Level Of Sport Research Articles

Effect of different forms of strength training on lower limb power and speed of professional soccer players

Research objective: The main research objective is to analyze the effects of different forms of strength training on the lower limb power and speed of professional soccer players. The research involves the application of a variation strategy in strength training based on varying the intensity of training. The work focuses on comparing two strength training varying external loads. Materials and Methods: The study material consisted of a group of 56 soccer players of the first Polish league, representing a similar sports level with a minimum of 4 years of training experience in the league and in the age range of 22 to 28 years. The study was carried out in the macro-cycle of the preparatory phase in the period after the end of the fall round league games. A 4-week training program was used, during which the players studied carried out an experimental training unit twice a week. One group worked with a load of 50-60% of 1RM (GB1), while the other group worked with a load of 70-80% of 1RM (GB2). The use of pneumatic devices the Keiser Leg Press A420 and Keiser Air Squat A300 (Keiser, Fresno, CA, USA) was used to measure the generated power of the lower limb muscles. A straight-line running test was used to measure speed abilities. A Microgate Witty photocell measurement system (Bolzano, Italy) was used to record running speed variables over a distance of 30 meters. Before the start of the training program, as well as after its completion, the level of locomotor speed and lower limb power were measured. Results: Analyzing the levels of lower limb muscular power and locomotor speed during training with an external load of 50-60% 1RM versus training with an external load of 70-80% 1RM, statistically significantly better results were noted during training with an external load of 50-60% 1RM. The GB1 group with training using an external load of 50-60% 1RM achieved significantly better results than the GB2 group with training using an external load of 70-80% 1RM for 9 variables: double-leg bench press, single-leg bench press (right limb), single-leg bench press (left limb), double-leg squat, single-leg squat (right limb), and sprints over distances of 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m. It was also possible to observe a certain increasing trend in the results in the single-leg squat (left limb), while not statistically significant. Conclusions: Training with an external load of 50-60% 1RM during the preparatory period after the fall round league games is more effective in improving muscle power and speed than training with an external load of 70-80% 1RM.

Physical Activity and Exercise in Patients with Epilepsy: a Single-Centre Uncontrolled Retrospective Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION. For a long time, persons with epilepsy have been told to stay away from physical activity and sports to prevent seizure triggers. However, in recent years, evidence has accumulated to the contrary, suggesting that sports may help with preventing seizures.
 AIM. To examine the level of physical activity and sports among patients of the Russian Epileptology Center.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS. We conducted a study on physical activity in patients with childhood epilSepsy and in patients currently suffering from epilepsy in 2018–2019 at Polenov Neurosurgical Institute. They answered 3 blocks of questions: first block — physical activity and sporting activity during the school years, second block — current assessment of motor activity, third block — effect of physical activity on the course of the disease (triggering/reduction of seizure frequency.
 RESULTS. Fifty patients with a verified diagnosis of epilepsy were enrolled in the study. According to study findings, 30 % of patients with childhood-onset epilepsy were not allowed to participate in physical activity when they were in school, and the majority of them were forced to give up their sports after developing epilepsy. It was also found that when the seizures were controlled, the children tried to match their peers in terms of physical activity and participated in classes despite being exempted from physical education and some continued to play sports. The results showed that in 70 % of the cases physical activity did not have negative effect on the course of the disease and in 26 % of the cases the patients reported a positive effect of regular physical activity on the course of the disease.
 CONCLUSION. Therefore, patients continued to exercise despite severe limitations in the compensated course of the disease, as physical activity with the right type and level of sport has a positive effect on the somatic and psychological state of patients with epilepsy and physical activity is chosen.

