Cholinesterase Levels Research Articles

Study of Levels of Creatine Phosphokinase and Lactate Dehydrogenase as Prognostic Markers in Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning

Objectives: Organophosphorus compound (OPC) poisoning is primarily a problem in developing countries. Its widespread use and easy availability have increased the likelihood of poisoning with these compounds. Serum cholinesterase levels are easier to estimate and usually depressed after organophosphorus (OP) poisoning. Peradeniya OP poisoning scale has not been studied much in the Indian scenario. It could be a simple and effective system to determine the need for ventilatory support early on in the course. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the severity of OPC poisoning clinically using Peradeniya scoring and by estimating creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Material and Methods: A prospective observational study was performed among 100 cases of OP poisoning from January 2021 to October 2022. On patient’s fulling, inclusion criteria were investigated with serum acetylcholinesterase at the time of admission, and periodic estimation of serum CPK and serum LDH was done on the day of admission and then on day three and day 5 of admission Results: The CPK and LDH levels were significantly elevated in patients who developed respiratory failure and thus strongly correlated with clinical severity Conclusion: Serum CPK and LDH show a strong degree of positive correlation with the severity of poisoning and can be used as a predictor of outcome in OP poisoning.

Pesticide exposure and blood cholinesterase levels among adolescents from farming families in Northern Thailand.

Adolescents living in agricultural communities may be at risk for the adverse effects of pesticide exposure because they are involved in agriculture either as a career or to support their families. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of farm activities related to pesticide exposure on blood cholinesterase (ChE) levels among adolescents from farming families in the north of Thailand. This cross-sectional study included 336 adolescents aged 12-19 years from farming families in Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai Province. Data on pesticide exposure was collected using a questionnaire, and blood ChE activity was assessed using a ChE reactive paper test kit via fingerstick blood sampling. Overall, 51.2% of participants had abnormal blood ChE levels. Univariable logistic regression analysis revealed that pesticide-related activities on farms associated with abnormal ChE levels were mixing/spraying (OR=10.54; 95%CI=4.63-23.99), assisting or working in areas with pesticide application (OR=5.54; 95%CI=3.45-8.89), and harvesting (OR=3.70; 95%CI=2.35-5.82). In a multivariable model (Nagelkerke R2=0.374), mixing/spraying (OR=4.90; 95%CI=2.03-11.83) and assisting or working in areas with pesticide application (OR=2.61; 95%CI=1.49-4.57) were significantly associated with abnormal ChE levels, but harvesting (OR=1.48; 95%CI=0.84-2.61) was not significant after adjusting for sex, age in years, and entering or walking through a farm. The findings indicated that Thai adolescents living in farming families are at risk of pesticide exposure, particularly those involved in agricultural activities such as pesticide applicators. An intervention and measure to raise awareness and reduce the risk of pesticide exposure in adolescents is required.

Assessing the effectiveness, biosafety, and resident’s perception of a micro-encapsulated propoxur paint against Aedes aegypti: a field trial in a dengue-affected community of Sonora, Mexico

Mosquito-borne diseases remain a major public health concern in the Region of the Americas. Concerning dengue, Mexico ranked as the third American country with the highest number of cases in 2023, following Brazil and Peru. In this sense, the development and production of safer, eco-friendly, cost-effective, more efficient, and target-specific insecticides have become essential in disease control strategies. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of indoor micro-encapsulated propoxur paint against Aedes aegypti, estimate residents' exposure via cholinesterase levels, and gauge resident perceptions in the rural village Poblado Miguel Alemán (PMA), Sonora, Mexico. Houses in PMA were organised into four blocks for a field trial, with different treatments on interior walls: 1) full insecticide paint coverage; 2) insecticide paint applied up to 1 meter; 3) full indoor residual spraying; and 4) no treatment (control). Mosquito surveys were conducted before and after interventions. Blood samples from residents were analysed for cholinesterase levels, while perceptions were gathered through a questionnaire. Aedes resting density correlated closely with the paint formulation and coverage. Full-surface insecticide paint showed the greatest reduction. Both paint interventions notably impacted Aedes breeding, with substantial reductions in House Index (20.1% IP, 31.2% IP 1 m) and Container Index (51.8% IP, 61.7% IP 1 m) compared to the control over one year. Post-intervention blood cholinesterase activity remained within acceptable limits. Over 80% of residents expressed satisfaction with the interventions. The use of propoxur paint proves to be a safe, effective, and well-accepted method for decreasing Ae. aegypti populations in urban areas.

