Brightness Levels Research Articles

Adaptative machine vision with microsecond-level accurate perception beyond human retina

Visual adaptive devices have potential to simplify circuits and algorithms in machine vision systems to adapt and perceive images with varying brightness levels, which is however limited by sluggish adaptation process. Here, the avalanche tuning as feedforward inhibition in bionic two-dimensional (2D) transistor is proposed for fast and high-frequency visual adaptation behavior with microsecond-level accurate perception, the adaptation speed is over 104 times faster than that of human retina and reported bionic sensors. As light intensity changes, the bionic transistor spontaneously switches between avalanche and photoconductive effect, varying responsivity in both magnitude and sign (from 7.6 × 104 to −1 × 103 A/W), thereby achieving ultra-fast scotopic and photopic adaptation process of 108 and 268 μs, respectively. By further combining convolutional neural networks with avalanche-tuned bionic transistor, an adaptative machine vision is achieved with remarkable microsecond-level rapid adaptation capabilities and robust image recognition with over 98% precision in both dim and bright conditions.

Advancing driver fatigue detection in diverse lighting conditions for assisted driving vehicles with enhanced facial recognition technologies.

Against the backdrop of increasingly mature intelligent driving assistance systems, effective monitoring of driver alertness during long-distance driving becomes especially crucial. This study introduces a novel method for driver fatigue detection aimed at enhancing the safety and reliability of intelligent driving assistance systems. The core of this method lies in the integration of advanced facial recognition technology using deep convolutional neural networks (CNN), particularly suited for varying lighting conditions in real-world scenarios, significantly improving the robustness of fatigue detection. Innovatively, the method incorporates emotion state analysis, providing a multi-dimensional perspective for assessing driver fatigue. It adeptly identifies subtle signs of fatigue in rapidly changing lighting and other complex environmental conditions, thereby strengthening traditional facial recognition techniques. Validation on two independent experimental datasets, specifically the Yawn and YawDDR datasets, reveals that our proposed method achieves a higher detection accuracy, with an impressive 95.3% on the YawDDR dataset, compared to 90.1% without the implementation of Algorithm 2. Additionally, our analysis highlights the method's adaptability to varying brightness levels, improving detection accuracy by up to 0.05% in optimal lighting conditions. Such results underscore the effectiveness of our advanced data preprocessing and dynamic brightness adaptation techniques in enhancing the accuracy and computational efficiency of fatigue detection systems. These achievements not only showcase the potential application of advanced facial recognition technology combined with emotional analysis in autonomous driving systems but also pave new avenues for enhancing road safety and driver welfare.

Pengaruh Lama Perkecambahan terhadap Karakteristik Fisikokimia dan Fungsional Tepung Kecambah Kacang Komak (Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet)

Komak beans are one type of legume that has a fairly high nutritional content such as carbohydrates, protein and crude fiber. One of the efforts to improve the quality of the komak bean is through the germination process. Fresh sprouts have a very low shelf life and a limited variety of consumption. Processing sprouts into sprout flour is an alternative to extend the shelf life of sprouts. This research aims to determine the effect of germination time on the characteristics physicochemical and functional of Komak Bean flour ((Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet), as well as to determine the germination time that can produce characteristics. This research used a Complete Randomized Design. with germination duration treatment consisting of 4 levels, which is 0 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, 48 hours, and 60 hours. The experimental was repeated 3 times to resulting 15 experimental units. The data obtained were analyzed using an analysis of variance and if treatment had a significant effect, it was followed by a Duncan Multiple Range Test.The results showed that germination time had a very significant effect on rendement, L value (brightness level), a value (green-red color), moisture content, ash content, protein content , and crude fiber. Germination time also had a significant effect on b value (blue-yellow color), fat content, carbohydrate content, water absorption, swelling power and solubility, but had no significant effect on bulk density and oil absorption. The best characteristic of the flour in this study was komak bean sprout flour that has been germination time of 60 hours with rendement 75.38%, bulk density 0.61 g/ml, L* value 38.92, a* value 9.03, value b* 17.94, moisture content 2.71%, ash content 3.68%, fat content 5.34%, protein content 23.75%, carbohydrate content 35.48%, crude fiber 8.45%, absorption water 2.64 ml/g, oil absorption 3.41 ml/g, swelling power 18.32 g/g, and solubility 19.50%.