Predictive Factors Influencing the Return to Sports Following Arthroscopic Knee Meniscectomy in Sports Persons: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Meniscus tears are among the common knee injuries in sports, with arthroscopic meniscectomy being one of the most commonly performed orthopedic procedures. Return to sports of the same level following arthroscopic meniscectomy is an important aspect for athletes. Numerous factors may influence the time required for athletes to resume sports activities after meniscectomy. This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the timeframe for returning to sports in athletes who underwent arthroscopic meniscectomy and to identify predictive factors that influence this return. Ninety sports persons who had undergone arthroscopic meniscectomy were included in this study. The patients were analyzed for their time to return to sports and nine proposed predictive factors that may influence their return to sports. Out of the 90 participants, 75 were able to return to their previous activity level, while the remaining 15 were unable to do so. Among the nine pre-defined factors studied, age older than 25 years (p < 0.0001), participation in non-contact sports (p < 0.0001), and engagement in recreational activities (p < 0.0001) were found to be statistically significant. In conclusion, this study reveals that with the increase in age, time to return to sports following arthroscopic meniscectomy increases. Additionally, athletes involved in non-contact sports and those havingrecreational sports activity levels experience greater delays in their return to sports as compared to athletes involved in combat and contact sports and athletes having elite and competitive sports levels, respectively.

Outcomes of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Independently Tensioned Suture Tape Augmentation at 5-Year Follow-up

Background: Reconstruction using autograft remains the gold standard surgical treatment for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, up to 10% to 15% of patients will suffer a graft failure in the future. Cadaveric studies have demonstrated that the addition of suture tape augmentation to ACL autograft constructs can increase graft strength and reduce elongation under cyclical loading. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes and rerupture rates after ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with suture tape augmentation. We hypothesized that augmentation with suture tape would lead to lower rerupture rates. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Patients undergoing primary ACLR using hamstring or patellar tendon autografts augmented with suture tape between 2015 and 2019 were recruited prospectively. Patients with multiligament injuries or a concomitant lateral extra-articular procedure were excluded. Patients were observed in person for 6 months, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were collected at 2 and 5 years postoperatively. All patients were contacted, and records were reviewed to determine the incidence of graft failure. PROMs collected were as follows: Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12), Tegner and Marx activity scores, and visual analog scale for pain (VAS). Results: A total of 97 patients, with a mean age of 34.7 (±13.4) years, were included (76% men; 52 hamstring and 45 patellar tendon grafts). The mean graft diameter was 8 (±1) mm. There was 1 rerupture (1.1%) out of the 90 patients who were contactable at a mean of 5 years postoperatively. Median KOOS scores at 2 years were as follows: Pain, 94; Symptoms, 86; Activities of Daily Living, 99; Sport and Recreation, 82; and Quality of Life, 81. The postoperative scores were significantly higher than the preoperative scores (P < .001). The VR-12 Physical score improved from 43 preoperatively to 55 at 2 years and remained at 56 at 5 years. The VAS pain, Tegner, and Marx scores were 0, 6, and 9, respectively, at 2 years postoperatively. There was no difference in PROMs between graft types. Conclusion: This study demonstrates encouraging results of suture tape augmentation of autograft ACLR for both hamstring and patellar tendon grafts. The failure rate of 1.1% at a mean follow-up of 5 years is lower than published rates for reconstruction, and PROMs results are satisfactory. The technique is safe to use and may permit a return to the preinjury sporting level with a lower chance of reinjury.

Investigation of the Relationship Between the Levels of Leisure Time Satisfaction and Passion in Sports Who Exercise Individuals Fitness

This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the leisure satisfaction levels of individuals who do fitness exercises and their passion levels in sports. The study group of the research consisted of individuals who did fitness exercises in Aydın in 2023. 259 individuals voluntarily participated in the study. In the study, demographic information was used as a data collection tool in the first part, and in the second part, the "Passion in Sport Scale" developed by Sigmundsson et al., (2020) and adapted into Turkish by Özdayı et al., (2021), and the "Leisure Time Satisfaction Scale" developed by Beard and Ragheb (1980) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçe and Orhan (2011) were used. In statistical terms, frequency analysis, reliability coefficient calculations, pearson correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, t test and anova analysis were performed. There was a statistically significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) between the variables of leisure satisfaction and weekly exercise duration and sports experience of the participants, and a statistically significant difference was detected between passion in sports and age, weekly exercise time and sports experience variables (p&amp;lt;0.05). It has been concluded that individuals who do fitness exercises have a significant and positive effect on their leisure satisfaction.

