Level Of Cleanliness Research Articles

Users’ Satisfaction of Facilities in Mowe Market along Lagos-Ibadan Expressway

User requirements are a basic principle in the planning and design of urban facilities. They strongly relate to the users' satisfaction, particularly with traditional markets and modern shopping facilities. The study examines the users' (buyers and sellers) satisfaction with facilities in the Mowe market along the Lagos-Ibadan expressway. The sampling frame for the buyers (1392) and sellers (754) emanated from market management. The sample size emerged from a 10% sample of the buyers and sellers, utilising a simple random sampling technique to collect data from (n=145) respondents using a structured questionnaire. The study utilised a 5-point Likert summation scale and multiple linear regression for data analysis. Findings reveal that 59% of the respondents are between 30-49 years, 36.3% have attained secondary education, and 71.9% are employed and largely in the informal sector. The Likert scale of satisfaction reveals that the buyers are moderately satisfied with safety and security (2.83), firefighting (2.80) and spaces for buying and selling (2.73) and these are the least three factors in that category. In contrast, the sellers are dissatisfied with the condition of the shops and stalls (2.48), cleanliness (2.33) and noise levels (2.02). Inferential evidence reveals that both age (t= - 2.706; β = -0.091, sig = 0.008 < 0.05) and level of education (t= -0.698; β = -0.028, sig = 0. 486 > 0.05) have negative prediction for satisfaction. The study concludes that apart from the general market condition, safety and security is the most critical factor to consider in the management plan for the Mowe market. The study recommends a regeneration plan towards improving the general conditions of the market to enhance users' satisfaction.

Stray Light Analysis and Suppression of Taiji Telescope for Space Gravitational Wave Detection Based on Phase Noise Requirement

The telescope is the core device for space gravitational wave detection. It is responsible for receiving signal light and emitting outgoing light simultaneously. When the high-energy outgoing laser passes through the telescope, it would produce stray light, which would interfere with the phase measurement and generate phase noise. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze and suppress the stray light of the telescope. In this paper, the requirement of point source transmittance (PST) of the Taiji telescope is obtained through theoretical derivation, which is less than 4×10−10. Through a complete analysis of stray light, we determined that the M4 was the largest source of stray light under the condition that the roughness of each optical surface is equal, which accounted for 67.22%. We also determined the most lenient requirements for surface roughness σλ, and found that when σλ of the M1, M2, M3, and M4 were 20 Å, 4 Å, 1 Å, and 1 Å, respectively, the PST was 3.89×10−10, which met the PST requirement. Next, we calculated the effect of particulate contamination on the PST, and based on the results of our analysis, we determined that the cleanliness level of the testing and storage environment of the Taiji telescope was better than 300. Finally, we evaluated the changes in the PST caused by the damage of micrometeoroids, and the analysis results showed that the stray light level would not change significantly during the service period of the Taiji Telescope.

Novel technique for soiling measurement on concentrated solar plants using night-time image analysis

In this study, we proposed a novel technique for assessing and measuring the soiling rate on solar mirrors. The technique uses night-time image processing and analyzes the backscattered light from dust particles deposited on the surface of the mirror. To evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, three groups of mirrors with three different cleaning schedules were exposed during the dry period of the year (from 19 June to 10 July), and their optical performance was evaluated using the brightness index (BIx). This metric was subsequently validated against the specular reflectance and dust density deposition rates. The results show that for a mirror cleanliness level (Cx) in the range of 1–0.75, which is the regular optical efficiency range for concentrated solar plants (CSPs), the correlation between BIx and Cx is 89.9%. Further, regarding the dust deposition function (Ddp), BIx is in agreement with the mass deposition with a linear fitting and a correlation coefficient of 82.7%. The proposed method is highly accurate and advantageous compared with existing methods. Moreover, it can be implemented in CSPs and can be used during the night, thus ensuring no interruption in the operation of the plants.

