Tank Level Research Articles

OPTIMIZING OIL PRODUCTION AT THE GATHERING STATION BY MAINTAINING THE OIL STOCK TANK / INTERFACE LEVEL IN THE WASH TANK USING THE ROC SYSTEM

One of the production problems that arise at the Gathering Station is an unstable production problem, this is caused by controlling the level of fluid in the wash tank that is less than the maximum for that need to be improved by changing the system from manual to automatic. To maintain the stability of production at the gathering station, special measures such as controlling fluid levels in the storage tanks need to be carried out, monitoring pressure, temperature monitoring and so on that can have a positive effect on oil production at the gathering station.
 Wash Tank is a tank that is useful for temporary storage of liquid fluid (liquid) that comes from the boot gas. The liquid fluid entering the wash tank consists of a mixture of crude oil and water. At the Wash tank the process of separation between crude oil and water. This washing tank is the largest tank compared to other processing tanks at the gathering station, its diameter is around 85 ft to 90 ft, and its height is around 35 ft to 40 ft. The normal level in the separation process is 36 ft, where the level 1 ft - 29 ft is the water level, while the level 29 ft - 36 ft is the oil level. The 1ft - 29 ft level is referred to as the interface level, where the water level is expected to be at level 29 and the thickness of the oil / oil stock tank 7 ft in the wash tank.
 
 Research conducted on the problem of controlling the level of fluid in the wash tank, where manual control is ineffective and inefficient, for this reason it is necessary to change from a manual to automatic process with the ROC (Remote Operation Control) system, the changes made are expected to maintain the interface and the oil stock tank in accordance with the set point that has been determined and where the amount of oil production per day at the gathering station is very influential on the oil stock tank so that the oil pumped to the shipping line has a BS&W below 1% and has a temperature of 130 ° F -150 ° F In order to obtain this value, we must maintain the interface and the oil stock tank in accordance with the specified set point and where the amount of oil production per day at the gathering station is very influential on the oil stock tank

An Automatic System to Detect Presence of Water in Supply Lines and Maintain Water level of Underground and Overhead Tanks

Commonly most of the houses rely upon the overhead and underground tanks as the main source of water. People usually turn on the motor when their taps go dry and switch off the motor when the tank starts overflowing. This results in needless wasting of water and the lack of water in emergencies. This water is mostly coming through supply line pipes installed by the government through different schemes. The timing of this water coming is mostly irregular because it varies time to time, and in areas where it is fixed, the time is inconvenient for domestic residents to switch ON their motors and fill their tanks. Either the water comes late at night or in the daytime when the people are mostly at their jobs, so they are unable to turn ON their motors. This paper presents a solution to both these problems, a hardware model has been developed using Arduino as the main microcontroller, ultrasonic sensors to detect the level of water in tanks two pumping motors one for underground and one for an overhead tank. And one a water flow sensor is used to automatically detect the water coming in supply lines and switch on the motor. The proposed system saves water, electrical power and human efforts as the whole system is automatic.

Noise-rejection zeroing dynamics for control of industrial agitator tank

Agitator tanks are widely used in industrial fields. Improvement in their efficiency is critical to achieving high productivity. That is to say, an agitator tank system should have a short response time to produce a desired reagent with an accurate solution concentration and a moderate liquid level. Therefore, a noise-rejection zeroing dynamics (NRZD) model for the control of the agitator tank based on a neural-dynamics method with anti-noise performance is proposed in this paper. The solution concentration and the liquid level of the agitator tank synthesized by the NRZD model are able to converge to the desired trajectories polluted with different noises. Then, theoretical analyses on the convergence and anti-noise performance of the agitator tank system equipped with the NRZD model are presented. Furthermore, to verify the superiority of the agitator tank system equipped with the NRZD model, we perform tracking trajectories simulations on solution concentration and the liquid level of the agitator tank with different noises. Moreover, the simulation results verify that the NRZD model is more effective than the existing models in the reagent preparation process.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE FLOTATION PROCESS OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE

