Level Of Cleanliness Research Articles

Summary of: Knowledge of removable partial denture wearers on denture hygiene

Background Regular good denture hygiene by individuals with removable partial dentures (RPDs) is an important component of oral health and in the prevention of further dental problems. These individuals should be provided with advice on the importance of denture care and be aware of this information. Aim To establish deficiencies in patient knowledge surrounding denture hygiene by RPD wearers. Methodology The study was undertaken as an audit. Data was collected from April 2012 to October 2012 via a questionnaire completed by 196 RPD wearers attending as patients at the University Dental Hospital Wales and the dental units at St David's Hospital and Cynon Valley Hospital. The audit criterion was patients with RPDs should have knowledge of denture hygiene, with the standard set at 100%. Results While 91.8% of participants stated they were provided with instructions on denture hygiene when provided with their current prosthesis, 60.2% were shown to have less than an appropriate level of denture cleanliness, with 9.2% reporting that they slept wearing their prosthesis. Conclusion The audit criterion and standard set were not achieved. A lack of knowledge surrounding denture hygiene was demonstrated among participants. As a part of the audit process the health education of RPD wearers' hygiene needs to be improved and awareness levels of the whole dental team needs to be raised. All partial dentures should receive information and regular reinforcement of key dental hygiene messages.

Patient perceptions regarding benefits of single visit scale and polish: a randomised controlled trial.

BackgroundSingle visit scale and polish is frequently carried out in dental practices however there is little evidence to support (or refute) its clinical effectiveness. The purpose of this research was to compare patient-reported outcomes between groups receiving a scale and polish at 6-, 12-, and 24-month intervals. Outcomes recorded included participants’ subjective assessment of their oral cleanliness; the perceived importance of scale and polish for oral health and aesthetics; and frequency at which this treatment is required.MethodsA practice-based randomised control trial was undertaken, with a 24-month follow-up period. Participants were healthy adults with no significant periodontal disease (BPE codes <3) randomly allocated to three groups to receive scale and polish at 6-, 12-, or 24-month intervals. Patient-reported outcomes were recorded at baseline and follow-up. Oral cleanliness was reported using a 5-point scale and recorded by examiners blinded to trial group allocation. A self-completed questionnaire enabled participants to report perceived importance of scale and polish (5-point scale), and required frequency of treatment (6-point scale). The main hypothesis was that participants receiving 6-monthly scale and polish would report higher levels of oral cleanliness compared to participants receiving scale and polish at 12- and 24-month intervals.Results369 participants were randomised: 125 to the 6-month group; 122 to the 12-month group; and 122 to the 24-month group. Complete data set analysis was carried out to include 107 (6-month group), 100 (12-month group) and 100 (24-month group) participants. Multiple imputation analyses were conducted where follow-up data was missing. The difference in the proportions of participants reporting a 'high’ level of oral cleanliness at follow-up was significant (Chi-squared P = 0.003): 52.3% (6-month group), 47.0% (12-month group) and 30.0% (24-month group). Scale and polish was thought to be important by the majority in each group for keeping mouths clean and gums healthy, whitening teeth, and preventing bad breath and tooth decay; there were no statistically significant differences between groups at follow-up. Most participants at follow-up thought that the frequency of scale and polish should be “every 6 months” or more frequently: 77.9% (6-month group), 64.6% (12-month group), 71.7% (24-month group); differences between groups were not statistically significant (Chi squared P = 0.126). The results suggest that participants in the 24-month trial group were more likely to choose a scale and polish interval of “once a year” or less frequently (OR 2.89; 95% CI 1.36, 6.13).ConclusionsThe majority of healthy adults regarded 6-monthly single-visit scale and polish as being beneficial for their oral health. Receiving the treatment at different frequencies did not alter this belief; and those with the longest interval between scale and polish provision perceived that their mouth was less clean. In the absence of a strong evidence base to support (or refute) the effectiveness of single-visit scale and polish, the beliefs and preferences of patients regarding scale and polish may be influential drivers for maintaining provision of this treatment.