Effect of Early Enteral Nutrition Combined with Probiotics on the Nutritional Status of Patients with Severe Craniocerebral Injury

Objective: To observe the effect of early enteral nutrition combined with probiotics on the nutritional status of patients with severe craniocerebral injury. Methods: Thirty-five patients with severe craniocerebral injury were divided into the study group (17 patients) and the control group (18 patients) according to the method of a randomized numerical table; both groups of patients started enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube within 24–48 hours after admission to the hospital, and probiotics were given in addition to the study group. Hemoglobin, total plasma protein, albumin, prealbumin, cholinesterase, fasting blood glucose, and other indexes were monitored before and early morning after enteral nutrition support, and upper arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), and upper arm muscle circumference (AMC) were measured, and gastrointestinal response and time to first defecation of the patients were observed and compared with GCS score. Results: The hemoglobin, serum albumin, prealbumin, cholinesterase, and total plasma protein levels in the study group were significantly higher and fasting blood glucose levels were significantly lower than those in the control group after treatment (P < 0.05). The incidence of reflux and constipation in the study group was lower than that in the control group, and the time to first defecation was shorter than that in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, AC, TSF, and AMC were higher in the study group than in the control group (P < 0.05). GCS scores were significantly higher in both groups after treatment, but the trend was more pronounced in the study group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with simple enteral nutrition, enteral nutrition combined with probiotics can better correct metabolic disorders after heavy craniocerebral injury and improve the nutritional status of patients.

Life-Saving Resin: Hemoperfusion's Role in Overcoming Acute Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning

Background: Acute poisoning from organophosphates and carbamates is a major public health concern. These poisons inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to severe clinical manifestations. Traditional treatments, such as atropine and oximes, often fall short in severe cases, necessitating alternative therapeutic approaches. Hemoperfusion, an extracorporeal blood purification technique, has shown promise in improving outcomes for poisoning cases. This study aimed to estimate the clinical outcomes of resin-based HOD in individuals with acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning admitted to a South Asian tertiary care hospital. Methods: A prospective observational study was carried out involving 50 patients diagnosed with acute organophosphate (n=30) or carbamate (n=20) poisoning. Patients underwent standard treatment protocols, and eligible individuals received resin-based hemoperfusion. Data on demographic details, clinical outcomes, complications, and biochemical parameters were collected and analysed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The study found an overall recovery rate of 84%, with 80% recovery in the organophosphate group and 90% in the carbamate group. The complication rate was 12%, and the mortality rate was 4%. Cholinesterase levels significantly increased post-hemoperfusion, with a mean rise of 600 U/L. Time to treatment was a significant predictor of positive outcomes (p=0.011). Conclusion: Resin-based hemoperfusion is effective in treating acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning, significantly improving recovery rates and reducing mortality. Early intervention is crucial for optimal outcomes. This treatment modality should be considered a valuable component of poisoning management protocols, especially in resource-limited settings. Recommendations: Further research with larger sample sizes and randomized controlled trials is recommended to confirm these findings and explore additional factors influencing treatment outcomes. Implementation of resin-based hemoperfusion in standard treatment protocols for severe poisoning cases is advised to enhance patient care and survival rates. Keywords: Organophosphate poisoning, Carbamate poisoning, Hemoperfusion, Clinical outcomes

