesTo assess the level of compassion of the healthcare staff employed in a Romanian general hospital.Methods The study sample included 256 nurses working in a general hospital. To identify socio-demographic data we applied a specific questionnaire, and subsequently we also used the PROQOL scale (Professional Quality of Life Scale). All data were statistically analysed.ResultsThe majority of healthcare professionals in our sample belong to the 40-49 age group (39.45%). Regarding work experience in the healthcare system, the majority(43%) have been working for over 10 years. 78.52% of nurses reported a high level of compassion satisfaction. Burnout was not identified in the majority of our sample (54.3%). We noted that the number of the staff affected by compassion fatigue increases proportionally with the years of work experience (P=0.033).ConclusionsA high level of compassion satisfaction in medical professionals leads to a remarkable improvement in the quality of the healthcare they are providing. However, our study results suggest that compassion fatigue tends to increase in line with the years of work in healthcareDisclosure of InterestNone Declared

Patient-Reported Outcomes and Medical Provider Satisfaction Among Adult and Pediatric Ataxia-Telangiectasia Patients.

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic condition with malfunctioning DNA repair processes resulting in significant clinical findings, including progressive neurologic decline, elevated malignancy risk, immunodeficiency, oculocutaneous telangiectasias, and severe pulmonary disease. Research has been limited into the quality of life of such patients and yet to be completed are studies quantitatively analyzing psychosocial, physical, and cognitive patient-reported outcomes (PROs) within the A-T population. PRO evaluations of 90 international adult and pediatric A-T patients and their caregivers were completed via secure online administration of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short forms evaluating anger, cognition, mood, social health, fatigue, pain, anxiety, and upper extremity function. The impact of age, gender, race/ethnicity, prior malignancy diagnosis, and current supportive treatment interventions on such PROs was additionally assessed. Finally, given the importance of medical providers in the care of A-T patients and the impact of patient satisfaction on healthcare outcomes, we further analyzed, via a novel survey, how patients and caregivers perceived their primary A-T healthcare provider's A-T expertise, trustworthiness, accessibility, and level of compassion. It was found that a diagnosis of A-T complexly impacts patient PROs, but such data offers the potential for preventative and therapeutic interventions to improve the care of such patients. While most A-T patients and their caregivers feel their primary A-T medical provider has expertise and compassion in addition to being accessible and trustworthy, a significant percentage of study subjects did not agree that their provider was an expert in A-T or overall trustworthy.

The effect of the compassion levels of healthcare workers on their psychological well-being.

A sense of compassion has a core importance in health service delivery. Research on the psychological impact of being compassionate on healthcare workers is limited. This research aims to examine the effect of compassion levels of healthcare workers on their psychological well-being. This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The population of the research consists of health personnel working throughout Ankara, the capital. The study was carried out with 414 healthcare workers. A personal information form, compassion scale and psychological well-being scale were used in the research questionnaire. A positive and significant relationship was found between compassion and psychological well-being scores. It was determined that compassion positively affected psychological well-being levels. The level of compassion showed that there was a significant difference between the groups according to the variables of gender, family structure, job satisfaction and whether they would choose the same profession again. The level of psychological well-being was found to be significantly different between the groups in education, job satisfaction and making the same profession choice again. It is a professional requirement that health professionals in patient care have a sense of compassion and reflect this feeling in their conduct. Research shows that the greater the compassion, the higher the psychological well-being. Therefore, undertaking training initiatives to make healthcare workers more compassionate can contribute to patient care and at the same time to the psychological well-being of healthcare workers.

Nursing Students’ Level of Compassion and Thoughts About Compassion Fatigue

Since humane and good nursing care cannot be provided without compassion, it is undeniable that every intervention made with a sense
 of compassion will cause less pain to individuals and negative experiences will decrease. This research was conducted to evaluate the
 compassion levels of nursing students and their strategies to prevent compassion fatigue.
 The population consisted of 350 undergraduate nursing students in a state university. The information form consists of questions related
 to the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants, the nursing profession, empathy and compassion, and the Compassion Scale
 were used to obtain data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and median), Mann Whitney U and
 Kruskal Wallis test.
 It was observed that there was a significant difference in the compassion and conscious awareness dimensions of the scale among those
 who thought that institutional strategies should be used to prevent compassion. The level of compassion fatigue is mostly experienced in
 the dimension of emotional problems (36.6%), excessive professional workload (46.9%) is seen as the trigger of compassion fatigue, and
 the majority of participants think that institutional strategies should be used to prevent compassion fatigue (85.5%). has been found. It was
 determined that the students’ average compassion scale score was 3.97 ± 0.46.
 It is concluded that nursing students experienced compassion fatigue due to excessive workload, and they thought that it was important
 to implement institutional strategies to prevent it. Nursing students’ awareness of compassion fatigue should be increased and students
 should be supported to develop their own strategies to overcome compassion fatigue

The Relationship Between Religious Attitude, Compassion and Spiritual Care in Nursing Students: The Case of Türkiye.