Алгоритм стеганографической защиты информации в видеофайлах на основе диффузионно-вероятностной модели с шумоподавлением

The results of a study are presented, the purpose of which was to develop a steganography algorithm for hiding text messages in video files. The algorithm is based on the use of a diffusion-probability model with noise reduction, which is implemented by a deep artificial neural network. The algorithm consists of two parts – for the parties sending and receiving the message. On the transmitting side, the following is carried out: synthesis of handwritten images of symbols (signatures) of the line of the hidden message, alignment of their frequency; applying direct diffusion to signatures, resulting in the generation of a noisy image that is deposited into a video stego container. At the receiving end, signatures are extracted from the video content, back diffusion is performed to obtain signatures of handwritten string characters, which are recognized using a convolutional neural network. The novelty of the research lies in the original developed algorithm for steganographic information protection in video files, as well as in a modified method of signature deposition based on the method of replacing the least significant bits. The method consists of bitwise embedding of bytes characterizing the pixel brightness level in the signature into the same blue brightness digits in a sequence of 8 frames of a video stego container. This method made it possible to significantly reduce the visible changes made to the video content when replacing not the least significant bits, but the middle significant bits in the stego container. This, in turn, provides greater resistance to compression attacks when transmitting information over the stegochannel. The practical significance of the research results lies in the developed software, with the help of which the algorithm for steganographic information protection in video files was tested, which showed high values of the peak signal-to-noise ratio and the index of structural similarity of images when embedding information in the middle bits of the bytes that set the brightness of the pixels of the stego container.

Characteristics of Pumice from Cicurug and Its Application as a Bleacher for Crude Palm Oil

Pumice is relatively abundant in Indonesia, especially in Cicurug District, Sukabumi. Pumice has unique characteristics, so it has the potential to be an alternative bleaching agent or a bleacher for crude palm oil. Bleaching is one of the stages in processing crude palm oil into palm cooking oil. In the cooking oil industry, the bleaching of crude palm oil generally uses bentonite as a bleacher. This research aims to determine the characteristics of pumice and the optimum conditions for the bleaching process of crude palm oil with pumice as a bleacher. The research method consists of pumice activation, activated pumice characterization, degumming of crude palm oil, bleaching of crude palm oil, and analysis of processed palm oil. The results show that the metal oxide composition in activated pumice is dominated by silica (62.99%) and alumina (14.79%) and has a non-uniform pore size distribution. Optimum bleaching conditions are achieved when using 30% pumice and a bleaching temperature of 105 oC for 30 minutes. Under optimal bleaching conditions, pumice can reduce the color brightness level of crude palm oil from 600 to 125 mg/L Pt, or a bleaching power of 79.2%.

Potensi Bunga Anggrek Cymbidium Golden Boy sebagai Sumber Antioksidan dan Aplikasinya pada Flower Leather

Orchid flowers are believed to be an antioxidant source, however, the antioxidant activity of the Cymbidium Golden Boy (CGB) orchid has not been identified. The antioxidant potential can be applied to flower leather products, and a main reason behind the idea is the valorization of agricultural waste. The aim of this research is to study phenol content and antioxidant capacity of ethanol extracts of CGB orchid petals. Additionally, this study aimed to determine the best formulation for flower leather products with a combination of carrageenan and gum arabic based on organoleptic acceptance. This research was conducted by extracting CGB orchid flowers using ethanol, and total phenol and antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. Moreover, the flower leather products were mad from CGB orchid flowers as the raw material, accroding to a Factorial Randomized Block Design using two factors as follows: carrageenan concentration (0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7%) and gum arabic concentration (0.9, 1.2, and 1.5%). Flower leather samples were analyzed for moisture content, tensile strength, total dissolved solid, color intensity, and sensory. The ethanol extract of CGB orchid flowers showed antioxidant capacity up to 23.88 ppm and high phenolic content which is equal to 15.32 mg GAE/g. The differences between carrageenan and arabic gum concentration showed significant effect on water content and dissolve solid, but they did not affect on tensile strength and color intensity. The best treatment of flower leather according to panelist evaluation was those prepared from carrageenan 0.5% and arabic gum 0.9%, reaching tensile strength 4.86 N, brightness level (L) 40.1, (a+) +5.7, (+b) 23.7, water content 19.18%, aroma score 3.76 (slight flowery), taste 4.84 (pleasant), and texture 4.56 (approaching chewiness).