Reduced preoperative serum choline esterase levels and fecal peritoneal contamination as potential predictors for the leakage of intestinal sutures after source control in secondary peritonitis

BackgroundThe high rate of stoma placement during emergency laparotomy for secondary peritonitis is a paradigm in need of change in the current fast-track surgical setting. Despite growing evidence for the feasibility of primary bowel reconstruction in a peritonitic environment, little data substantiate a surgeons’ choice between a stoma and an anastomosis. The aim of this retrospective analysis is to identify pre- and intraoperative parameters that predict the leakage risk for enteric sutures placed during source control surgery (SCS) for secondary peritonitis.MethodsBetween January 2014 and December 2020, 497 patients underwent SCS for secondary peritonitis, of whom 187 received a primary reconstruction of the lower gastro-intestinal tract without a diverting stoma. In 47 (25.1%) patients postoperative leakage of the enteric sutures was directly confirmed during revision surgery or by computed tomography. Quantifiable predictors of intestinal suture outcome were detected by multivariate analysis.ResultsLength of intensive care, in-hospital mortality and failure of release to the initial home environment were significantly higher in patients with enteric suture leakage following SCS compared to patients with intact anastomoses (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0026 and p =0.0009, respectively). Reduced serum choline esterase (sCHE) levels and a high extent of peritonitis were identified as independent risk factors for insufficiency of enteric sutures placed during emergency laparotomy.ConclusionsA preoperative sCHE < 4.5 kU/L and generalized fecal peritonitis associate with a significantly higher incidence of enteric suture insufficiency after primary reconstruction of the lower gastro-intestinal tract in a peritonitic abdomen. These parameters may guide surgeons when choosing the optimal surgical procedure in the emergency setting.

The Cholinergic Selectivity of FDA-Approved and Metabolite Compounds Examined with Molecular-Docking-Based Virtual Screening.

The search for selective anticholinergic agents stems from varying cholinesterase levels as Alzheimer's Disease progresses from the mid to late stage. In this computational study, we probed the selectivity of FDA-approved and metabolite compounds against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with molecular-docking-based virtual screening. The results were evaluated using locally developed codes for the statistical methods. The docking-predicted selectivity for AChE and BChE was predominantly the consequence of differences in the volume of the active site and the narrower entrance to the bottom of the active site gorge of AChE.

Exposure to synthesized tribromobisphenol A and critical effects: Metabolic pathways, disease signature, and benchmark dose derivation

2,2′,6-Tribromobisphenol A (Tri-BBPA), the main debrominated congener of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), is ubiquitous in the environment and human body but with unknown toxicity. Tri-BBPA was synthesized and applied to investigate its sub-chronic exposure effects on 28 organ coefficients and clinical health indicators related to liver function, kidney function, and cardiovascular system function in female mice. Results showed that the liver was the targeted organ of Tri-BBPA exposure. Compared to the control group, the changes in liver coefficient, cholinesterase, total protein, albumin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase levels ranged from −61.2 % to 35.5 % in the high-exposed group. Creatine kinase was identified as a critical effect indicator of Tri-BBPA exposure. Using the Bayesian benchmark dose derivation method, a lower reference dose than TBBPA was established for Tri-BBPA (10.6 μg/kg-day). Serum metabolomics revealed that Tri-BBPA exposure may primarily damage the liver by disrupting tryptophan metabolism related to L-alanine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and 5-methoxyindoleacetate in liver cells and leading to liver dysfunction. Notably, epilepsy, schizophrenia, early preeclampsia, and late-onset preeclampsia were the top six enriched diseases, suggesting that the nervous system may be particularly affected by Tri-BBPA exposure. Our findings hinted a non-negligible health risk of exposure to debrominated products of TBBPA.