In the present descriptive study, we aimed to examine the relationship between the levels of religious attitude, compassion and spiritual care perception among nursing students. Data were obtained from 135 nursing students using the Socio-Demographic Diagnosis Form, the Ok-Religious Attitude Scale, the Compassion Scale, and the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, the Spearman correlation test, and the Mann-Whitney U test. A positive correlation was found between the scores of the Ok-religious attitude scale and cognition sub-dimension, emotion sub-dimension, behavior sub-dimension, god sub-dimension and compassion scale and spiritual care-giving scale scores. Furthermore, we observed that some socio-demographic, and nursing profession and spiritual care characteristics of the students affected their religious attitudes, compassion and spiritual care perception. The sub-dimension scores of compassion and awareness of sharing among female students and the mindfulness scores of students with nuclear families were high. Our data suggest that the course contents for spiritual care, which is an integral part of holistic nursing care, should be included in the nursing curriculum. Moreover, we recommend that efforts be made to maintain a high level of compassion while considering the socio-demographics of the students and their opinions on the nursing profession. Finally, the data presented here has the potential to serve as a valuable resource for the development of novel approaches to the provision of spiritual care within nursing education programs.

A scoping review of the self-reported compassion measurement tools

BackgroundCompassion is closely linked to psychological well-being, and several assessment tools have been developed and studied to assess the level of compassion in different populations and for more precise measurement. There is currently a scarcity of comprehensive knowledge about compassion-related assessment tools, and our research provides an overview of these tools.AimsTo identify scales used to measure compassion from different flows, and to assess their measurement properties and quality.MethodsFocusing on compassion assessment tools, the authors conducted a thorough search of 10 Chinese and English databases from their establishment until August 14, 2022. Data extracted included the author, year, country, objectives, target population, as well as the primary evaluation content. Using the COSMIN checklist, the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were appraised. This scoping review was registered with the Open Science Framework and followed the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist.ResultsThere were 15,965 papers searched, and 36 compassion-related measurement tools were identified in this study. None of the 36 studies provided possessed all nine psychometric properties, as outlined by the COSMIN criteria. On the basis of a systematic evaluation of quality, measurement qualities were ranked. The results for internal consistency and content validity were relatively favorable, whereas the results for structural validity were variable and the results for the remaining attributes were either uncertain or negative. A Venn diagram was used to illustrate the overlapping groups of compassion measurement tools based on the three-way flow of compassion. An overview of the reference instrument and theoretical basis for the included studies was provided, and half of them did not contain any theoretical or scale-based evidence.ConclusionIn this study, 36 compassion-related measuring instruments were identified, and the methodological quality and measurement properties of the included studies were acceptable. The included measurements were consistent with flows of compassion. A further focus of further research should be on developing theories in the compassion domain and developing instruments for measuring compassion that are multidimensional, multi-populations, and culturally relevant.

Exploring Compassion towards Laboratory Animals in UK- and China-Based Undergraduate Biomedical Sciences Students.

Taking a compassionate approach to the non-human animals used in biomedical research is in line with emerging ideas around a "culture of care". It is important to expose biomedical sciences students to the concept of a culture of care at an early stage and give them opportunities to explore related practices and ideas. However, there is no simple tool to explore biomedical sciences students' attitudes towards laboratory animals. Accordingly, there is little understanding of students' feelings towards these animals, or a means of quantifying potential changes to these feelings. We developed a 12-item questionnaire designed to explore compassion (the Laboratory Animal Compassion Scale; LACS) and used it with UK-based and China-based samples of undergraduate biomedical sciences students. In the same samples, we also explored a harm-benefit analysis task and students' beliefs regarding some mental characteristics of laboratory animals, then drew correlations with the quantitative measure of compassion. Compassion levels were stable across years of study and were not related to students' level of experience of working with laboratory animals. We observed a higher level of compassion in females versus males overall, and a higher level overall in the UK-based versus China-based sample. In a task pitting animal suffering against human wellbeing, students' compassion levels correlated negatively with their acceptance of animal suffering. Compassion levels correlated positively with a belief in animals being conscious and possessing emotions. These data are in line with studies that show compassion is gender- and nationality/culture-dependent, and points to links between compassion, beliefs, and choices.

