Levels Of Background Knowledge Research Articles

ALLUSIVE HEADLINES IN THE MEDIA: AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT

The article is devoted to the analysis of newspaper headlines based on allusion. Using the material of texts published in 2023 in the newspapers Zavtra and Kommersant, which are diff erent in terms of ideological ori-entation and stylistics, the authors examine the axiological signifi cance of such factors as the choice of the source of allusion, the absence or presence of transformation, and the leading principle of playing with the original text. Both similarities and diff erences in the creation of allusive headlines are revealed. Both publications actively seek source material from phraseology, Russian classical literature and Soviet cinema, which is explained by the priority of marketing considerations: a headline that refers to an easily recognisable text is the most attractive. In the Zavtra newspaper, the sources of allusive headlines can be modern rude and ironic statements typical of colloquial speech and works of Russian classical literature that are well known to the mass addressee. In this case, the original form of the source text is either unchanged or minimally transformed, while retaining the original evaluative connota-tions. Recognition and comprehension of such allusive titles does not require additional cognitive eff orts from the addressee, which allows us to speak about the setting to attract the attention of the widest possible addressee. The specifi cs of Kommersant’s headlines lie in the more active use of precedent statements. The sources of allusions are not only phraseological phrases and works of Russian classical literature, but also precedent texts associated with Soviet realities and texts of fi ction that are not widely known. The precedent texts, regardless of their nature, are subjected to a “reducing” transformation through language play. The attractiveness of such titles is determined by the level of background knowledge of the addressee, who needs not only to identify the source text and understand the allusion in the title text, but also to correlate the axiological characteristics of the precedent and allusive texts. The authors of the article note that titling with the use of evaluative allusion is one of the regularly used methods of adjusting the media text to the target audience.

Assessing the potential of ChatGPT for psychodynamic formulations in psychiatry: An exploratory study

Although there were several attempts to apply ChatGPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer) to medicine, little is known about therapeutic applications in psychiatry. In this exploratory study, we aimed to evaluate the characteristics and appropriateness of the psychodynamic formulations created by ChatGPT. Along with a case selected from the psychoanalytic literature, input prompts were designed to include different levels of background knowledge. These included naïve prompts, keywords created by ChatGPT, keywords created by psychiatrists, and psychodynamic concepts from the literature. The psychodynamic formulations generated from the different prompts were evaluated by five psychiatrists from different institutions. We next conducted further tests in which instructions on the use of different psychodynamic models were added to the input prompts. The models used were ego psychology, self-psychology, and object relations. The results from naïve prompts and psychodynamic concepts were rated as appropriate by most raters. The psychodynamic concept prompt output was rated the highest. Interrater agreement was statistically significant. The results from the tests using instructions in different psychoanalytic theories were also rated as appropriate by most raters. They included key elements of the psychodynamic formulation and suggested interpretations similar to the literature. These findings suggest potential of ChatGPT for use in psychiatry.

A STUDY ON THE LEVEL OF COGNITIVE FACTORS, AFFECTIVE FACTORS AND WRITING PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN PAPER 4 OF THE MALAYSIAN UNIVERSITY ENGLISH TEST IN MALAYSIA

The aim of this study is to analyse the level of cognitive (background knowledge, thinking maps use, critical thinking) factors, affective (writing self-efficacy, second language (L2) writing anxiety) factors and writing performance among students. This research adopts a quantitative approach through a survey methodology. The sample comprises 400 Malaysian University English Test (MUET) students from 26 schools in Penang, Malaysia. Data has been collected using six instruments: five questionnaires as well as one argumentative writing task. Descriptive statistics, including mean, percentage, frequency, and standard deviation, have been used to answer the research question. The outcomes indicate that the levels of background knowledge, writing self-efficacy, critical thinking, thinking maps use, and L2 writing anxiety are moderate. Because writing is an integral part of MUET, the outcomes of this study can serve as a springboard from which teachers can gain a deeper appreciation for background knowledge, writing self-efficacy, critical thinking, thinking maps use, and L2 writing anxiety. As a result, it may shed light on what teachers may do to assist these L2 writers in improving their background knowledge, writing self-efficacy, critical thinking, thinking maps use and overcoming their writing anxiety, which possesses a negative impact on their output.