Negative corona discharge strategy for efficient quantum dot light-emitting diodes.

In colloid quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), the control of interface states between ZnO and quantum dots (QDs) plays a vital role. We present a straightforward and efficient method using a negative corona discharge to modify the QD film, creating a dipole moment at the interface of QDs and magnesium-doped ZnO (ZnMgO) for balanced charge carrier distribution within the QDs. This process boosts external quantum efficiencies in red, green, and blue QLEDs to 17.71%, 14.53%, and 9.04% respectively. Notably, optimized devices exhibit significant enhancements, especially at lower brightness levels (1000 to 10,000 cd·m-2), vital for applications in mobile displays, TV screens, and indoor lighting.

Encapsulation Characteristic of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea glabra) Dye Extract in Comparison of Maltodextrin and Carrageenan

Bougainvillea flower is recognized as food coloring agent due to the presence of betacyanin compounds. The extraction of these compounds is followed by a subsequent process for encapsulation. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effect of maltodextrin and carrageenan on encapsulation characteristics of bougainvillea flower dye extract and obtain the best ratio. Encapsulation was carried out with the ratio of maltodextrin and carrageenan, namely 10:0 (MC1), 9.5:0.5 (MC2), 9:1 (MC3), 8.5:1.5 (MC4), 8:2 (MC5) and 7.5:2.5 (MC6). The results showed that maltodextrin and carrageenan ratio significantly affected the amendment, moisture content, solubility, brightness level (L*), redness level (a*), yellowness level (b*), total betacyanin, surface betacyanin and encapsulation efficiency. Based on the test, the effectiveness index to produce the best treatment was MC3 with characteristics of amendment, moisture content, solubility, brightness level (L*), redness level (a*), yellowness level (b*), total betacyanin, surface betacyanin and encapsulation efficiency at 91.61 ± 0.34, 6.53 ± 0.22, 87.35 ± 1.90 %, 80.43 ± 1.37, 20.37 ± 0.49, 20.73 ± 0.40, 246.99 ± 2.70, 35.76 ± 0.46 mg/100 g and 85.52 ± 0.09 %, respectively. The encapsulated formulation of bougainvillea flower extract with maltodextrin and carrageenan in a balanced ratio can be used as an alternative to provide natural coloring in food processing. HIGHLIGHTS Bougainvillea flowers can be extracted to produce an extract containing betacyanin Bougainvillea extract is liquid and is easily damaged by oxidation Application of encapsulation in bougainvillea extract can protect betacyanin from damage due to oxidation and hydrolysis, evaporation or heat degradation The novelty in this research is the optimal treatment for producing encapsulated natural bougainvillea flower dye extract is a ratio of maltodextrin and carrageenan of 9:1. The formulation of bougainvillea flower extract with maltodextrin and carrageenan in an appropriate ratio can be used as a potential natural coloring alternative in functional food processing. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Speeded classification of visual events is sensitive to crossmodal intensity correspondence.