Temporal changes of compassion in accounting and business students in an English course: a longitudinal study in higher education

PurposeTo measure the dynamic features of compassion as an emotional and behavioral construct, the present research used a univariate latent growth modeling (LGM) approach within the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The aim was to trace the dynamic development of compassion longitudinally in accounting and business students during a three-credit English course at university.Design/methodology/approachThe suggested method ensures the measurement invariance over time, deals with the first order latent variable, traces its growth and takes into account the measurement errors. This longitudinal analytical method was used to explore the initial state and the growth of compassion in four points of time during a language course. The data were collected from 60 adult accounting and business students in four time phases using Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale and were analyzed in Mplus 8.4 with univariate LGM.FindingsThe model fit was accepted and the invariance of the latent factor was confirmed over time. The negative covariance between intercept and slope (second-order latent variables) suggested that lower initial scores in L2 learners' compassion show a faster increase in compassion over time as the mean of slope is larger than that of the intercept. L2 learners who started off at a higher level of compassion showed a slower change in compassion over time. This can be at least partly explained by the teacher's motivating role or learners' compassion but needs to be further explored in complementary qualitative phases for deeper insights.Originality/valueIn the present research, awareness was raised of the developmental nature of compassion as an emotional and behavioral construct essential to the accounting and business profession. The great strength of this research lies in the dynamic approach to the compassion construct and the LGM used to capture the temporal growth of compassion and how it evolved through the L2 course.

Does the nursing students' perceived level of compassion correlate with affect their perception of spiritual care?

BackgroundIt is an important competence for nurses to develop compassion emotions during their education. Studies emphasize compassion as one of the most important components of spiritual care, suggesting that spiritual care begins with compassionate relationships. However, there is no study about the relationship between these two concepts in nursing students. ObjectiveTo determine the level of perceived compassion and perceived spiritual care in nursing students and to reveal the effect of compassion on perceived spiritual care. DesignCross-sectional study. SettingThe faculty of health sciences of a state university in Turkey. ParticipantsNursing students at the faculty where the study was conducted in the fall academic semester of the 2022–2023 academic year. MethodsThe population of the study consisted of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grade nursing students at the faculty of health sciences of a state university in the fall academic year of the 2022–2023 academic year (N = 720). The study was completed with a total of 440 nursing students. Data were collected online using a sociodemographic information form, the Compassion Scale and the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale between October 10 and November 20, 2022 via Google Forms. ResultsThe students scored 98.72 ± 12.16 (high) on the Compassion Scale and 146.47 ± 28.92 (high) on the Spiritual Care Giving Scale. There was a significant positive correlation between their perceived compassion and spiritual care giving mean scores (r = 0.440; p < 0.01). The explanatory power of the regression model was 0.292, suggesting that 29.2 % of the variance of spiritual care-giving can be explained by compassion. ConclusionThe students reported high levels of perceived compassion and perceived spiritual care. Compassion is an important component in the formation of perceived spiritual care in nursing students. Further studies in diverse populations will be useful for the comparisons of relevant results.

DOES THE EMPATHY MACHINE MAKE JOURNALISM STUDENTS COMPASSIONATE? AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

In 360-degree virtual reality, news stories put the user (who consumes news through a head-mounted display) inside the story. The present study tries to find out whether select 360-degree video documentaries make the users empathize with the story, situation, and people involved in the story. On the other hand, in the news media, journalists and documentary filmmakers work hard to get the news out to the public. People who read the news have to understand how journalists present the news. In 360-degree documentaries, there is no such boundary. This is why the current study is significant in determining how the users feel about the documentaries they watch using virtual reality headsets (HMDs). The current study also tried to find out if there was a difference in the level of compassion between the control group and the experimental group after watching a 360-degree VR documentary. It also looked at how the empathy machine affected the level of compassion of both male and female journalism students. This study used a quantitative approach and a questionnaire that the participants filled out on their own. The respondents who belong to the experimental group and who filled out the pre-test questionnaire were asked to use VR headsets (Oculus Quest 2) to watch a 360-degree documentary. The control group respondents were asked to watch the content using mobile phones.