Architecture for determining the cleanliness in shared vehicles using an integrated machine vision and indoor air quality-monitoring system

In an attempt to mitigate emissions and road traffic, a significant interest has been recently noted in expanding the use of shared vehicles to replace private modes of transport. However, one outstanding issue has been the hesitancy of passengers to use shared vehicles due to the substandard levels of interior cleanliness, as a result of leftover items from previous users. The current research focuses on developing a novel prediction model using computer vision capable of detecting various types of trash and valuables from a vehicle interior in a timely manner to enhance ambience and passenger comfort. The interior state is captured by a stationary wide-angled camera unit located above the seating area. The acquired images are preprocessed to remove unwanted areas and subjected to a convolutional neural network (CNN) capable of predicting the type and location of leftover items. The algorithm was validated using data collected from two research vehicles under varying conditions of light and shadow levels. The experiments yielded an accuracy of 89% over distinct classes of leftover items and an accuracy of 91% among the general classes of trash and valuables. The average execution time was 65 s from image acquisition in the vehicle to displaying the results in a remote server. A custom dataset of 1379 raw images was also made publicly available for future development work. Additionally, an indoor air quality (IAQ) unit capable of detecting specific air pollutants inside the vehicle was implemented. Based on the pilots conducted for air quality monitoring within the vehicle cabin, an IAQ index was derived which corresponded to a 6-level scale in which each level was associated with the explicit state of interior odour. Future work will focus on integrating the two systems (item detection and air quality monitoring) explicitly to produce a discrete level of cleanliness. The current dataset will also be expanded by collecting data from real shared vehicles in operation.

Exceptionally clean single-electron transistors from solutions of molecular graphene nanoribbons

Only single-electron transistors with a certain level of cleanliness, where all states can be properly accessed, can be used for quantum experiments. To reveal their exceptional properties, carbon nanomaterials need to be stripped down to a single element: graphene has been exfoliated into a single sheet, and carbon nanotubes can reveal their vibrational, spin and quantum coherence properties only after being suspended across trenches1–3. Molecular graphene nanoribbons4–6 now provide carbon nanostructures with single-atom precision but suffer from poor solubility, similar to carbon nanotubes. Here we demonstrate the massive enhancement of the solubility of graphene nanoribbons by edge functionalization, to yield ultra-clean transport devices with sharp single-electron features. Strong electron–vibron coupling leads to a prominent Franck–Condon blockade, and the atomic definition of the edges allows identifying the associated transverse bending mode. These results demonstrate how molecular graphene can yield exceptionally clean electronic devices directly from solution. The sharpness of the electronic features opens a path to the exploitation of spin and vibrational properties in atomically precise graphene nanostructures.

Connecting Contemporary Trauma Care to Florence Nightingale's Visionary Work.

The impact of Florence Nightingale's visionary work continues to influence the delivery of nursing care in the contemporary emergency department (ED). Her foundational work in the Crimean War resulted in data-based recommendations for using the environment to promote healing and wellness among sick and wounded British soldiers. She advocated for attention to environmental details, including ventilation, air, warmth, drainage, cleanliness, natural light, and low noise levels. These important environmental concepts play a significant role in the nursing management of trauma patients in today's ED. This article features an application of Nightingale's environmental concepts to a trauma patient case exemplar and demonstrates the enduring impact of her work for trauma patients who receive care in the ED.

Role of Surfactants Against Covid‐19: A Scientific Approach

Pandemic emerged due to the spread of SARS-COV-2 has become a most serious problem faced by today's world. Even after about 8 months, neither there is any decrease in its magnitude or in the spread. In some countries, it has reached the peak of its horrors, while some countries are still forced to guess only what will be the peak maxima of number of Covid-19 patients. People are compelled to maintain social distancing, cleanliness, and high level of hygiene. Right from the beginning of this epidemic, it has been concluded that washing hands every hour with soap (surfactants) can help people to protect themselves from this disease. Surfactants can play a major role in stopping the spread of this epidemic? In this review article, the role of surfactants to stop the spread of Covid-19 has been discussed. In addition, some of the other prospects of surfactants in Covid-19 such as a drug delivery of pulmonary drugs have also been explained.