A half‐century check‐up for child neurology training

A half‐century check‐up for child neurology training

A systematic literature evaluation on Definitions, Attitudes and Pedagogical Challenges

To find a shared understanding of what inclusive education means, this study looks at several different points of view from researchers in various fields. From the perspectives of students, teachers, and the general public, the attitudes section looks at the problems that teachers and students with disabilities face in todays educational systems (parents). There is also a clear plan for how to teach literature to students with different levels of background knowledge. Last but not least, a general review focused on the two main models used in this study (the social and medical models).

Design of learner-centered literature and pop culture class using multimedia technology during the pandemic, crisis of public health

This study analyzes the effective classes of literature and popular culture, which are one of the liberal arts elective subjects in S University. This course is aimed at students from 1st to 4th graders of different majors, and the learning goal was not just to appreciate literary works, but to improve their ability to understand them in an easy and fun way, and to apply them to real life. This study examines how the literature class, the source of popular culture in the era of the 4th industrial revolution, can motivate students to learn and produce learning effects by using multimedia rather than the existing traditional method. In this study, the instructional procedure of a class that attracted a lot of students' attention among the classes that took place during the semester was presented as an example. In detail, the researcher conducted a pre-class survey and, through the results, grasped the level of background knowledge of the students and the characteristics of the learner, and proceeded with the class. After taking the questionnaire, eight items were surveyed, and only six items among them were analyzed.

«Әйел» концептісінің ұлттық-мәдени сипаты

One of the topics that will forever be studied in science and society is the issue of women. Names related to the concept of «woman» in the knowledge of the Kazakh people, language units, lexico-phraseological, paremiological units, concepts formed in the concept of the people, data confirming the concept of «woman» in modern artistic texts, which allow us to recognize the taste, attitude, feelings, psychology, diverse features of Kazakh women, determine their place in Kazakh culture. The most important issue is the definition of the role and place of woman in the life of society, in national culture, in the linguistic and cultural direction of the language data that characterize her, and the interpretation of the lexical-semantic, conceptual content of the concept of woman in the context of the level of background knowledge. The article considers the contribution of the phraseological system of the language to the modernization of the mentality inherent in a particular linguistic and cultural community. The concept of «woman» is based on the national character of the concept of woman as a whole, the linguistic and cultural features of the social consciousness and mentality of the two peoples, national values and views on the world, which are embodied in the phraseological fragment of the Kazakh world image. The research is aimed at a deeper understanding of the meaning of phraseological phrases used in the Kazakh language. Phraseological phrases indicate the place occupied by the female subject in modern society.

Translation Strategy: A Study on Domestication and Foreignization ― With Focus on Louis Carroll’s Novel Alice in Wonderland

This article examines the translation strategies for domestication and foreignization in translation for children by using Lewis Carroll s novel Alice in Wonderland and its five translated texts as text analysis objects. When translating the contents of the source text that are not familiar to the culture of translated text, the translator must carefully decide whether to domesticate it to improve understanding for readers who read the translated text or foreignize it to convey the meaning of the source text properly. However, since such a translation strategy is a subjective judgment of the translator, the translators who translate the source text can take a different approach to the same source text because they adopt the translation strategies they pursue. In the case of translating literary works for children, the translation strategy should be decided according to the level of knowledge the children have. In other words, if the translator does not recognize the level of background knowledge of the readers who read the translated text, it can halve the joy of reading. Since the translation of literary works for children is different from that for adults, when translating for children who lack background knowledge, it is necessary to carefully consider which translation strategy will be more effective for the reader.