Crossmodal correspondences refer to systematic associations between stimulus attributes encountered in different sensory modalities. These correspondences can be probed in the speeded classification task where they tend to produce congruency effects. This study aimed to replicate and extend previous work conducted by Marks (1987, Experiment 3, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, Vol. 13, No. 3, 384-394) which demonstrated a crossmodal correspondence between auditory and visual intensity attributes. Experiment 1 successfully replicates Marks' original finding that performance in a brightness classification task is affected by whether the loudness of a concurrently presented auditory distractor matches the brightness of the visual target. Furthermore, in line with the original study, we found that this effect was absent in a lightness classification task. In Experiment 2, we demonstrate that loudness-brightness correspondence is robust even when the exact stimulus input changes. This finding suggests that there is a context-dependent mapping between loudness and brightness levels, rather than an absolute mapping between any particular intensity levels. Finally, exploratory analysis using the diffusion model for conflict tasks indicated that evidence from the task-irrelevant modality generates a burst of weak, short-lived automatic activation that can bias decision-making in difficult tasks, but not in easy tasks. Our results provide further evidence for the existence of a flexible crossmodal correspondence between brightness and loudness, which might be helpful in determining one's distance to a stimulus source during the early stages of multisensory integration. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Yellow hypergiant V509 Cas: Stable in the ‘yellow void’

Context. The yellow hypergiant star V509 Cas is currently undergoing an extreme phase of evolution. Having experienced eruptive mass-loss outbursts in the 20th century, the star’s effective temperature reached record high values in the early 2000s. However, since then, the star’s behaviour has displayed an unprecedented level of stability. In spite of that, the star could be traversing through the ‘yellow void’ instability region. Aims. To describe the current evolutionary state of V509 Cas, we analysed its variability using photometric and spectroscopic data collected over recent years. By comparing our findings with historical records, we aim to determine whether the star’s surface shows signs of stabilisation. Additionally, we investigate the variability of emission components in the wings of certain spectral lines to highlight the contribution of the circumstellar gaseous disc to this phenomenon. Methods. Our spectroscopic monitoring observations were carried out at Tartu Observatory over the course of seven years, supplemented by echelle spectra obtained at the Nordic Optical Telescope, as well as publicly available photometric data from Gaia, AAVSO, and AAVSO’s Bright Star Monitor programme. We estimated the variability of effective temperature and radial velocity from the spectral time series and correlated it with the brightness variability of V509 Cas. Results. The results indicate that the star’s average brightness level has remained stable throughout the observed period, with an amplitude of variability ∼0.1 mag. While the amplitude of short-term temperature fluctuations has decreased compared to the early 2000s, the variability of the radial velocity remains similar to historical values from the early 20th century. Moreover, we show how the variable radial velocity affects the emission components in some absorption lines (e.g. Sc II) and how that follows the hypothesis of a disc surrounding the star.

59‐1: Enhancing Brightness with Multi‐Color Holography

Holographic displays traditionally project full‐colored holograms time‐sequentially to achieve colored images. Time‐sequential image formation limits the achievable brightness levels. This work introduces a new method to achieve brighter images in holographic displays. Unlike the usual approach, our method allows three light sources to simultaneously illuminate the displayed holograms at different intensity levels. We optimize phase holograms along with the required intensity levels for each frame using our gradient‐descent based optimization pipeline.