Impact on Kayakalp scores after undertaking of a primary health center by community medicine dept. of a medical college of J and K.

To complement the Swachhata Abhiyaan effort, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, initiated "KAYAKALP." Kayakalp is an initiative to improve the cleanliness, hygiene, and sanitation of public health facilities by recognizing and giving awards to those who exhibit a high level of cleanliness, hygiene, and infection control. Our study aimed to assess the level of cleanliness, hygiene, and infection control practices in the health care facility after undertaking by the department of Community Medicine of a medical college. A retrospective comparative observational study was conducted at RHTC in the Kathua district of UT J and K. We compare the level of cleanliness, hygiene, and infection control practices using the Kayakalp scoring tool before and after taking over by the department of Community Medicine of a medical college. The scoring for various areas of concern is based on a checklist for quality assessment which includes facility upkeep, sanitation and hygiene, waste management, and infection control. The total scores vary before and after undertaking of a Primary Health Center (PHC) by the Community Medicine Department of new medical college of J and K. Overall scores vary from the baseline score of 56% before to 84% now after 2 years of the undertaking. Resource management and capacity building under the guidance of public health professionals can result in a significant increase in hygiene, cleanliness, and infection control. So integrated approach involves public health specialists and other medical professionals like medical officers, field workers, sanitary inspectors. etc., can be helpful in recognizing the challenges and barriers.

Evolution of inclusions in the whole process of GCr15 bearing steel

Inclusions have an important effect on the fatigue performance of bearing steels. Therefore, the study of the evolution of inclusions in the whole process and the reasonable control of inclusions (quantity, type, size, etc.) in steel can improve the production stability and fatigue performance of bearing steel. In this study, with the help of thermodynamic calculations and experimental studies, the evolution of the whole-process refining slag, oxygen and nitrogen content, and inclusions in bearing steel produced in a plant is systematically investigated. Overall, the refining slag composition of the refining process fluctuates less, and the oxygen content during LF refining and RH refining has been trending down, with an oxygen content of 5.7 × 10‒6 in the bearing steel billets. Although the cleanliness level is good for bearing steels, there is still room for improvement in refining slag composition, refining time, protected casting, and cut waste length.

Mewujudkan Livable City: Persepsi Tentang Ruang Terbuka yang Aman dan Tidak Aman di Kota Bandung

The Bandung City Government strives to create a comfortable city space for its citizens. Preliminary studies show that not all city residents use city parks. This study aims to explore the perception of city residents about the safety of public spaces in Bandung City. The research was conducted by combining quantitative methods using questionnaires with qualitative methods through observation and documentation of places that were considered the safest and least safe from the results of the questionnaire. The results showed that places that are considered safe have an excellent level of neatness and cleanliness, equipped with street and garden furniture devices, large pedestrian areas, and attractive to be photo spots. Places that are perceived as unsafe are places that lack clear use and function, have a poor level of service, and are in areas that have low visibility. Recommendations for the redesign of unsafe places are presented by integrating built environment principles that can tackle crime.

Deep Learning Implemented Visualizing City Cleanliness Level by Garbage Detection

In an urban city, the daily challenges of managing cleanliness are the primary aspect of routine life, which requires a large number of resources, the manual process of labour, and budget. Street cleaning techniques include street sweepers going away to different metropolitan areas, manually verifying if the street required cleaning taking action. This research presents novel street garbage recognizing robotic navigation techniques by detecting the city’s street-level images and multi-level segmentation. For the large volume of the process, the deep learning-based methods can be better to achieve a high level of classification, object detection, and accuracy than other learning algorithms. The proposed Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) is used to features extracted while using the deep learning technique to classify the ground-level segmentation process’s images. In this paper, we use mobile edge computing to process street images in advance and filter out pictures that meet our needs, which significantly affect recognition efficiency. To measure the urban streets’ cleanliness, our street cleanliness assessment approach provides a multi-level assessment model across different layers. Besides, with ground-level segmentation using a deep neural network, a novel navigation strategy is proposed for robotic classification. Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) approaches the output space of bounding boxes into a set of default boxes over different feature ratios and scales per attribute map location from the dataset. The SSD can classify and detect the garbage’s accurately and autonomously by using deep learning for garbage recognition. Experimental results show that accurate street garbage detection and navigation can reach approximately the same cleaning effectiveness as traditional methods.