The article discusses the creation of an algorithm and the synthesis of a two-loop automatic control system for level and density, instead of the current single-loop one. Aim. Density stabilization and stabilization of the flotation machine power supply by creating a two-circuit automatic level and density control system in order to improve the quality of the final product. Materials and methods. Since there is no net lag in the system, the controller is tuned using the parametric optimization method, namely: according to the criteria of modular (MO) or symmetric optimum (CO). The MO/CO criterion is also used to adjust the contour. All automatic control systems are obtained in the MATLAB Simulink software package. Control quality is measured by metrics such as transient time, overshoot, and system error. The first two indicators show the dynamics of the process, and the last indicator shows the accuracy of the system. Conclusion. The finished two-loop automatic control system, developed in the software package MATLAB Simulink, according to the analysis of the obtained process parameters, provides stabilization of the density and level in the agitation tank for flotation.

Temperature and water level control in a multi-input, multi-output process using neuro-fuzzy controller

In this research, a simulation study for temperature and level control in a liquid (water) mixing process is proposed using MATLAB/Simulink. The objective of this control system is to maintain the temperature and water level at the set points in a liquid mixing process by controlling the flowrate of cold and hot water that enters the mixing tank. The mixing tank used in this study is assumed to have a volume of 80 liter, while the maximum flowrates of both water inputs are 15 liter/min, and the maximum temperature and level in the mixing tank are 90 C and 75 cm, respectively. The influence of one variable to the other is reduced using decoupling technique. In the development process of the controller, PI controller is used to generate the training data required by the ANFIS-based controller. The performance of the proposed controllers has been tested with several set points changes by observing its performances parameters, such as RMSE, rise time, settling time, and % overshoot as quantitative data. It also has been compared with a PI controller using the same set point changes as the ANFIS-based controller did. These results show that the ANFIS-based controller is generally better than the PI controller. It has the average RMSE values of 0.174 and 0.196 for temperature and level control respectively, while the PI controller has 0.21 and 0.20 average RMSE values for temperature and level control.

Plasticity of Behavioral and Growth Responses to Two Feeding Regimes and Implications for the Domestication of Steelhead Trout

AbstractThe effects of domestication selection on fitness are of serious concern in hatchery‐reared anadromous salmonids, which often experience selection for rapid growth and associated deviations from natural agonistic and feeding behaviors. The high rations that are used to raise age‐1 smolts and the reduced rations that are used to produce age‐2 smolts potentially result in very different behavioral tactics and social dynamics of competition in hatchery tanks. Consequently, steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss hatchery programs with recovery or conservation goals may need to change their aquaculture practices to minimize domestication selection. This study investigated how the feeding rate (proportion of presented food items that were successfully captured) and relative competitive ability (ability to monopolize food items in small groups) of age‐1 and age‐2 steelhead corresponded to feeding location (surface or bottom) and growth rate in hatchery rearing tanks. We raised steelhead from a common broodstock to smolt at age 1 or age 2 by manipulating their rations (age‐1 fish received the high ration, age‐2 the low ration). The fish in the age‐1 treatment had a lower feeding rate than did those in the age‐2 treatment. Feeding rate was positively correlated with both body size and with growth rate in the rearing tanks at both rations. The age‐2 steelhead were more likely to be detected at a single feeding location than were the age‐1 fish, which were more frequently detected at both locations. The more competitive age‐1 fish were more frequently detected at both feeding locations, and the less competitive fish were detected at only one location. Relative competitive ability was not associated with feeding location in the age‐2 treatment, nor was it associated with growth rate in either treatment. Age‐2 steelhead that were detected only at the bottom or at both feeding locations had higher growth rates than those that were detected only at the surface, suggesting greater scramble competition near the point of food delivery under the restricted ration. Feeding location was not associated with growth rate in the age‐1 treatment. The results indicate that ration directly affects feeding rate and that ration and relative competitive ability interact to influence feeding rate. Because feeding rate was positively associated with growth rate at both ration levels in the hatchery tanks, behaviors that are associated with feeding motivation may be an important trait under selection in salmonid hatcheries.