절대평가 시험으로서의 수능 영어시험 분석: 주요 난이도 예측 변인을 중심으로

Given a great variance of the number and percentage of test-takers with high band scores in the CSAT English tests for the 2015-2020 academic years, the present study compared these six tests in terms of facility index (FI), measures of lexical richness and syntactic complexity, distractor feasibility, information density in listening materials, familiarity of speakers’ pronunciation and accent, and levels of background knowledge required to understand reading passages, which are all said be major predictors of question item difficulty. One-way ANOVAs, independent sample Kruskal-Wallis H tests and chi-square tests showed that there was no significant difference concerning FI and any of the predictors not only between the six CSAT English tests but between their reading parts. There was also no significant difference between the listening tests except that the test for the 2017 academic year was significantly easier than for the 2016 and 2018 ones. These findings together mean that the introduction of criterion-referenced testing in the 2018 academic year has brought no substantial changes to CSAT English tests. Interestingly, however, there was a significant difference in FI between the six sets of the 13 most difficult questions drawn from each test, which was a reason for the great variance of high scorers between the six tests. The study concluded with some pedagogical discussions.

Communication of risk: Meaningful radiation safety discourse with exposed workers

Effective communication is paramount to ensuring that radiation safety protocols are understood and adhered to by exposed workers within our hospitals. SI 30 of 2019 requires that Radiation Safety Procedures be in place and available to all exposed staff. Yet the language of such documents is often complicated; differing levels of background knowledge, audience relationship to the topic and perceived relevance have a large impact on the comprehension of such material. Furthermore, the concept of risk is frequently misunderstood or presented in such a way as to have little meaning to the member of staff. This is especially evident when it comes to ionising radiation, a topic which can have members of the same cohort either dismissive or anxious of the same risk.

The Role of Background Knowledge in Reading Comprehension: A Critical Review

A critical review was conducted to determine the influence background knowledge has on the reading comprehension of primary school-aged children. We identified twenty-three studies that met our criteria and focused on the links between background knowledge and reading comprehension of children in the mid to late primary years. Review findings highlight that higher levels of background knowledge have a range of effects that are influenced by the nature of the text, the quality of the situation model required, and the presence of reader misconceptions about the text. Our findings also indicate that background knowledge impacts differentially on stronger and weaker readers. Readers with lower background knowledge appear to benefit more from text with high cohesion, while weaker readers were able to compensate somewhat for their relatively weak reading skills in the context of a high degree of background knowledge. Implications of the findings for early years classroom practice are outlined, together with suggested future research directions.

Struggling urology trainee: a qualitative study into causes of underperformance

Urological surgical trainees who underperform are difficult to identify, manage and require significant resources in an already stretched system relying on pro bono supervisors that often have no formal training. While there are commentaries on how to manage underperforming surgical trainees, there is a lack of data detailing the complex reasons for underperformance. It is important to understand the complexities contributing to underperformance so that improved remediation plans can be developed which can better help trainees meet expectations and succeed. In this qualitative study, individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with key persons identified as having very high levels of background knowledge and involvement with current underperforming urological surgery trainees. Transcribed interviews were thematically analysed. Ten interviews were conducted, including nine urology consultants and one educational manager. Five themes were identified: underperformance is a small but profound issue; spiral of failure; the changing trainee; lack of insight and under supported supervisors and posts. Causes of underperformance in urology trainees are complex and multifactorial. Behavioural issues were considered the most likely cause, which are also the most challenging to remedy. However, in addition to trainee factors, causative factors related to supervision and training were identified. Addressing all of these issues is paramount if effective remediation of these trainees is to occur.