Barbershop trend information system

This research has a purpose to determine the performance and customers expectations about the service quality of Real7 Barbershop which expected by customers after receiving services from Real7 Barbershop and what should be improved in the services provided by Real7 Barbershop. The samples are taken using simple random sampling method. Simple random sampling is a sampling design in which every single element in the population has a known and equal probability to be selected as a subject. Data analysis are in this research using Analysis of Importance Performance. The results of this research prove that the level of customer expectations of service quality in Real7 Barbershop Yogyakarta is 3.78, where the value is in the condition of customers have high expectations of service quality in Real7 Barbershop Yogyakarta. While, the level of customer performance service quality in Real7 Barbershop Yogyakarta is 4.15, where the value is in good condition of the customer service quality at Real7 Barbershop Yogyakarta. From the servqual analysis results all items are in a positive gap so that customers are satisfied with the quality of services provided by Real7 Barbershop. Conclusively, the five-dimensional servqual value is positive, which indicated that, the overall quality of the service provided by the firm (Real7 Barbershop) meets customer expectations. Factors that must be modified are in quadrant 1, which is the comfort level of the waiting room and the level of cleanliness.

SOME ASPECTS OF TAX REGULATION IN THE PROGRAM OF INCREASING THE INCOME OF THE POPULATION UNTIL 2025

The growth of public welfare and support for the least well-to-do members of society is a priority for the development of society at the present stage of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Social and labor inequality, "shadow" income from property, lack of alternatives in tax regulation, unfair competition, low level of tax cleanliness of entrepreneurship and social responsibility have led to the fact that the monthly income of half of the population does not exceed fifty thousand tenge. Problems of the self-employed, difficulties in determining their real profitability, dependent expectations in society as a whole hinder the progress of business development. The ineffective local economic policy associated with the decentralization of functions between the center and the regions once again confirms the need for a reasonable fiscal policy to solve the issues of inequality in the development of regions. An increase in profitability are to be accompanied with appropriate measures of tax regulation, while the draft program for increasing the income of the population until 2025 provides exemption from payments of all taxes and social contributions for 2 years. The proposed increase in the yield threshold to 3,000 MCI based on a single total income with self-payment of social contributions, and prolongation of the special tax regime based on a retail tax with registration and payment of 3% of income can equalize the existing income differentiation via tax regulation methods.

A WEB-BASED APPLICATION FOR MAKING LOW-COST VACATION RESERVATIONS FOR TOURISTS USING THE K-NEAREST NEIGHBORS ALGORITHM

Abstract. An occasional recreational vacation is a necessity for many people. It provides a perfect opportunity for the body and the mind to get much-needed rest after weeks, months, or years of daunting tasks and a break from routine. It also gives people morale as they perform their usual tasks afterward. Unfortunately, many people are unable to afford a vacation not only internationally but also locally due to the high costs involved. This makes many people prefer spending their holidays with extended families, by, for instance, traveling to their rural homes as opposed to taking a vacation. To boost the tourism sector in our country that is being promoted by initiatives such as ‘Tembea Kenya’, we should encourage domestic tourism. Another challenge is the experience in hotels that some people do not like that would entirely cause them to opt to spend their holidays differently, for example, the lack of privacy in the shared accommodation facility, the limited space in hotels, the numerous restrictions, the level of cleanliness in the shared facility especially during the COVID-19 crisis, etcetera. The aim of this project was to solve the problem by coming up with a technological means of enabling people to make reservations for vacation homes with each other such that they mutually benefit from the program thus eliminating the fee for renting out the house. This solution was implemented using a web-based application and applied the K-Nearest Neighbors machine learning algorithm that was used to classify homes based on the features available.