Analysis on Chemical and Physical Properties of Dried Sago Bagasse

The uncontrollable of sago bagasse waste from sago industry production become an environmental issue as it just dumping directly into nearby rivers which can affect a river pollution if not treated well. As it still has about 70% starch content, it has a potential to be converted to the others value-added product such as animal feed. However, before it can be converted to others product, it should go through a drying process to reduce its higher moisture content (90 wt.%), as well to prevent any micro bacteria growth and for long lasting packaging. Thus, this study focused on the evaluation of drying process at T=70 and 80 °C on reducing of its final moisture content by using three drying approaches: fluidized bed dryer (FBD), micro-oven and direct sunlight drying. Then, these samples of dried sago were analysed to determine its properties of starch, fibre, and ash, as well to study its functional organic chemical group by using Fourier infrared transform (FTIR) method. The results show the reduction of sago water content by FBD shown a significant result as compared to others drying methods as the FBD method produces a good solid mixed between particles. Besides, the drying rate using the FBD was achieved in a shorter time within 30 min as compared to oven which within 2 hours and sunlight drying within 6 days to achieve similar final desired moisture content at 11 wt.%. The analysis on the starch properties using the FBD was also almost 75% more higher than oven, which is about 70% starch content. Moreover, the presence of starch was successful proven by the presence of acrylic acid at a wavelength of 1539.72 cm-1 for FBD sample by using FTIR. In addition, using the FBD, the sago waste can maintain its quality as an animal feed by reached a brightness level, W1 as compared to the slurry sago waste where the dried sago using FBD is 58.78%, meanwhile the fresh slurry sago waste is 93.31%. In conclusion, the sago drying in the FBD at T=80 °C was selected as the optimum drying condition as it had achieved a short drying rate for desired final 11 wt.% moisture content and resulted in better on the chemical and physical analysis.

Growth patterns and ecological classification of Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842) in the Mamis River, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Tor tambra is the most dominant species other Tor species in Aceh Province, Indonesia. 2. The population of T. tambra has decreased significantly due to overfishing and environmental destruction. 3. This research aims to examine the habitat characteristics, growth patterns and condition factors of T. tambra. 4. Analysis of the length weight relationship of T. tambra revealed that the condition of the fish was stable . Abstract This research was aimed to examine the habitat characteristics, growth patterns and condition factors of T. tambra in the Mamis River, Leuser Ecosystem Area, Aceh, Indonesia. This research was conducted on the Mamis River in three different river conditions from July to August 2023. The ecological parameters of T. tambra were conducted by observing the main, broodstock, spawning, and nursery ground habitats based on diversity of catch size at a location, water quality, aquatic substrate, aquatic vegetation, and water shade. The growth pattern parameter was also analyzed to reveal the condition of T. tambra. The T. tambra habitat in the Mamis River includes broodstock and spawning habitat with the criteria from small to large rocks overgrown with Bryophytes, gravel and sand substrates, clear water color, slow to swift water currents, and river environment most of it is primary forest. In the main habitat, there is dominant riparian vegetation in the form of forest timber trees such as Pometia pinnata, Ficus fistulosa, Hydnocarpus castanea, and Aglaia tomentosa. The habitat for the juvenile is in the form of rocks, gravel substrate, clear water color, and fast water currents. In the nursery habitat, the dominant riparian vegetation is Balakata baccata. Based on the results of water quality analysis at the three stations, it shows that temperature, pH, DO, currents, BOD, COD are significantly different, but brightness levels are not significantly different. Based on the analysis of the length-weight relationship, it shows that the condition of the fish is stable with sufficient food availability.

Segmentation of dermatoscopic images of skin lesions. Comparison of methods

The work discusses a number of techniques for segmenting dermoscopic images of skin lesions to identify the areas occupied by these lesions. Segmentation is necessary as the first stage of most methods of computer diagnostics of malignancy of neoplasms. A number of techniques, such as ABCDE, use the shape of the tumor as one of the criteria for making a diagnosis; for others, such as the use of convolutional neural networks, identifying the tumor allows one to increase the accuracy of the results obtained. The work discusses three methods of segmentation: thresholding using Otsu's method to calculate the threshold value, a convolutional neural network built on the U-net architecture, and a similar convolutional neural network with an added attention mechanism. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are considered, as well as the possibility of using them together to obtain the best segmentation results.The paper considers the application of an algorithm based on a morphological projector for determining structural differences for comparing dermoscopic images. This will allow to identify changes that have occurred in skin lesions over time, for a more accurate diagnosis of their malignancy. The proposed algorithm makes it possible to detect differences in images even if there is a significant difference in the brightness and color levels of the compared images, and also ignores small insignificant details, such as noise, dermatoscope optics marks, hair, etc. A method for correcting the desynchronization of images using the structural similarity index as a similarity metric, and the sine-cosine algorithm as an optimization algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithms were tested on dermatoscopic images and the possibility of their application was demonstrated.