Real-time application of IMC-PID-FO multi-loop controllers on the coupled tanks process

The coupled tanks process is a two input-two output system. It presents a nonlinear behavior and interactions characteristic. After the nonlinear model is obtained, it is linearized around an operating point. A fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative based on the internal model control paradigm (1DOF-IMC-PID-FO) multi-loop controller is determined without considering the interactions, and a fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative based on the 2-degree-of-freedom internal model control structure (2DOF-IMC-PID-FO) multi-loop controller is determined by considering the interactions. Thus, an interactions reduction effect controller is calculated. Both controllers are implemented on a real-time process using the Real Time Windows Target of MATLAB. The objective of the control is to maintain the water level in the lower tanks at desired values. In the experiment, setpoint tracking and disturbance rejection tests are carried out to assess the performance of both 1DOF and 2DOF-IMC-PID-FO multi-loop controllers.

Design of Water Level Control in Tank Based on Fuzzy Logic

Liquid level control is a regulatory system that is widely used by the petrochemical industry, paper mills, and steam power plants (PLTU). Fuzzy control techniques have light computing capabilities and do not require knowledge of the parameters of the system. The purpose of this research is to design and design a device that can make it easier to adjust the liquid level in the storage tank and observe the fuzzy control performance. Control is done by adjusting the valve opening in the storage tank. From the results of this study, data on setpoint 56 is obtained, the valve is at an angle with all open status (BS), at the first second or 1 second, and at set point 41, the valve is at an angle with a half-closed status (SN), in the 13th second, and the valve will be closed all (NS), if the valve is at an angle at the set point 29, with a time of 1620 seconds or 27 minutes. Based on this research, the proposed system is able to control the water level in the tank using fuzzy control.

Deep Learning and Time-Series Analysis for the Early Detection of Lost Circulation Incidents During Drilling Operations

Drilling operations consist of breaking the rock to deepen a wellbore for oil or gas extraction. A drilling fluid, circulating from the surface through the drill pipe and from the annulus to the surface, is used to remove rock cuttings and maintain hydrostatic pressure. Drilling fluid lost circulation incidents (LCIs) are major sources of non-productive time (NPT) in drilling operations. These incidents occur due to preexisting natural fractures (vugs, caverns, etc.) and/or drilling-induced hydraulic fractures. The initiation of an LCI could lead to other hazardous drilling phenomena, such as formation influx or kick/blowout, stuck pipe incidents, among others. LCIs are typically monitored at the rig site by observing drilling fluid levels in the fluid tanks. This manual process incurs missing the occurrence or late detection of LCIs. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) classification algorithms are powerful in processing time-series data and achieving early detection of such temporal phenomena. In this study, we performed a large-scale analysis of the surface drilling and rheology data obtained from historical wells with LCIs. This analysis includes primary and secondary preprocessing steps including, aggressive sampling, feature engineering, and window normalization to derive generalizable DL models for real-time operations. Focal loss was utilized to account for data class imbalance and train robust and generalizable models. The results obtained from different ML/DL algorithms showed that one-dimensional convolutional neural network models resulted in the best performance with state-of-the-art precision, recall, and F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> scores of 87.34%, 73.40%, and 79.77%, respectively, on unseen test drilling data.

Automatic and Manual Filling System

This project aims to develop a filling system with automatic and manual mode, for filling domestic water tanks with an easy-to-use interface for the general public. A filling system was developed with the help of an ultrasonic sensor to measure the water level in the tank. The data obtained will be transferred and processed to the microcontroller of the Arduino program, this information will be represented graphically in the output device (LCD screen). For the control system, 2 buttons have been implemented to activate the automatic and manual modes, with this, it is possible to control the filling level of the water tank. This will allow us to know the advantages and disadvantages which will contribute to the formation of more solid knowledge regarding control systems.