EVALUATION OF HOUSEHOLDS‘ PRACTICES TOWARDS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste is the organic and inorganic waste materials such as product packaging, furniture,clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, paint cans, batteries, etc. Management of solid waste; is theprocess of collection, treatment, and recycling of solid waste in a sustainable manner to avoid theadverse effect on the environment. In Sudan waste management is poor and solid wastes aredumped along roadsides and into open areas, endangering health and attracting vermin. Thisdescriptive cross-sectional community-based study with the aim to assess the practices of thehouseholds towards the management of house refuse was conducted in Al-Ozozab, Khartoum,2019. Four hundred households were selected by multi stage sampling techniques from thecommunity and data were collected by questionnaire and observation checklist. Most types (83.3%)of containers used for the waste store were plastic bags. All (100%) of the respondents cover the wastecontainer. Almost all the respondents wash their hands with water and soaps after cleaning. 50.7%of respondents hear about hazardous domestic waste from TV and (19.3%) from radio. More thanhalf (53.3%) of the houses‘ level of cleanliness was very good. Factors such as age, marital status,education level, family size, and monthly income significantly influence waste managementpractice. It can be concluded that the household has good level of practice towards solid wastemanagement.

Optimizing RH refining process to maximize cleanliness of low-carbon low-silicon Al killed steel

ABSTRACT In the LD–RH–CC process for producing low-carbon low-silicon steel, the cleanliness level of the slab was studied by optimizing the compositions of the refining slag and oxygen blowing flow in trial heats through judicious control. In order to realize RH without oxygen blowing, the oxygen content of molten steel should reach 475–525 ppm before RH degassing to guarantee that the free oxygen is in the range of 100–150 ppm after the carbon–oxygen reaction. When the slag compositions were controlled to CaO = 41–50 wt-%, Al2O3 = 29–36 wt-%, SiO2 = 5–11 wt-% and MgO = 6–10 wt-% in the RH treatment without feeding calcium, the total oxygen content in the plate was 18 ppm, and the nitrogen content decreased to 17 ppm in the improved process. The micro-inclusions in the slab mainly consisted of MgO–Al2O3–(MnS) and Al2O3–(MnS), and the particle size was mainly concentrated below 3 μm. The average total amount of large electrolytic inclusions in the slab was 1.384 mg kg steel−1. The large inclusions were mainly SiO2, Al2O3, SiO2–Al2O3–(K2O), and MgO–Al2O3.

The Disabling City: Older Persons Walking in Central Neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile

Walking reports numerous benefits for older persons, yet its practice can be hindered by the built environment. This article seeks to understand how and why certain elements of the built environment facilitate or impede the everyday trips older persons complete on foot. It reports the findings of a set of walking interviews conducted in four central neighbourhoods of Santiago de Chile, where forty older persons were invited to walk and talk about the trips they complete on foot and the aspects that facilitate or hinder them. The findings reveal that older persons are aware of the benefits of walking and travel regularly on foot despite the barriers they find in their neighbourhoods. The presence/absence of greenery, the conditions of the facades and the level of cleanliness of the streets affect older persons’ walking experience and can increase/diminish their willingness to walk. Damaged and poorly designed pedestrian infrastructure can cause fear, provoke accidents and become serious hazards. Older persons develop strategies to overcome these barriers, yet the data suggest that they see Santiago as a “disabling city” because it has obstacles that could be unsurmountable in a near future if an illness or an accident diminishes their abilities.