The Role of Doulas in Addressing Disparities, Barriers, and Potential Solutions to Navigating Reproductive Loss

Reproductive loss can take many forms. Common experiences include abortions, stillbirths, or miscarriages. Especially in a post-Roe time and space, the health disparities and stigmas that exist surrounding reproductive loss and those experiencing pregnancy loss have become even more apparent. Health disparities continue to exist through sociodemographic factors such as ethnicity, gender, race, and socioeconomic status. As found in existing literature on individuals’ experiences with reproductive health care, each person’s experiences strongly correlate with their identities. The level of reproductive care and compassion received vary dramatically as a result, with people of color and lower socioeconomic statuses receiving lower quality of care when seeking it out. Trends in unintended pregnancies and access to support resources also reinforce the idea that health disparities are at play. Additionally, intersectionality, or the overlapping of an individual’s multiple identities, plays an important role in the disparities seen within reproductive healthcare as discrimination and other structural factors are designed to benefit certain groups of individuals while putting others at disadvantages. Studies and surveys of individuals who have experienced pregnancy loss have addressed the existence of these inequalities within reproductive health care. Through a reproductive justice perspective, this literature review aims to bring attention to the disparities present in reproductive healthcare and how the work of reproductive loss doulas, which are full-spectrum doulas who honor all reproductive experiences, may address these disparities with sensitive and compassionate care. While addressing nationwide disparities in pregnancy loss, this literature review uses the state of Michigan to also analyze the current legislative efforts designed to expand access to critical reproductive health care services.

Psychometric Properties of Schwartz Center Compassionate Care Scale with Iranian Patients

Background: Despite patients’ and caregivers’ approval of the importance of compassionate care, without proper measurement, we cannot know the level of compassion or the effectiveness of interventions. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Schwartz for Compassionate Care scale.&#x0D; Methods: The scale was translated using the back and forward technique. The construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. Concurrent validity was examined by Pearson’s correlations between this scale and the patient satisfaction with nursing care quality questionnaire. The reliability was assessed using test-retest and internal consistency methods.&#x0D; Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis reported almost adequate values for all fit indices (χ2/df = 2/85, RMSEA= 0/07, CFI= 0/88, GFI=0/92, AGFI=0/88 TLI=0/90) and concurrent validity was high. Cronbach’s alpha was reported as 0.95 and the results of the test-retest in checking the time stability of the scale were reported as 0.78.&#x0D; Conclusion: It can be concluded that Schwartz’s Compassionate Care scale had almost acceptable validity and reliability for Iranian nurses’ caring behavior. Therefore, the Persian version of this scale should be used with caution in Iran.

The relationship between moral courage and lovingkindness–compassion levels in critical care nurses: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundEthical dilemmas and ethical problems are very common in intensive care units. Nurses need moral courage to deal with these problems. Nurses’ high empathy, humility, lovingkindness, and compassion support them to act with moral courage. ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the moral courage, lovingkindness, and compassion levels of critical care nurses and to reveal whether there is a relationship between them. MethodsOne hundred sixty-eight nurses working in the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Turkey were included in this correlational descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected with the Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale (NMCS) and the Loving-kindness Compassion Scale (LCS). ResultsThere was a positive and significant relationship between the NMCS and the LCS lovingkindness (r = .377, p < .05) and compassion (r = .405, p < .05) subdimensions; on the other hand, a negative and significant relationship was observed with the LCS self-centredness subdimension (r = -.215, p = .025). In addition, the mean scores of the LCS subdimensions of compassion, self-centredness, and lovingkindness were predictors of the NMCS total score (R = .475, R2 = .286, p < .05). ConclusionsIn this study, it was determined that critical care nurses with high moral courage levels had high levels of compassion and lovingkindness and low levels of self-centredness. A high level of moral courage and compassion in nurses may contribute to quality and safe patient care. In-service trainings may be planned to increase nurses' awareness of moral courage, loving-kindness, and compassion.

How to Treat Yourself Like You Are Your Own Best Friend

Imagine you just got a bad grade on a test. What kind of thoughts would be running through your head? When something difficult like this happens, a lot of us will talk to ourselves in a harsh tone of voice, be very critical, and call ourselves names. Now imagine it were your friend who got a bad grade—what would you say to them? Most people say that they would be much kinder to their friend, use a calmer tone of voice, and say something supportive and encouraging. They would show their friend compassion, which means they would feel what their friend was feeling and wish to help them. When people show that same level of compassion to themselves, it is called self-compassion. In this article, we will explain exactly what self-compassion is, how you can use it in your life, and how it can help you to be more satisfied in your life.