Performance Monitoring of a Sulphur Recovery Unit: A Real Start- up Plant

A Sulphur recovery unit at a refining plant in the Middle East, which began official production in 2020, treats all acid gas to elemental Sulphur. Acid gas cannot be released into the atmosphere because of stringent environmental regulations. To test some essential parameters, the plant was simulated using a special Sulphur package in HYSYS called SULSIM. One of the most critical keys, the (H 2 S/SO 2 ) ratio, was checked after simulation validation. The optimal ratio is 2. Any deviation from this ratio results in serious issues in the process, such as catalyst ageing in the reactors. The effect of reducing the ratio from 2 to 0.22 was investigated in a case study. The temperature of the reduction reactor's outlet rose from 279.73 o C to 314.34 o C, which was higher than normal. The performance of the catalyst was measured on six separate days. The temperature difference and the pressure difference through the bed are the two most important parameters in catalyst monitoring. The ΔT designs for the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor are 51, 20 and 24 o C, respectively. 0.04, 0.14, and 0.04 kg/cm 2 g are the ΔP designs in the first Claus reactor, second Claus reactor, and Reduction reactor, respectively. The actual parameters were found to be in the normal range. Sulphur production is calculated in two ways: by the level of the Sulphur production tank and by calculating the material balance by laboratory analysis. Based on a comparison in four days the calculations are precise because of the levels, and large deviations are revealed by laboratory analysis. The percentage deviation error was found to be (-36.4, 70.7, -7.6, -10.5) percent by the laboratory analysis.

A Fault-Tolerant Control Approach Based on Image Processing Applied to Three-Tank System

This paper presents an innovative and practical solution for fault-tolerant control of industrial systems based on hybrid redundant measurements. The paper proposes a fault-tolerant control scheme against single and multiple sensor faults that can occur in typical tank-based industrial applications. A robust fault detection filter based on $H_{-} /H_{\infty }$ index is designed to generate a residual signal that is robust against disturbance and sensitive to the fault, simultaneously. It also integrates camera information and image processing techniques in the control scheme to get level-measurement redundancy. The proposed scheme was tested using the well-known three-tank benchmark, with both offline and online computation. Results showed that the proposed scheme tolerated the sensor faults and preserved the correct operation of the tank levels in both single and multiple-sensor faults, without changing the original structure of the controller.

A correction method for the ambient temperature-induced error in hydrostatic leveling systems and application

In an HLS, the error come from many factors, among which temperature may be one of the most important factors. If the ambient temperature changes, the liquid level in the liquid storage tank and the water level at all the points for placement of sensors will change. However, due to the complex interconnection structure of HLS, the change of the liquid level at the reference measurement point and that at the other monitoring points are not the same, resulting in ambient temperature induced error, which can be calculated according to the theoretical formula. This error can be eliminated effectively by using the correction method for ambient temperature induced error in hydrostatic leveling systems. When this part of error is eliminated, the error of the monitoring points is reduced. At last, the method was used in the Gongchangling open-pit iron mine to reveal the variation characteristic of surface settlement above goaf.

INTENSIFICATION OF AERATION DURING BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The principle of fine bubble aeration is considered. The advantage of small-bubble aerators over large-bubble aerators has been experimentally proven, regardless of the immersion depth. It is indicated that the improvement of the aeration equipment can be done through the use of a fine mesh, which is installed at different depths of the aerotank. These hypotheses were confirmed in experiments on the model equipment of the aerotank. The theoretical substantiation of the experimental data is provided taking into account Henry's law and Le Chatelier's principle. This technique allows for more economical use of energy resources and intensifies the aeration process. The purpose of this work is to experimentally test and establish the most effective aeration method, improve the design of aerators, and develop technology that will reduce the energy consumption of the wastewater aeration process. This is relevant because today our country has one of the most energy-intensive economies in Europe. The stated hypothesis about the creation of equilibrium conditions for the dissolution of oxygen in aeration tanks using mesh dispersers was experimentally confirmed and received theoretical justification. A technique is proposed that allows you to optimize energy consumption when using a dispersant at different levels in aeration tanks. A schematic diagram of a disperser has been developed, which can be used for vertical aerators. Since the vertical arrangement of aerators has significant operational and technological advantages over aeration systems that are now used at most treatment facilities, because that they are built into the bottom of the aeration tanks and, in order to carry out repair or maintenance work, the maintenance personnel must completely decommission and dehydrate the aeration tank. Also, this provides an additional opportunity to save money when designing and building new aeration tanks, since the capital costs for vertical installation of the aerators are much less than the bottom location.