To Tag or not to Tag: Animal Welfare, Conservation, and Stakeholder Considerations in Fish Tracking Studies That Use Electronic Tags

The advent and widespread adoption of electronic tags (including biotelemetry and biologging devices) for tracking animals has provided unprecedented information on the biology, management, and conservation of fish in the world’s oceans and inland waters. However, use of these tools is not without controversy. Even when scientific and management objectives may best be achieved using electronic tags, it is increasingly important to further consider other factors such as the welfare of tagged animals (i.e., the role of training and science-based surgical guidelines, anesthetic use, inability to maintain sterile conditions in field environments), the ethics of tagging threatened species vs. using surrogates, stakeholder perspectives on tagging (including aboriginals), as well as use of data emanating from such studies (e.g., by fishers to facilitate exploitation). Failure to do so will have the potential to create conflict and undermine scientific, management and public confidence in the use of this powerful tool. Indeed, there are already a number of examples of where tracking studies using electronic tags have been halted based on concerns raised by researchers, authorities, or stakeholders. Here we present a candid evaluation of several factors that should be considered when determining when to tag or not to tag fish with electronicmore » devices. It is not our objective to judge the merit of previous studies. Rather, we hope to stimulate debate and discussion regarding the use of electronic tags to study fish. Relatedly, there is a need for more research to address these questions (e.g., what level of cleanliness is needed when conducting surgeries, what type of training should be required for fish surgery) including human dimensions studies to understand perspectives of different actors including society as a whole with respect to tagging and tracking studies.« less

Evaluating Aerosol Aspiration Efficiency in Fast-moving Air

Sampling representative aerosol particles in fast-moving air is a challenging task. Aerosols are significantly more massive than gas molecules, thus they might not follow air streamlines well and could be more easily subjected to sampling errors. This work examines the physical factors that govern the aspiration efficiency of an aerosol sampling probe in unidirectional moving air, and explores the plausible sampling deviations under various high air velocity scenarios. The particle sizes of 0.5 and 5 μm are of particular interest due to their use in defining air cleanliness levels in ISO 14644-1[1] and FED-STD-209.[2]* Our analytical results indicate that significant sampling errors could occur for 5-μm particles when a thick-walled sampling probe is used, or when the air velocity at the sampling probe inlet does not match the velocity of the incoming air (i.e., anisokinetic sampling). The aspiration efficiency of 0.5-μm particles, on the other hand, is nearly 100% due to sufficiently small inertia of these particles.

Evaluating Aerosol Transmission Efficiency in a Sampling System

This work examines the physical factors that contribute to sampling errors in an aerosol sampling system consisting of a sampling probe and a sampling line. Aerosol particles are more massive than gas molecules and therefore tend to deviate from air streamlines in response to sudden directional change, which potentially leads to sampling errors during sample transfer processes. Based on well-established studies involving particle transport and deposition, an analysis was performed to determine the sampling line transmission efficiency for 0.5- and 5-μm particles as these particle sizes are used in defining air cleanliness level in ISO 14644-1[1] and FED-STD-209E.[2]* Our analytical results indicate that significant particle losses for 5-μm particles can occur if bends exist in the sampling lines. In addition, particle losses typically can be reduced by lowering the air velocity in the sampling line, and this can be achieved by using a sampling line with a larger inner diameter (I.D.). The example calculations also showed that 0.5-μm particles, with their insignificant inertia, have nearly 100% transmission efficiency regardless of the sampling line bends.

Evaluation of tractor biodegradable hydraulic fluids on the basis of hydraulic pump wear

Two types of biodegradable hydraulic fluids (HEES and HEPR) with the mineral oil-based hydraulic fluid (HV) were compared. The tests were performed using a test bench. During the tests with a tractor hydraulic pump, the fluids were loaded by a cyclic pressure load. The tests of fluids were evaluated on the basis of wear of the pump. Evaluation parameters were the flow characteristics of the pump and the cleanliness level of tested fluids. The temperature of the fluid under which the test was performed was measured in real operating conditions of the Zetor Forterra 11441 tractor. It is possible to state upon the test results that the mineral oil-based fluid was classified in the first place, the biodegradable fluid of the HEPR type in the second place, and the biodegradable fluid of the HEES type received the last position. &amp;nbsp;

Detecting the dormant: a review of recent advances in molecular techniques for assessing the viability of bacterial endospores