“CULTURAL TURN” AS A CURRENT DIRECTION OF THE LITERARY TRANSLATION DEVELOPMENT

The article considers the culturological approach to translation in the context of the theory of “cultural turn” as an actual direction of development of literary translation. The history of the origin and essence of the “cultural revolution” is determined, which is predicted to become decisive for translation studies in the new century. It is found out that today translation is increasingly seen not only as a linguistic phenomenon, but also as a cultural one. The multifaceted culturological approach to literary translation is caused by a shift in emphasis in the understanding of the text, which began to be considered not only as a source of linguistic data, but also as a basic unit of communication, individual linguistic realization of the language system. The article also clarifies the practical aspects of applying a culturological approach to the translation of such complexities of literary text translation as non-equivalent vocabulary, culturally specific realities and lacunas, proper names, occasionalisms and eratives. In particular, the article considers the translation strategies of forenization and domestication as the leading approaches to the reproduction of culturally conditioned elements of the English literary text in the Ukrainian language. It is found out that the expediency of using one of these translation strategies is influenced by the peculiarities of the text of the literary work, as well as the level of national-specific colouring of the work. The domestication strategy is used relatively less frequently than the forenization strategy and requires a higher level of background knowledge, skill and creativity from the translator. It is determined that the issue of cultural adaptation of source texts to the realities of the culture of the target language, which is envisaged in the context of the strategy of domestication, remains ambiguous today and causes a lot of discussion in translation circles. The article raises the question of the need to generalize modern approaches to the use of domestication as a strategy for translating non-equivalent units of English-language literary discourse.

Reproducibility of hepatic MR elastography across field strengths, pulse sequences, scan intervals, and readers.

To evaluate the reproducibility of hepatic MRE under various combinations of settings of field strength, pulse sequence, scan interval, and reader in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. Adult NAFLD patients were prospectively enrolled for serial hepatic MRE with 1.5 T using 2D GRE sequence and 3.0 T using 2D SE-EPI sequence on the same day and after 2weeks, resulting a total of four MRE examinations per patient. Three readers with various levels of background knowledge in MRE technique and liver anatomy measured liver stiffness after a training session. Linear regression, Bland-Altman analysis, within-subject coefficient of variation, and reproducibility coefficient (RDC) were used to determine reproducibility of hepatic MRE measurement. Twenty patients completed the MRE sessions. Liver stiffness through MRE showed pooled RDC of 26% (upper 95% CI 30.6%) and corresponding limits of agreement (LOA) within 0.55kPa across field strengths, MRE sequences, and 2-week interscan interval in three readers. Small mean biases and narrow LOA were observed among readers (0.05-0.19kPa ± 0.53). The magnitude of change across combinations of scan parameters is within acceptable clinical range, rendering liver stiffness through MRE a reproducible quantitative imaging biomarker. A lower reproducibility was observed for measurements under different field strengths/MRE sequences at a longer (2weeks) interscan interval. Operators should be trained to acquire region of interest consistently in repeat examinations.

Exploring the Potency of Rich Pictures in a Systemic Lean Intervention Process

This paper explores the usefulness of rich pictures as a method in Systemic Lean Intervention (SLI) process. It combines Lean and Systems Thinking analytical tools. Lean emerged with the main objectives of waste identification and removal in an operational system - which is synonymous to cost reduction, and value maximization. The research focuses on the use of rich pictures alongside lean tools such as workshop and interviews in a participatory research process, involving the identified stakeholders who are affected by the operational process. The research applies these tools with the intent to recognise the impacts of the various parts that function together in the operational process. A single case study organisation of a commercial Livestock farm in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was used. The research found out that the application of rich pictures could be influenced by certain factors like the participants’ interest, power and authority possession of some participants, familiarity with the issues considered, and the participants’ level of background knowledge on the usage of rich pictures. Rich pictures were also found to be time-consuming in its interpretation and application to addressing identified issues.