Novel RFID Conformal Tag Antennas for Liquid Level Detection Applications

Detection of liquid level in large tanks is presented in this paper. The liquid level is detected using a transmitter and RFID tag antennas as a receiver. The transmitter antenna is a Vivaldi with wide bandwidth from 0.5 GHz to 3 GHz. The Vivaldi antenna is fabricated on FR4 with 𝜀𝑟 = 4.3 and thickness of 0.8 mm. Two conformal RFID tag antennas are used as receiver antennas. The conformal antenna is placed on Rogers Ultram 3850 flexible substrates with 𝜀𝑟 = 2.9 and a thickness of 0.1016 mm. The conformal antenna is designed to set on a cylindrical tank made from PVC material. The first tag works at 0.9 GHz and the second tag works at 2.45 GHz. Water and Oil are used as liquids for testing. The antennas are simulated using CST microwave studio simulator Ver.14. The system is also fabricated and measured. Good agreement is achieved between simulated and measured results.

Wastewater Treatment Plant Control Strategies

The operation of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a complex task which requires to consider several aspects: adapting to always changing influent composition and volume, ensuring treated effluents quality complies with local regulations, ensuring dissolved oxygen levels in biological reaction tanks are sufficient to avoid anoxic conditions etc. all of it while minimizing usage of chemicals and power consumption. The traditional way of managing WWTPs consists in having employees on the field measure various parameters and make decisions based on their judgment and experience which holds various concerns such as the low frequency of data, errors in measurement and difficulty to analyze historical data to propose optimal solutions. In the case of activated sludge WWTPs, parts of the treatment process can be automated and controlled in order to satisfy various control objectives. The models developed by the International Water Association (IWA) have been extensively used worldwide in order to design and assess the performance of various control strategies. In this work, we propose to review most recent WWTP automation initiatives around the world and identify most currently used control parameters and control architectures. We then suggest a framework to select WWTP model, control parameters and control scheme in order to develop and benchmark control strategies for WWTP automation.

Genomic regions and signaling pathways associated with indicator traits for feed efficiency in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

BackgroundOne objective of this study was to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) that affect indicator phenotypes for growth, nitrogen, and carbon metabolism in muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, and for feed efficiency. Another objective was to perform an RNAseq analysis (184 fish from all families), to identify genes that are associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the liver. The material consisted of a family experiment that was performed in freshwater and included 2281 individuals from 23 full-sib families. During the 12-day feed conversion test, families were randomly allocated to family tanks (50 fish per tank and 2 tanks per family) and fed a fishmeal-based diet labeled with the stable isotopes 15N and 13C at inclusion levels of 2 and 1%, respectively.ResultsUsing a linear mixed-model algorithm, a QTL for pre-smolt growth was identified on chromosome 9 and a QTL for carbon metabolism in the liver was identified on chromosome 12 that was closely related to feed conversion ratio on a tank level. For the indicators of feed efficiency traits that were derived from the stable isotope ratios (15N and 13C) of muscle tissue and growth, no convincing QTL was detected, which suggests that these traits are polygenic. The transcriptomic analysis showed that high carbon and nitrogen metabolism was associated with individuals that convert protein from the feed more efficiently, primarily due to higher expression of the proteasome, lipid, and carbon metabolic pathways in liver. In addition, we identified seven transcription factors that were associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism and located in the identified QTL regions.ConclusionsAnalyses revealed one QTL associated with pre-smolt growth and one QTL for carbon metabolism in the liver. Both of these traits are associated with feed efficiency. However, more accurate mapping of the putative QTL will require a more diverse family material. In this experiment, fish that have a high carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the liver converted protein from the feed more efficiently, potentially because of a higher expression of the proteasome, lipid, and carbon metabolic pathways in liver. Within the QTL regions, we detected seven transcription factors that were associated with carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