Due to their contribution to gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, their ability to produce various deadly exotoxins, and their resistance to extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, and common chemical disinfecting agents, bacterial endospores of the Firmicutes phylum are a major concern for public and environmental health. In addition, the hardy and dormant nature of endospores renders them a particularly significant threat to the integrity of robotic extraterrestrial life-detection investigations. To prevent the contamination of critical surfaces with seemingly ubiquitous bacterial endospores, clean rooms maintained at exceedingly stringent cleanliness levels (i.e., fewer than 100,000 airborne particles per ft(3)) are used for surgical procedures, pharmaceutical processing and packaging, and fabrication and assembly of medical devices and spacecraft components. However, numerous spore-forming bacterial species have been reported to withstand typical clean room bioreduction strategies (e.g., UV lights, maintained humidity, paucity of available nutrients), which highlights the need for rapid and reliable molecular methods for detecting, enumerating, and monitoring the incidence of viable endospores. Robust means of evaluating and tracking spore burden not only provide much needed information pertaining to endospore ecophysiology in different environmental niches but also empower decontamination and bioreduction strategies aimed at sustaining the reliability and integrity of clean room environments. An overview of recent molecular advances in detecting and enumerating viable endospores, as well as the expanding phylogenetic diversity of pathogenic and clean room-associated spore-forming bacteria, ensues.

A New Approach of Wavelet De-Noising on Various Types of Acoustic Emission Partial Discharges Signals

Recovering the detected acoustic emission of partial discharge (PD) from noise interference is essential in determining its type. Various researches have shown that the wavelet has the potential in eliminating noise interference in acoustic emission of PD signal. This work describes a new de-noising method by employing the new thresholding approach using the present available structure of wavelet transform and its components. Experimental works is performed in order to obtain acoustic signal from three types of PD namely corona discharge, internal discharge and surface discharge. A critical assessment is carried out in order to ascertain the capability of the proposed method. The analysis using the mother wavelet and its frequency bands are then investigated in order to identify the best selection for the de-noising selection. The achieved results are measured based on their level of cleanliness. From the results, it can be concluded that the selected structure for the new method using the proposed method shows a significant improvement and excelled by 25.1% against the compared method in de-noising the acoustic emission of PD signals

Institutions and Public Healthcare Facility Cleanliness in Nigeria: A Principal-Agent Approach

Abstract There are several reasons to believe that the level of cleanliness of a health facility adequately reflect the performance of service delivery actually received by the populace. This study extends Das Gupta et al (2004) analysis of health facility cleanliness by using the principal-agent theory and the accountability framework to assess the elements of accountability, such as voice and client power/compact; and how these impacts cleanliness of health care facilities in Nigeria. The study makes use of the available QSDS data of the World Bank in Nigeria in 2004 complemented by Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The results show that accountability elements affect positively the health service delivery in Nigeria. Specifically, client power explains the level of cleanliness of health facility in Kogi and Lagos states. In addition, we find that staff-skill motivates cleanliness in health facilities in the two states. Put together, the results imply that community participation in health facilities must be promoted in order to enhance cleanliness in health facilities in Nigeria.

Cleanliness control and management of gearbox lubrication system in wind turbine generator

Wind turbine gearbox is one of the most expensive and critical components of the wind turbine generator system. Due to the extreme operating conditions encountered in the gearbox, there is little room for compromises, especially with the performance of the lubrication system. Gearbox lubricating fluid is one of the most important elements of the system—it is analogous to the blood in human body, performing key functions, which in the case of gearbox are maintaining proper lubricity and film thickness between the moving surfaces, heat absorption and its dissipation, suspension and transportation of the particulate debris, prevention of abrasion and corrosion, etc., in the lubrication system. Therefore, the optimum cleanliness level and health of the lubricating fluid is essential for satisfactory performance and service life of the wind turbine gearbox. The paper discusses the cleanliness control and management of the gearbox lubrication system. Examples of filtration related issues experienced in the field are also discussed.

An index to quantify street cleanliness: The case of Granada (Spain)

Urban surfaces receive waste deposits from natural and human sources, which create a negative visual impact and are identified as potentially significant contributors to water and air pollution. Local councils are usually responsible for the sweep of roads and footpaths to keep the environment clean and free of litter. Quality controls are useful in order to check whether the services are being executed according to the quantity, quality and performance standards that are provided. In this sense, several factors might affect the efficiency of the management of cleaning and waste collection services; however, only a few contributions are available in the literature on the various aspects associated with the level of street cleanliness. In this paper, the suitability of a Cleanliness Index has been checked, for the case of Granada (South of Spain), in order to contribute to the proper management of public expenditure, improving the quality and cost of an essential service for any municipality. Results have concluded that the city exhibits a good level of cleanliness, although the standard of cleaning varied from one area of the city to another. The Cleaning Index fits well to the general situation of the different districts of Granada and thus, it could be considered a useful tool for measuring the level of cleanliness of the streets of the city and for evaluating the organization of the cleaning service, such that an outsourced company would not be responsible for controlling all the cleaning services.