Knowledge, attitude and practices of pesticides use and serum cholinesterase level among farm workers in Bhaktapur – A cross sectional study

Knowledge, attitude and practices of pesticides use and serum cholinesterase level among farm workers in Bhaktapur – A cross sectional study

Identifying key risk factors for acute compartment syndrome in tibial diaphysis fracture patients

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a severe orthopedic issue that, if left untreated, can result in lasting nerve and muscle damage or even necessitate amputation. The association between admission laboratory blood test indicators and the occurrence of ACS in patients with tibial diaphysis fractures is currently a subject of debate. The objective of this research was to identify the contributing factors for ACS in individuals suffering from tibial diaphysis fractures. In this retrospective study, we collected data on a total of 705 individuals from our hospital, comprising 86 ACS patients and 619 non-ACS patients with tibial diaphysis fractures. These participants were categorized into two distinct groups: the ACS group and the non-ACS group. Despite the inherent limitations associated with retrospective analyses, such as potential biases in data collection and interpretation, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of demographics, comorbidities, and admission lab results. Our analytical approach included univariate analysis, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis techniques, aiming to mitigate these limitations and provide robust findings. The statistical analysis revealed several predictors of ACS, including gender (p = 0.011, OR = 3.200), crush injuries (p = 0.004, OR = 4.622), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (p < 0.001, OR = 1.003), and white blood cell (WBC) count (p < 0.001, OR = 1.246). Interestingly, the study also found that certain factors, such as falls on the same level (p = 0.007, OR = 0.334) and cholinesterase (CHE) levels (p < 0.001, OR = 0.721), seem to provide a degree of protection against ACS. In order to better predict ACS, the ROC curve analysis was employed, which determined threshold values for LDH and WBC. The established cut-off points were set at 266.26 U/L for LDH and 11.7 × 109 cells per liter for WBC, respectively. Our research has successfully pinpointed gender, crush injuries, LDH levels, and white blood cell (WBC) count as crucial risk factors for the development of ACS in patients experiencing tibial diaphysis fractures. Furthermore, by establishing the cut-off values for LDH and WBC, we have facilitated a more personalized assessment of ACS risk, enabling clinical doctors to implement targeted early interventions and optimize patient outcomes.

A comparative study of the anti-fatigue activity of extracts from different parts of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of different extracts from Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight (C. tubulosa, Rou Cong Rong), focusing on central and exercise-induced fatigue in mice. This study investigated the pharmacological effects of the total oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and phenylethanoid glycosides (CPhGs) extracted from C. tubulosa. MethodsModels of sleep deprivation and forced swimming fatigue were established to simulate central and exercise-induced fatigue. The mice were treated with different extracts of C. tubulosa, and their effects were assessed using behavioral tests to measure exercise capacity, learning, and memory function. Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the changes in serum and brain neurotransmitter levels, liver and muscle glycogen storage, and various fatigue-related biomarkers. ResultsThis study found that treatment with C. tubulosa extract improved exercise capacity, learning, and memory in mice. Total oligosaccharides from C. tubulosa enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone, cholinesterase, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, reduced cortisol levels in central fatigue models, and ameliorated biochemical markers of exercise-induced fatigue, including lowering lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and malondialdehyde levels. Among the tested extracts, the total oligosaccharides showed the most comprehensive anti-fatigue effects. ConclusionThe anti-fatigue effects of C. tubulosa, particularly those of its total oligosaccharides, are pronounced in both central and exercise-induced fatigue. These effects are mediated by the regulation of neurotransmitter levels, enhancement of glycogen storage, and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits in fatigue-related conditions.

Study on the Accuracy of Serum Prealbumin Level in Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Critical Respiratory Illness

Objective: To analyze the accuracy of serum prealbumin levels in predicting the prognosis of patients with critical respiratory illness. Methods: Fifty patients with critical respiratory illness admitted to our hospital from October 2022 to September 2023 were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group after condition assessment, with 25 cases in each group. The results of cholinesterase (ChE), prealbumin (PALB), albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein (TP), and forced expiratory volume (FEV1)/Predicted (Pred) of the two groups were measured. Results: The ChE levels of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, while the PALB and ALB levels of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P &lt; 0.05). The AST, TP, and FEV1 /Pred levels of the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Serum PALB levels can be used as the main indicator for prognosis in critically ill respiratory patients.

