Level Of Anthropogenic Load Research Articles

Влияние антропогенной нагрузки на адаптациию <i>Betula pendula</i> Roth.

В качестве объекта исследования выбран широко распространенный вид берез Betula pendula Roth. Изучены механизмы приспособления листьев в условиях антропогенной нагрузки B. pendula лесополосы вдоль автодороги Р-240 «Уфа – Оренбург» на морфологическом уровне по двум показателям — флуктуирующая асимметрия и морфологическая интеграция структуры листа. Для оценки произведена выборка 250 листьев с 25 деревьев генеративного состояния в лесополосе, расположенной вдоль автодороги Р-240 «Уфа – Оренбург» с высоким уровнем антропогенной нагрузки. Определены 40 метрических признаков для оценки уровня морфологической интеграции, среди которых 19 парных признаков для оценки флуктуирующей асимметрии. Также с помощью метода геометрической морфометрии построен усредненный образ листьев B. pendula. При расчете балльных оценок качества среды по показателям флуктуирующей асимметрии по общепринятой методике выявлено, что все деревья формировались в условиях критического (V класс) состояния среды. Тип онтогенетической стратегии — защитно-стрессовый. С усилением антропогенной нагрузки уровень морфологической интеграции возрастает, что определяет защитную часть онтогенетической стратегии, а в последующем происходит снижение показателей морфологической интеграции — проявление стрессовой компоненты. Проведение однофакторного дисперсионного анализа показало значимое влияние фактора (антропогенная нагрузка) между группами внутри генеральной совокупности. Выявлены статистически значимые различия перехода между группами деревьев по уровню морфологической интеграции. Наиболее значимые различия характерны при переходе между группами 1 и 4, 2 и 3, 2 и 4, а также 4 и 5.

Assessing the adverse load in two artificial water bodies of the Dubna C.: Diatom analysis

Diatom complexes from two ponds and one lake were compared and analyzed. The samples were taken from modern bottom sediments. All water bodies are situated in Moscow oblast. The ponds in the boundaries of Dubna C. are of artificial origin, while Lake Glubokoe is a natural water body. The degree of adverse changes in the structure of diatom complexes does not depend on the origin of the water body but is determined by the overall level of anthropogenic load. The study suggests the conclusion that the results of studies of diatom complexes from natural lakes and artificial ponds can be combined.

Structure of the ant assemblages (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the broad-leaved forests of Kiev

In 2012–2013, six parks and urban forests in Kiev with a different level of anthropogenic load were investigated. Twenty-six species of ants from three subfamilies were found in the studied localities with oak (Quercus robur) forests and parks. The ant assemblages are classified into three types according to the number of dominants and their territoriality: (a) mono- and bidominant continuums of associations with weakly territorial dominants Lasius emarginatus and L. fuliginosus, having the highest population densities, and the “behavioral” dominant Camponotus ligniperdus; (b) monodominant associations with a territorial dominant (species of the Formica rufa group); (c) degraded associations in the parks where the dominants are absent and are substituted by the influents Lasius niger and Myrmica rubra. Continuums of associations with weakly territorial dominants have a more developed structure as compared with a monodominant association with the territorial dominant F. rufa producing considerable pressure on the subordinate species. Dominants, subdominants, and influents manifest different types of foraging strategy. A dominant and a subdominant can interchange individual foraging strategy and mobilization; in influents, the strategy remains constant. When the mobilization strategy is used by an influent, only the number of the mobilized workers can be modified, especially in the association without a dominant. Thus, dominants and subdominants have a more flexible foraging strategy due not only to the environmental conditions, but also to the more tight interrelations between the species. With the growth of anthropogenic load the territorial dominant F. rufa increases its pressure upon the subordinate ant species, reducing the intensity of mobilization of their workers to bait. Ant assemblages in the broad-leaved forests of Kiev consist of five chorological complexes, where the leading and layer-connecting role is played by the climbing herpetobiont Lasius emarginatus and the multilayer species F. rufa and L. fuliginosus. Degradation of the associations leads to the disappearance of the species of the two above complexes, disconnection of the layers, and, following the impoverishment of the association structure, weakening and disappearance of hierarchical links. As compared with other cities studied, Kiev has less anthropogenically disturbed ant assemblages with distinct hierarchical structure where the typical forest species F. rufa, L. fuliginosus, L. emarginatus, and C. ligniperdus may act as dominants. Preservation of ant assemblages in Kiev is ensured by the forests and parks present within the city.

Зонування території Львова за характером та ступенем антропогенного навантаження

We made the complex environmental analysis of Lviv, natural and socio-economic conditions of urboekosystem of the city, allowed to analyze the spatial characteristics of anthropogenic load in Lviv. According to the results based on such indicators as the types and density of residential buildings the actual concentration of industrial facilities and their load on the environment, the load from various types of transport and also size of area under city parks and another greenery we made territorial differentiation of the city and highlighted areas with predominant types and levels of anthropogenic load. Key words: anthropogenic load, urboecosystem, zoning, geoinformation analysis.

Estimation of potential changes in the ecosystem of Lake Ladoga in the 21st century under the impact of anthropogenic and climatic factors

The effect of potential climate changes on the ecosystem of Lake Ladoga at different levels of anthropogenic load is studied using mathematical models. The Lake Ladoga year-round circulation corresponding to potential climate changes in the lake catchment area is reproduced. The year-round regime of functioning of the lake ecosystem is reproduced using ecosystem models. The potential changes in the lake ecosystem due to changes in the phosphorus load within the limits observed in 1961–1983 are found to be more essential than those due to prognostic changes in climate.

Water Quality Estimation Based on the Structural Analysis of Diatomic Complexes

Two types of plots characterizing the undisturbed structure of the biotopic spectrum of diatom algae are recognized. The first of them has a hyperbolic form and the second is a sigmoid curve (normal distribution). It was shown that, under adverse external impact, both types of plots change their shape and the extent of their distortion reflects the general level of anthropogenic load on this water body or its part. The proposed method of graphical comparison was developed for lakes of Kola Peninsula. Later it was successfully used in the biomonitoring of watercourses of the Volga–Akhtuba interfluve area (Astrakhan Province) and in paleoenvironmental reconstruction for Galichskoe Lake (Kostroma Province).

Quantitative estimation of the effect of noxious substances in atmosphere air on the sickness rate of children

The sikness rate of children living in the territories of the city with various levels of anthropogenic load is studied. The informativity of the multifactor dispersed analysis for determination of quantitative characteristics of the effect of environmental factors on the population sickness rate is noted. The effect of six inassociated factors (dust, sulphur dioxide etc.) on the sickness rate of children aged 4 to 7 is studied by this method.