An optosensing device for detecting tetracyclineantibiotics in honey

Here we describe a simple solid phase fluorescence method for measuring tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) in honey. The device consists of an LED, a cartridge holder, and a photo-diode detector. A 5 g portion of honey was extracted with acetonitrile. To obtain acceptable cleanliness levels, the extract was cleaned up with two successive solid phase extraction steps using a cation exchanger and a reversed-phase resin. TCs in the clean-up solution were selectively adsorbed to a sulfobetaine resin. The resin was washed and irradiated with near UV, resulting in the emission of visible light. When honey samples were spiked with TC at a concentration of 0.3 μg g−1, the recovery was 90% with a RSD of 19% (n = 14). The system provides a simple, rapid and quantitative analysis of antibiotics in honey samples within 30 min.

高功率固体激光驱动器污染控制及片状放大器洁净度改进

The contamination control method covering the whole process of laser driver construction is proposed to ensure the safe operation of high-power solid-state laser driver. The technical means for improving cleanliness level including high pressure washing, cleanliness detection and protection are described, and a technical approach is proposed for improving cleanliness of the slab amplifiers of SG-Ⅲ laser driver. The illuminating cleaning experiment by flashlamp light is introduced. The results indicate that the cleanliness of SG-Ⅲ laser driver is close to NIF, and better than other similar devices.

Energy Efficiency ＆ Sustainability the Cleanliness Management Role of Components and System in Automotive and Hydraulics

This paper explains how eliminating contamination from the manufacturing processes will lead to better product quality and hence the need for reworking, a trouble free commissioning period and greatly improved production efficiency. All of these will reduce costs and energy usage. It will also ensure that the product is delivered to the customer in a condition that will ensure improved reliability and longer life, again reducing both energy and other operating costs. Correctly designing the contamination control measures will achieve and maintain the level of fluid cleanliness that is required by the end user. The filter is critical to cleanliness management and should be selected with the same degree of thought and consideration as for other major components. This paper explains the role that Cleanliness Management plays in the reducing the carbon footprint of systems and processes by making them perform more efficiently for longer periods. It also examines two differing ways of selecting filters to incorporate the features of newer designs, and shows how significant savings in the costs of ownership can be achieved using these approaches.

Steel Thermo‐Fluid‐Dynamics at Tundish Drainage and Quality Features

AbstractIn steelmaking and casting, transient operations are very critical for product quality and process regularity. This holds especially for the tundish. Typical drawbacks can occur at ladle change, where, for example, refilling high flow rates induce flow short‐circuits risky for dispersed oxides (“inclusions”) dragging towards the strands. At drainage, vortices formation can affect steel cleanliness via slag entrapment. Such topics were investigated for an industrial tundish with computational fluid dynamics validated tools. The focus was given on a multi‐strand layout more prone to unevenness features. As a matter of fact, the different steel path to reach different strands causes often too high temperature differences and different strand cleanliness levels. Strands closer to the tundish center, are generally hotter and less clean; the others, slightly colder but cleaner. Multiphase models, together with advanced meshing techniques and validated boundary conditions, were used to describe tundish refilling and drainage. Within the operating conditions of concern, a bath height of 300 mm was found as a best compromise between the need of avoiding slag entrapment through vortices and to have maximum yield. Once applied into operating practice, no rejection for cleanliness or customer claims were achieved. As refers to temperature loss from ladle to tundish, a drop at strands of about 2 and of 4°C from tundish inlet to strand, in agreement with plant data over about 700 heats and literature experiments under the same operating conditions, were found.