Emerging Resilience and Level of Compassion of Pediatric Emergency Nurses during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Several studies had explored compassion and resilience, however, most of these studies focused on the relationship between resilience and compassionate fatigue, or resilience and self-compassion. This study aimed to determine the level of emerging resilience and level of compassion of pediatric emergency nurses while caring for COVID 19 pediatric patients and the correlation between Compassion level and Emerging Resilience of nurses. Participants were 190 emergency nurses conducted in Pediatric Emergency Center COVID-19 facility. The study data were collected utilizing the questionnaire comprised of demographics, Compassionate Scale and Brief Resilience Scale. Statistically significant difference was found between the age variable of the nurses and “common humanity” sub-scale as well as years in service and sub-scale “Indifference items”. There was a significant difference between the education level of the nurses and their status of showing kindness to the patients (p &lt; .05). When the subscales were added together, there was no significant difference between the Compassionate Scale total score and the baseline characteristics of the nurses. In terms of Brief Resilience Scale, a mean score of 3.18 (±0.47) was found that showed the resilience level of the nurses as normal. Significant difference between educational status and brief resilience scale (p&lt;.05) was found. The level of compassion of the nurses was “moderate” and the Resilience was “normal resilient coping.” Nurses’ baseline data negatively predicted the level of compassion and the emerging resilience of Pediatric Emergency Nurses. There was no correlation between the Nurses’ Level of compassion with the Nurses’ level of resilience. Keywords: Compassion, Resilience, Compassion Fatigue, Child, Self-compassion, Covid-19

GREEK MILITARY NURSING OFFICERS’ COMPASSION COMPETENCE AND COMPASSION LEVEL AT WORK AND THEIR PROFESSIONAL QUALITY OF LIFE

Aim: Of this study was to investigate the level of Military Nursing Officers'(MNOS) compassion competence and their personal level of compassion at work and their correlation with the professional quality of life. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study carried out from December 2019 to May 2020 using the method of convenience sampling. The study involved 235 MNOs serving in Greek Military Hospitals. A single questionnaire containing Compassion at Work index, Compassion competence scale and ProQOL 5 was used for data collection. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed with a response rate of 58.75%. Data analysis was performed using the statistical package SPSS 22.0. Results: The research showed that there was a significant positive correlation of the Compassion Satisfaction score with the com¬passion at work and compassion competence scales. So, the more compassion participants had, the more satisfaction they received from the care they put into their work. Conversely, the more compassion participants had, the less burnout they felt. Regarding secondary traumatic stress, it was found that the higher the participants' score on the dimensions of compassion in the dimension "Being non-judgmental", "Being tolerant to personal distress" and "Being empathic", the lower the secondary traumatic stress they felt. The position at hospital, the score on the compassion dimension in the dimension "Experiencing the suffering of others" were found to be independently related to the Compassion Satisfaction score. Specifically, Head Nurses had a 3.86 points lower score compared to Nurse managers. Higher values in the "Experiencing the suffering of others" dimension were related to a higher Compassion Satisfaction score. Nursing Officers who scored higher in compassion dimensions such as "Being non-judgmental", "Being tolerant to personal distress" and "Being empathic", they felt lower secondary traumatic stress. Conclusions: It is really important for Military nursing Officers to be compassionate in order to get more satisfaction from caring about their work and feel less burnout.

The Impact of Covid 19 on School Administrators’ Leadership Attributes in Selected Schools in Jamaica

Principals have been called upon to utilize their personal leadership resources in Jamaican schools during the novel Corona Virus pandemic. This crisis has forced a radical shift in the landscape of school leadership and management not only in Jamaica but globally. The purpose of this descriptive quantitative study was to ascertain the impact of Covid-19 on principals’ level of compassion and care, openness and communication, adaptiveness, resilience and courage, consultation and collaboration, empowerment, and decisiveness. Additionally, it sought to assess whether there were differences in these leadership attributes based on school level, region, and gender. A 24-item questionnaire developed and validated by Balasubramanian and Fernandes (2022) and achieved an overall Cronbach Alpha of .84 was used to collect data. The sample included 50 principals and vice principals selected conveniently from the 7 regions 18 completed and returned the questionnaire, 15 females and 3 males. The data were coded and imported into the SPSS, version 27, and were screened, cleaned, and analyzed using weighted means and standard deviations and MANOVA. The mean ranges for interpretation include: 1.00 – 2.33 = Low Attribute; 2.34 – 3.67 = Moderate Attribute and 3.68 – 5.00 = High Attribute. The results showed that the principal participants scored high on leadership attributes. These findings hold critical and practical lessons for handling future crises. They show that effective leaders in many schools can function effectively in a crisis given that the policy makers provide adequate guidance and regulations with a relevant resources. Keywords: Adaptiveness, Compassion and care, Consultation and collaboration, Empowerment and Decisiveness, Openness and Communication, Resilience, and Courage.