Automatic water level control system using discretized components

This study is based on the design of a portable automatic water level control switch that is capable of switching on the pump when the water level in the overhead tank goes low and switches it off as soon as the water level reaches a pre-determined level to prevent dry-run of the pump in case the level in the underground tank goes below the suction level. The water in the tank is measured by the conductive probes and displaced via the LED indicators. At maximum-set capacity the pump is de-energized to automatically switch off, thereby stopping the inflow of water into the tank. The design approach involves three major stages which are: the power supply unit, the sensing unit, and the motoring and relay unit. The uniqueness of this work is the use of discrete components such as transistors to achieve water level control. This approach is more economical, simpler and easier to implement than the sophisticated programmable logic controllers and computerized microprocessors.&#x0D; Keywords: discrete components; conductive probes; sensors; relays; pump

Monitoring and Control of Cooler Tank Level Measurement In Gas Cleaning Plant (GCP)

The Cooler Tank Level plays a major role in Gas Cleaning Plants (GCP) and it is a very important parameter to be measured and controlled. If the tank level is not maintained in nominal range, the dust particles will accumulate on the Cooler Tank and affect the process. The production of copper metal at Vedanta, Thoothukudi include Blending of various grades of copper concentrates, Smelting and Refining. Sulphur dioxide is generated from during the smelting of copper and is converted to Sulphuric acid as a byproduct. This process involves three steps such as cleaning of sulphur dioxide gas from Furnace, Catalytic conversion of S02 to SO3 and amalgamation of SO3 with sulphuric acid. The conversion process is exothermic, reversible and adiabatic reaction and hence if the temperature increases it destroys the formation of sulphur trioxide. Hence in order to achieve high conversion efficiency, the converter gases need to be cooled. The SO2 gas from smelter contains metallic dust, fume, acid mist, water vapour and other impurities like halides which will contaminate the product. Therefore the gases are to be cooled and cleaned in Gas Cleaning Plant (GCP). Cooler tank used to remove water vapour from the gas and dust settle at the bottom of cooler. Cooler tank level needs to be maintained in order to avoid overflow of water into scrubber which will block the inlet gas. The level of cooler tank is to be continuously monitored and controlled to achieve the optimum results. The limitations of using Differential Pressure Transmitter for level measurement are overcome by ultrasonic based level sensor and automated using Distributed Control System and Human Machine Interface (HMI).

Anisotropy Effect of the Mechanical Metal Properties on the Assessment of the Load-Carrying Ability of the Launch Vehicle Oxidant Tank

The paper presents the results of the calculated estimate of the critical pressure level in the oxidant tank of the launch vehicle using generalized diagrams of elastic-plastic deformation of the aluminum alloy AMg6. These diagrams consider the anisotropy of the physical and mechanical properties of the material. The calculation of the stress-strain state is performed using the simplified calculation scheme for the specified structural element of the tank depending on the internal pressure in the axisymmetric statement considering the elastic-plastic deformations. The calculation analysis is based on the mixed scheme of the finite element method, which provides the continuous approximation of displacements and stresses. It allows one to determine the stress-strain state of the tank element with high accuracy. It is implied that the maximum values of stresses and strains occur in the area of the fillet region connecting the ring with the cylindrical shell of the tank. Complying with the obtained data, the calculation of the stress-strain state of the tank element using generalized deformation diagrams, taking into account the anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties and the nature of the load of aluminum alloy AMg6, leads to a more conservative estimate of the critical pressure level as compared with the standard calculation based on the uniaxial tensile diagram.