Concurrent musical pitch height biases judgment of visual brightness

The integration of music sounds with concurrent visual scenes or objects is a occurrence in our daily lives, attracting the attention of researchers investigating how music influences our perceptions of simultaneous visuals. This study specifically investigates the role of musical pitch height in shaping our judgments of visual brightness during concurrent music–visual events. Participants were presented with pitch-modified versions of a wide range of emotional music pieces alongside various visual stimuli. The results demonstrate that lower-pitched music tends to elicit darker judgments of visual objects than higher-pitched music, when the actual visual brightness level remains constant. These findings suggest the influence of musical pitch height on introducing biases in our evaluations of visual brightness within the context of concurrent music-visual experiences, contributing to the advancement of our theoretical understanding of the complex audiovisual integration involving music in our everyday lives.

Optimization of wheat flour and purple sweet potato paste for texture, specific volume, and bread color using the mixture design method

Wheat flour is one of the important ingredients in bread processing because it contains gluten which greatly affects the character of the bread. In this research, wheat flour was substituted with purple sweet potato paste to reduce dependence on the use of wheat flour. Purple sweet potato has the potential for processing food products because of its nutritional content and very attractive natural purple color. This research uses the Optimal Custom Design Mixture Design Method which consists of two factors, namely wheat flour (40-90%) and purple sweet potato paste (10-40%) on 5 physical characteristic responses, namely texture, specific volume, color L, color a, and color b. The data were analyzed using expert design 13 with 8 formulations. The results show that the optimization of the wheat flour formulation 65.025% and purple sweet potato paste 34.975% is predicted to produce bread with a texture value of (texture analyzer) 2.945 N, specific volume 3.488 cm3/g, color L brightness level is 57.650%, color a is 3.410, and color b is 11.910 (manual method of color reader tool) with a desirability of 0.613.

Design and Application of Indoor Intelligent Light Emitting Diode Lighting

In this research, an indoor intelligent light emitting diode (LED) lighting device is designed, which includes environmental brightness detection module, temperature detection module, display module and LED driving module. S5052 photodiode is selected for environmental brightness level, which can work normally in the environment of −25 °C to 75 °C, and the analog signal is converted into recognizable digital signal through MCP3204 A/D converter. The DS18B20 sensor is selected to measure the temperature, which is connected with the single chip microcomputer to collect the indoor temperature signal. Adopting constant current drive mode, HV9910 LED driver chip is selected to convert 220 V AC power supply into 5 V DC power supply, and AD1585 chip is used as reference power supply to suppress the fluctuation of DC power supply. The display module takes STC12C5A60S2 single chip microcomputer as the control module, and integrates MAX810 special reset circuit, 2-channel PWM and 8-channel 10-bit A/D converter, thus simplifying the peripheral circuit. During the test, the single chip microcomputer is initialized, the intelligent control part is embedded with data analysis technology, and the modular debugging method is adopted, and the illumination brightness value meets the expectations under different conditions. The ambient temperature is compared with the test temperature to keep consistent. Based on PWM method, dimming is carried out, and two environments are set (the first one is to maintain the ambient light illumination of 300lx, and the other one is to maintain the ambient light illumination of 100lx). The results show that the designed system is suitable for different lighting environments and can adjust the indoor lighting brightness adaptively.

Interaksi Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kecelakaan di Jalan Tol dengan Kesenjangan Kecepatan sebagai Pemicu Kejadian Tabrak dari Belakang pada Malam Hari di Jalan Tol Cipali