Preoperative serum cholinesterase as a prognostic factor in patients with colorectal cancer.

Serum cholinesterase (ChE) levels are considered to reflect nutritional status. Although ChE has been well documented as a prognostic factor for some cancers, no clear consensus on its use for colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reached. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between preoperative serum ChE and postoperative long-term prognosis in CRC patients. A total of 1053 CRC patients who underwent curative surgery were included in this study. The correlations between the preoperative ChE value and overall survival (OS) or cancer-specific survival (CSS) were assessed. By dividing patients into two groups according to their ChE value, OS and CSS were compared between the groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the continuous ChE value was a significant predictor of OS (hazard ratio, 0.996; 95% CI, 0.993-0.998; p = 0.002) and CSS (hazard ratio, 0.994; 95% CI, 0.991-0.998; p = 0.001), independent of other variables. The low-ChE (≤234 U/L) group had a significantly poorer prognosis than the high-ChE (>234 U/L) group for both OS (5-year OS for low ChE and high ChE: 79.8% and 93.3%, respectively; p < 0.001) and CSS (5-year CSS for low ChE and high ChE: 84.8% and 95.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Lower preoperative serum ChE levels are a predictive factor of poor prognosis for CRC patients. As serum ChE levels can be measured quickly and evaluated easily, ChE could become a useful marker for predicting the postoperative long-term outcomes of CRC patients.

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN FARMERS AROUND RICE FARMING AREA IN OGAN ILIR REGENCY, SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Introduction: Pesticides are chemical compounds that are toxic to the environment and humans. Approximately 89.8% of farmers in South Sumatra use chemical pesticides. Aims: This study aims to analyze the health risks due to pesticide exposure among farmers residing in rice farming areas. Methods: This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach and was conducted in Pemulutan Subdistrict, Ogan Ilir Regency, from October 2020 to January 2021. The sample size consisted of 61 randomly selected respondents. Blood test samples were taken and examined at the Palembang Health Laboratory Center. The cholinesterase was examined using the DGKC colorimetric (KINETIC) method. Independent t-test and multiple linear regression test were used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the average cholinesterase level in the blood serum of the farmers was 7628.40 U/L. This study also found that 83.6% of the farmers did not use complete and standard personal protective equipment. The variables that were significantly associated with cholinesterase levels in the blood of the farmers were age group and length of farming. Length of farming was identified as a predictor variable. Conclusion: Pesticides used by farmers in rice farming areas vary widely, ranging from slightly to extremely hazardous. Although the cholinesterase levels in farmers are in the normal range, they can increase over a long period of time. The length of farming is a predictor of cholesterol levels in farmers.

Use of the Serum Level of Cholinesterase as a Prognostic Marker of Nonfatal Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) contributes to a poor prognosis. Reliable biomarkers to predict adverse outcomes during hospitalization are important. To investigate the relationship between the serum cholinesterase (ChE) level and adverse clinical outcomes, including hypoxemia severity, hypercapnia, duration of hospital stay (DoHS), and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) requirement, in patients with AECOPD. Patients hospitalized with AECOPD in the Wuhu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2017 and December 2021 were included. A total of 429 patients were enrolled. The serum ChE level was significantly lower in patients with hypercapnia, who required NIV during hospitalization and who had a DoHS of >10 days, with an oxygenation index < 300. The ChE level was correlated negatively with the C-reactive protein level and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and correlated positively with the serum albumin level. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that a serum ChE level of ≤4116 U/L (OR = 2.857, 95% CI = 1.46-5.58, p = 0.002) was associated significantly with NIV requirement. The serum ChE level was correlated significantly with complicating severe hypoxemia, hypercapnia, prolonged DoHS, and the need for NIV in patients hospitalized with AECOPD. The serum ChE level is a clinically important risk-stratification biomarker in patients hospitalized with AECOPD.