PEDESTRIAN PATH LIVABILITY CONCEPT IN THE RTH AREA RELIGIOUS MONUMENT OF KENDARI CITY

Green Open Space is a city-forming element that has an important role in maintaining environmentalbalance and environmental sustainability in urban areas. Parks in addition to having an ecologicalfunction, can be used as a place for socializing and economic activities. Thus, the park as a city facilitymust have a good level of livability for the convenience of its visitors. Pedestrian trails located in thegreen open space area of Kendari City are parks with indications of decreased livability. This studyaims to analyze the feasibility and performance of pedestrian pathways in the green open space area ofKendari City against applicable standards such as: accessibility, connectivity, circulation, security,safety, noise, beauty, climate and cleanliness and determine the priority of services needed to improveperformance. pedestrian facilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the service andperformance of pedestrian paths in the Green Open Space (RTH) of Kendari City by using 27 researchvariables which were a combination of quantitative and qualitative research, with a sample of 399people. respondents. This study uses the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method in assessingthe performance of the existing pedestrian path, and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) todetermine the user satisfaction index for the services received. The results obtained in this study arerelated to evaluating the performance of the existing pedestrian path which consists of goodcategories: facilities for pedestrians with special needs (guiding blocks), availability of road markings,availability of crossing lanes, security systems (cctv, security posts), speed control facilities ,cleanliness level. adequate/ordinary categories: dimensions of pedestrian paths, lighting of pedestrianpaths, differences in the level of height of pedestrian paths with road bodies, availability of pedestrianpath markings and signs/signals, surface texture of materials, seating, climate (shady), shelter/shelter ,Vegetation/shade plants, Number and quality of trash bins. bad/bad categories: the availability oframps, pedestrian paths connected to urban transportation elements, continuity of pedestrian paths,obstructions in pedestrian paths, crossings, and noise suppression facilities, while the pedestrian pathuser satisfaction index for services is only in the category quite satisfied with a value of 65.57%.

THE EFFECT SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE 2,5% AND SODIUM THIOSULPHATE AS IRRIGATION ON THE CLEANLINESS OF THE APICAL THIRD ROOT

Background: Sodium hypochlorite produces free oxygen and free radicals that cause damage to dentin collagen. Combination with Sodium thiosulfate with the aim of improving root canal hygiene and restoring the oxidizing effect on the dentin surface.The apical third of the root canal is the most difficult part, due to its narrower anatomy, curvature and frequent branching of the root canal. Method: The study used 30 specimens which were divided into 3 groups, group I was irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 5% sodium thiosulfate and saline, group II was irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 10% sodium thiosulfate and saline and group III was irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl and saline. The tooth length 14 mm measured from apical to crown. The crown down technique was prepared using the M3 Pro gold file. Observation of the level of cleanliness of the root canal was carried out using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with 5000x magnification at apical third . The results of micrographic photographs are then given a score of 1-4. Result: Irrigated with 5% and 10% sodium thiosulfate showed no significant difference. Conclusion: The differences is not significant, 2,5% irrigation with sodium thiosulfate resulted in a higher cleanliness apical third of the root canalthan 2,5% NaOCl irigation with saline

Control strategy of fan filter units based on personnel position in semiconductor fabs

To meet the high environmental requirements of semiconductor manufacturing, fabs operate at a huge air volume that is designed under the most unfavorable condition, resulting in extremely high energy consumption. In this study, a new control strategy of fan filter units (FFUs) based on personnel position was proposed to reduce the operating air volume, i.e., higher air supply velocity around personnel and lower air supply velocity far from the personnel. And then a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was established to simulate the particle distribution under different scenarios. The specific supply air velocity of FFUs above the personnel and other areas were determined with the scenario that only one personnel stands in cleanroom. More scenarios with multiple personnel and personnel moving around were used to verify the effectiveness of proposed control strategy. The results show that supply air velocities of 0.35 m/s around personnel and 0.15 m/s and far from the personnel can guarantee the same level of cleanliness as the conventional constant air volume method (i.e., air supply velocity of all FFUs at 0.35 m/s). With the proposed control strategy, the required air volume can be significantly decreased by 42–55.3% under different working conditions. The proposed strategy has the advantage of high energy savings and emission reduction in semiconductor fabs.