Traffic accidents due to rear-end collisions are the highest contributor to the death rate in traffic accidents that occur on toll roads. It is suspected that vehicle, environmental, weather and driver factors as well as high speed gaps contribute to the occurrence of accidents. This study aims to determine the relationship between vehicle, environmental, weather and driver factors with the occurrence of speed gaps through observations of rear light brightness levels, vehicle visibility and speed. This study uses a descriptive observational method. The sample is a vehicle that passes through the Cipali Toll Road KM 188-108 towards Jakarta, on Sunday, January 29, 2024 at 19.30-21.00 WIB. The observer vehicle speed is 80-100 km/hour. The brightness level is measured using a luxmeter. The results of the study obtained dark weather, no rain, some toll roads did not have street lights, there were 316 minibus, bus and truck vehicles that passed or passed the researcher's route. A total of 240 vehicles (75%) of the minibus type had appropriate rear light brightness, visibility and speed. As many as 56 vehicles (23%) of the truck type had low rear light brightness, poor visibility, and speeds below regulations, resulting in a high speed gap which has a high potential to cause rear-end collisions.

Design and evaluation of an anthropomorphic neck phantom for improved ultrasound diagnostics of thyroid gland tumors.

Thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with ultrasound-guided biopsy being the method of choice for its early detection. The accuracy of diagnostics directly depends on the qualifications of the ultrasonographers, whose performance can be enhanced through training with phantoms. The aim of this study is to propose a reproducible methodology for designing a neck phantom for ultrasound training and research from widely available materials and to validate its applicability. The phantom was made using polyvinyl chloride mixed with additives to reproduce different levels of brightness on ultrasound screens. 3D printing and casting were used to create the neck model and various structures of the neck, including bones, cartilage, arteries, veins, lymph nodes, thyroid gland, and soft tissues. The small objects, such as tumor and lymph node models, were shaped manually. All the phantom's materials were carefully selected to match the ultrasonic speed and attenuation values of real soft tissues and bones. The thyroid gland contains models of a cancerous and cystic nodule. In the neck, there are models of carotid arteries and jugular veins filled with ultrasound-transparent gel. Additionally, there are replicas of lymph nodes and bone structures such as hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage, trachea, and vertebrae. The resulting phantom covers the entire neck area and has been positively received by practicing ultrasound specialists. The proposed manufacturing technology offers a reliable and cost-effective approach to produce an anthropomorphic neck phantom for ultrasound diagnosis of the thyroid gland. The realistic simulation provided by the phantom enhances the quality and accuracy of ultrasound examinations, contributing to better training for medical professionals and improved patient care. Subsequent research efforts can concentrate on refining the fabrication process and exploring additional features to enhance the phantom's capabilities.

Tailored efficient and reliable double luminescent layer hybrid WOLEDs via doping engineering

Doping engineering has been widely utilized to increase the efficiency of White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs). In this study, a blue phosphor material named DMAC-DPS and an orange phosphor material named PO-01 are integrated into the host materials Bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether oxide (DPEPO) and carbazole-based 4,4′-biscarbazole-p-biphenyl (CBP) by incorporating the principle of complementary color luminescence, resulting in a doped double-luminescent layer hybrid WOLED. The developed device structure consists of ITO/MoO3/TCTA/DPEPO:DMAC-DPS/CBP:PO-01 (or CBP:PO-01/DPEPO:DMAC-DPS)/TAZ/Alq3/LiF/Al. The transfer of energy between the host and guest materials is achieved by controlling the thickness and position of the emitting layer, leading to a more balanced emission of blue and yellow light and an overall increase in device efficiency. The developed WOLED exhibits a maximum current efficiency of 26.8 cd A−1, a power efficiency of 16.8 lm W−1, and an external quantum efficiency of 10.95%. The stable color coordinates of the device remains consistent, varying from (0.34, 0.40) to (0.33, 0.39) at brightness levels ranging from 100 to 1000 cd m−2. Technically, the incorporation of blue and orange phosphor materials into the host materials DPEPO and CBP, respectively, resulting in a doped double-luminescent layer hybrid WOLED, has shown a more balanced emission of blue and yellow light and resulted in increased efficiency. The reliable color coordinates corroborate the good color stability, making it a promising candidate for various applications. Furthermore, the controlled transfer of energy between the host and guest materials has led to a more balanced emission of blue and yellow light. Our developed doping engineering methods have shown potential for increased efficiency and good color stability, making the developed WOLED a promising candidate for various applications.