Current Status and Willingness to Adopt Renewable Energy Technologies in Saudi Arabia

The purpose of this research study is to reveal the current status of and the willingness to adopt renewable energy technologies in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The main contribution of this work is the revealed levels of background knowledge presented on six types of renewable technologies, as well as five willingness perspectives on adoption by different sociodemographics. This was achieved following a quantitative research study to randomly collect cross-sectional data from 416 participants using a carefully designed questionnaire survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the collected data. Results of the study provided and ranked the background knowledge of participants’ viewpoints on six renewable energy sources. It was revealed that education is paramount in increasing the level of awareness of renewable energy technologies. The results also ranked the five willingness perspectives to adopting renewable energy technologies. It was revealed that the economic factor is the main factor influencing the willingness to adoption. The analysis also showed that age was an important factor influencing the adoption of these technologies. This research study acts as a guide assisting energy policy-makers, government agencies, and investors in designing better-targeted public awareness and marketing campaigns on renewable energy technologies. This is in turn will assist in achieving the energy efficiency and production targets of Vision 2030 in Saudi Arabia.

Examining the Role of Pre-Instruction Academic Performance Within A Text-based Approach to Improving Student Content Knowledge and Understanding

Students with disabilities are often included in general education social studies classes, but these classes can differ in the achievement level of the overall class, including wide variation in content-related background knowledge, reading achievement, or both. The purpose of this study was to examine how background knowledge and reading achievement moderate the effects of a previously validated intervention, Promoting Adolescents’ Comprehension of Text (PACT). We examined data from a prior randomized control trial of 1,487 eighth-grade students in 85 classes that were randomly assigned at the class level to receive either PACT instructional practices or typical instructional practices using the same social studies content. Results of the current study reveal no moderating effect at the class level of either initial background knowledge or reading achievement on student content knowledge acquisition or content reading comprehension outcomes. Classes with varying levels of background knowledge and reading achievement performed similarly in PACT instruction, with benefits of the PACT instruction found on content knowledge acquisition.

Effects of Multimedia Videos Designed for Computer Package Software Training on Learning

Use of videos as multimedia materials in class and integration of these materials into education increase the quality of education. This study was conducted with 219 students attending the departments of Elementary School Teaching and Pre-School Teaching at Education Faculty in the academic year of 2011-2012. In order to determine their level of background knowledge, the students were given an achievement pre-test regarding educational subjects. The test questions prepared by the Ministry of Education and private courses given by companies like European Computer Driving License (ECDL) and Microsoft were used to determine the students’ levels of knowledge about the package software regarding which training would be given. The results of the study revealed that the courses given using multimedia videos were more successful than those given based on traditional methods. Keywords: internet; educational videos; multimedia; package software;

Effects of Multimedia Videos Designed for Computer Package Software Training on Learning

Use of videos as multimedia materials in class and integration of these materials into education increase the quality of education. This study was conducted with 219 students attending the departments of Elementary School Teaching and Pre-School Teaching at Education Faculty in the academic year of 2011-2012. In order to determine their level of background knowledge, the students were given an achievement pre-test regarding educational subjects. The test questions prepared by the Ministry of Education and private courses given by companies like European Computer Driving License (ECDL) and Microsoft were used to determine the students’ levels of knowledge about the package software regarding which training would be given. The results of the study revealed that the courses given using multimedia videos were more successful than those given based on traditional methods.Keywords: internet; educational videos; multimedia; package software;

Topic and background knowledge effects on performance in speaking assessment

This study explores the extent to which topic and background knowledge of topic affect spoken performance in a high-stakes speaking test. It is argued that evidence of a substantial influence may introduce construct-irrelevant variance and undermine test fairness. Data were collected from 81 non-native speakers of English who performed on 10 topics across three task types. Background knowledge and general language proficiency were measured using self-report questionnaires and C-tests respectively. Score data were analysed using many-facet Rasch measurement and multiple regression. Findings showed that for two of the three task types, the topics used in the study generally exhibited difficulty measures which were statistically distinct. However, the size of the differences in topic difficulties was too small to have a large practical effect on scores. Participants’ different levels of background knowledge were shown to have a systematic effect on performance. However, these statistically significant differences also failed to translate into practical significance. Findings hold implications for speaking performance assessment.