Reductive stress and cytotoxicity in the swollen river mussel (Unio tumidus) exposed to microplastics and salinomycin

Multistress effects lead to unpredicted consequences in aquatic ecotoxicology and are extremely concerning. The goal of this study was to trace how specific effects of the antibiotic salinomycin (Sal) and microplastics (MP) on the bivalve molluscs are manifested in the combined environmentally relevant exposures. Unio tumidus specimens were treated with Sal (0.6 μg L−1), MP (1 mg L−1, 2 μm size), and both at 18 °C (Mix) and 25 °C (MixT) for 14 days. The redox stress and apoptotic enzyme responses and the balance of Zn/Cu in the digestive gland were analyzed. The shared signs of stress included a decrease in NAD+/NADH and Zn/Cu ratios and lysosomal integrity and an increase in Zn-metallothioneins and cholinesterase levels. MP caused a decrease in the glutathione (GSH) concentration and redox state, total antioxidant capacity, and Zn levels. MP and Mix induced coordinated apoptotic/autophagy activities, increasing caspase-3 and cathepsin D (CtD) total and extralysosomal levels. Sal activated caspase-3 only and increased by five times Cu level in the tissue. Due to the discriminant analysis, the cumulative effect was evident in the combined exposure at 18 °C. However, under heating, the levels of NAD+, NADH, GSH, GSH/GSSG and metallothionein-related thiols were decreased, and coordination of the cytosolic and lysosomal death stimuli was distorted, confirming that heating and pollution could exert unexpected synergistic effects on aquatic life.

The Association Between QTc-Interval and Blood Glucose with Plasma Acetylcholinesterase in Organophosphate (OP)-Poisoned Patients

Background: Organophosphate (OP) poisoning ranks among the leading causes of poisoning, morbidity, and mortality in developing countries due to its relatively high prevalence and potentially grave outcomes. Consequently, it is crucial to identify an easily accessible and cost-effective marker that can be utilized across healthcare facilities. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the QTc interval and blood glucose levels with serum cholinesterase levels in patients poisoned by organophosphates. Methods: The sample consisted of all patients admitted with OP poisoning to a Northwest Poisoning Center in Iran during 2016 and 2017. Diagnosis of OP poisoning was confirmed through patient history, physical examination, or the measurement of acetylcholinesterase levels. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Results: Out of 238 patients, 104 remained after applying exclusion criteria and were included in the study. The mean age of these patients was 30.81 ± 15.04 years. A statistically significant negative correlation was found between average blood glucose and serum cholinesterase levels (P = 0.046, Pearson Correlation = -0.196). Furthermore, patients with abnormal QTc intervals exhibited significantly lower serum cholinesterase levels (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The findings indicate a significant association between QTc intervals and blood glucose levels with serum cholinesterase levels. Serum cholinesterase levels decreased with an increase in QTc intervals and blood glucose levels. Specifically, patients with a QTc interval greater than 440 milliseconds or random blood glucose levels above 200 milligrams per deciliter showed significantly lower serum cholinesterase levels.