올레길 7구간의 이용객 만족도 및 이미지 분석

This study aimed to investigate the images that affect general travel behavior and satisfaction of eco-tourists of Section seven of Jeju Olle-gil and to give eco-tourists preferred images to newly constructed eco-tour sections. Adjectives were selected to evaluate images, and for analysis, a survey was carried out with 132 persons who have toured 7 section of Jeju Olle-gil. On this survey, basic travel type, overall satisfaction, image before and after experience, age, gender, satisfaction level and accompanying type were inquired. 81(61.4%) knew section 7 of Jeju Olle-gil 'in advance', and 58(39.1%), which takes up the largest portion in this question, came to choose section 7 by a word of mouth. 95(71.9%) answered that they stayed 2 nights and 3 days, and 55(41.7%) answered that they stayed at a pension as accommodation. As for accompanying type, 34(25.7%) answered they accompanied family and relatives. As for the decision of visit, 60(45.5%) replied that they decided one month prior to the visit. And as for the purpose of visit, 63 (33.8%) replied they visited to appreciate nature. The adjectives that demonstrate overall satisfaction and significance level of the tourists were 'placid', 'refreshing', 'living', 'mountainous' and 'green'. As for the satisfaction level, people were satisfied with its environment, cleanliness level and direction boards. The types of section preferred by the tourists were clay pavements, followed by sand-masa soil mixture pavement and wooden deck pavement. 'Oidolgae' section was selected as the representative section, and 10:00a.m.~12:00p.m. was preferred as visiting time. And it is also proved that people were positive in appointing photo zones.

PRIDE Industries reaches new level of cleanliness with its new Trident Trio from Aqueous Technologies

PRIDE Industries reaches new level of cleanliness with its new Trident Trio from Aqueous Technologies

Monitoring of Cleanliness Level in Hydraulic Systems: Obtaining Reliable On-Line data

Monitoring of system cleanliness levels and counting of particulate contaminant are fundamental to achieving hydraulic system reliability as any departure from the specified cleanliness level is often a precursor to future failures. On-line monitoring of cleanliness levels has the advantage of giving data both very quickly and accurately as environmental influences are eliminated. In this way, corrective actions can be promptly implemented. Most on-line instruments are sensitive to system conditions to a greater or lesser extent, but Automatic Particle Counters (APCs) working on light extinction principles are especially sensitive to the presence of optical interfaces caused by such conditions as fluid mixtures, emulsions, free water and air bubbles. These conditions give erroneous data and can result in drawing incorrect conclusions, wasting maintenance time and ultimately, reduced user confidence in cleanliness monitoring. This paper describes such conditions and shows how the correct selection of the analysis technique can result in reliable cleanliness level data.

Study of Micro-Inclusion of Beam Blanks

According to the three kinds of MRT3-BA steel technological processes, which include BOF→LF→CC, BOF→RH→CC and BOF→LF→RH→CC, some systematic analysis are introduced to research on the contents of T[O] and [N], and the type, composition and quantity of micro-inclusions in the three processes. The level of cleanliness in billet will also be systematic analysed in comparative. The results of the study show that the contents of T[O] respectively are 20.8×10-6, 14.3×10-6 and 13×10-6 in billet of Process 1, Process 2, Process 3. Through the comparison with production data of other manufacturers, control of T[O] has reached a high level in MRT3-BA deep punching steel. The numbers of micro-inclusions respectively are 6.8/mm2, 5.66/mm2 and 5.36/mm2 in billet; the control level in MRT3-BA steel has reached domestic advanced level. Taken steel cleanliness and production cost into account, the better technological process of MRT3-BA stamping steel is BOF→RH→CC.

Energy Efficiency &amp; Sustainability - the Cleanliness Management Role of Components and System in Automotive and Hydraulics

This paper explains how eliminating contamination from the manufacturing processes will lead to better product quality and hence the need for reworking, a trouble free commissioning period and greatly improved production efficiency. All of these will reduce costs and energy usage. It will also ensure that the product is delivered to the customer in a condition that will ensure improved reliability and longer life, again reducing both energy and other operating costs. Correctly designing the contamination control measures will achieve and maintain the level of fluid cleanliness that is required by the end user. The filter is critical to cleanliness management and should be selected with the same degree of thought and consideration as for other major components. This paper explains the role that Cleanliness Management plays in the reducing the carbon footprint of systems and processes by making them perform more efficiently for longer periods. It also examines two differing ways of selecting filters to incorporate the features of newer designs, and shows how significant savings in the costs of ownership can be achieved using these approaches.