3-Acetyl coumarin alleviate neuroinflammatory responses and oxidative stress in aluminum chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that impairs mental ability and interrupts cognitive function. Heavy metal exposure like aluminum chloride is associated with neurotoxicity linked to neuro-inflammation, oxidative stress, accumulation of amyloid plaques, phosphorylation of tau proteins associated with AD like symptoms. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the effect 3-acetyl coumarin (3AC) in a rat model of AD. Preliminary screening was performed with SWISS ADME to check for the bioavailability of 3-AC and likeness score which proved favorable. 3-AC docked against Caspase 3, NF-κβ and tau protein kinase I exhibited good binding energies. Male rats were divided into six groups (n = 5). AlCl3 (100mg/kg BW) was administered for 28days before starting treatment to induce AD. Normal control rats received vehicle. Treatment groups received 10, 20 and 30mg/kg 3-AC for 28days. Rivastigmine (2mg/kg) was the standard. Behavioral tests (EPM, MWM) were performed at 7-day intervals throughout study period. Rats showed improved spatial memory and learning in treatment groups during behavioral tests. Rats were euthanized on day 28. Inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-16 and TNFα) exhibited significant improvement (p < 0.001) in treated rats. Oxidative stress enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH, MDA) were restored. Caspase3 and NF-κβ quantified through qRT-PCR also decreased significantly (p < 0.001) when compared to disease control group. Levels of acetyl cholinesterase, dopamine and noradrenaline were also restored in treated rats significantly (p < 0.001). 3-AC treatment restored neuroprotection probably because of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cholinesterase potential; hence, this can be considered a promising therapeutic potential alternative.

THE Point prevalence of acetylcholinesterase inhibition, neuropathy and safety awareness among flower farm workers in naivasha, nakuru county, kenya.

Acetyl cholinesterase catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the nerve synapses, thereby terminating nerve impulse, however, it is inhibited by organophosphates and carbamates. This study aimed to assess the level of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition and the resultant neuropathy in flower farm workers as well as the farmers’ awareness of safety measures and predisposing factors while handling pesticides. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 217 participants from different flower farms. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data to assess level of safety and predisposing awareness and to assess for neuropathy. Blood samples were collected to determine the cholinesterase levels using spectrophotometry technique at 405 nm. The mean serum cholinesterase level in flower farm workers in Naivasha was 5873.26 U/L. There was a positive correlation (R= 0.07) between the numbers of years worked in the industry and serum cholinesterase levels as shown by Karl Pearson`s coefficient. The point prevalence of cholinesterase inhibition in Naivasha was 14% indicating a significant risk of adverse health effects. The level of safety awareness and predisposing factors among workers on pesticide exposure was 65%, suggesting that while the majority of workers had some level of safety awareness, there is still room for improvement. The point prevalence of neuropathy was 38% of the participants presenting with varying symptoms of adverse effects of pesticide exposure. Musculoskeletal impairment was leading at 19.81%, followed by skin irritation at 13.36%.These findings highlighted the need for better safety measures and awareness campaigns in the flower farm industry to reduce the risk of acetyl cholinesterase inhibition.

Relationship Between Pesticide Exposure Factors and Health Symptoms Among Chili Farmers in Northeast Thailand.

The unsafe use of pesticides in agriculture represents a major hazard to human health. This study was conducted to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and health symptoms among chili farmers in northeast Thailand. This cross-sectional analytic study included 141 chili farmers in Sakon Nakhon Province, in northeast Thailand. Data regarding health symptoms were gathered using a self-report questionnaire. A medical technician tested blood cholinesterase activity using an erythrocyte method, and an occupational medicine specialist at Ramathibodi Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand reviewed the results. Associations between personal characteristics, pesticide exposure factors, and health symptoms were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Of the 141 chili farmers studied, 66.7% experienced pesticide poisoning, as indicated by below-normal cholinesterase levels. Fatigue was the most frequently reported symptom associated with pesticide exposure, affecting 37.6% of participants. This was followed by nausea and vomiting (31.9%), dizziness (14.9%), and dry throat (14.9%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors were significantly associated with adverse symptoms: amount of work experience, volume of pesticides used, use of chemical pesticides, use of leaking containers during spraying, direct pesticide exposure while working, contact with pesticide-soaked clothing, consumption of food and drinks in the fields, and blood cholinesterase level indicating risk. This study suggests potential health risks for chili farmers stemming from exposure to and contamination by pesticides used in agricultural practices. To mitigate these risks, it is essential to supply personal protective equipment and to implement educational programs aimed at improving protective behaviors among farmers.