Investigation of the Personality Treats of Futsal Players in Türkiye with Regard to the Sports Level

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’deki futsal oyuncularının spor düzeylerine göre kişilik özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemini TFF Futsal Lig’inde mücadele eden ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan 56 sporcu (yaşort=23,96±4,8yıl) oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmaya katılan sporcuların antrenman yaşının 12,64±4,48 yıl olduğu görülmektedir. Katılımcılar Lig oyuncuları (n=27), U-19 Milli (n=14) ve A Milli (n=15) oyuncuları olarak üç kategoriye ayrılmışlardır. Çalışmanın örneklemini belirlemek amacıyla orantısız tabakalı örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcı demografik özelliklerini belirlemek için kişisel bilgi formu ve katılımcıların kişilik özelliklerini belirlemek için Gosling, vd. (2003) tarafından geliştirilen ve Atak (2013) tarafından Türkçe ’ye uyarlanan “On-Madde Kişilik Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen verileri analiz etmek amacıyla gruplar arası karşılaştırma için tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), anlamlı olan farklılıkların Post Hoc karşılaştırmalarında ise Bonferroni testi uygulanmıştır.Analiz sonuçlarına göre, deneyime açıklık, dışa dönüklük, yumuşak başlılık ve nevrotizm boyutlarında spor düzeylerine göre anlamlı bir fark görülmezken (p&gt;,05), sorumluluk boyutunda A milli takımı oyuncuları ile lig oyuncuları arasında anlamlı olarak farklılık bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir (p

Anthropometric profiles and body composition of male runners at different distances

Anthropometric parameters are crucial prerequisite to achieve success in professional running sports. However, it is not clear how these parameters are relevant for athletes performing on a less demanding sport level as academic competitions. To help coaches and selectors working on this level, we have explored anthropometric variables and body composition in 68 academic athletes: 26 sprinters, 22 middle distance runners, and 20 long distance runners. Sprinters have a more massive body shape, shorter lower legs in relation to the length of the thigh, broader shoulders and narrower hips, greater musculature and cellular mass. A slender figure, a longer shin, and the greatest subcutaneous fat and extracellular mass characterize long-distance runners. Middle-distance runners are the slimmest, and have a narrow trunk and little subcutaneous fat. Sprinters and long-distance runners are mesomorphic, while middle-distance runners present more mixed mesomorph-ectomorph type. The principal component analysis highlighted the importance of the overall size of the body, limbs musculature and the length of the lower limb together with its segments, and also body fatness. This approach emphasized the morphological distinctiveness of runners at particular distances and allows the use of somatic features as predictors of running performance.

Glenohumeral Pathologies following Primary Anterior Traumatic Shoulder Dislocation-Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Arthrography and Arthroscopy.

We assessed intraarticular injuries in patients after primary anterior traumatic shoulder dislocation by comparing magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) results with concomitant arthroscopic findings. All patients with primary traumatic shoulder dislocation who underwent arthroscopic surgery between 2001 and 2020 with preoperative MRA were included in this study. MRA was retrospectively compared with arthroscopic findings. Postoperative shoulder function was prospectively assessed using the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand score (quick DASH), the Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS), the Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), as well as the rate of return to sports. A total of 74 patients were included in this study. A Hill-Sachs lesion was consistently found in the corresponding shoulders on MRA and arthroscopy in 35 cases (p = 0.007), a Bankart lesion in 37 shoulders (p = 0.004), and a superior labrum from anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesion in 55 cases (p = 0.581). Of all cases, 32 patients were available for a clinical and functional follow-up evaluation. A positive correlation was found between the level of sport practiced and the Oxford Shoulder Score (redislocation subset) (p = 0.032) and between the age at the time of surgery and the follow-up SSV (p = 0.036). Conversely, a negative correlation was observed between the age at the time of surgery and the Oxford Instability Score (redislocation subset) (p = 0.038). The results of this study show a good correlation between MRA and arthroscopy. Therefore, MRA is a valid tool for the detection of soft tissue pathologies after primary anterior traumatic shoulder dislocation and can aid in presurgical planning.

Poorer patient-reported knee function and quality of life, but not activity level, after revision ACL reconstruction compared with primary ACL reconstruction: a matched-pair analysis with a minimum 5-year follow-up

BackgroundAn appropriate method for comparing knee function and activity level between patients with primary and revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is to perform a matched-group analysis. The aim was to assess and compare knee function, knee-related quality of life and activity level between patients with revision ACLR and primary ACLR at a minimum of 5 years of follow-up.MethodsPatients aged ≤ 40 years old who underwent revision ACLR between 2010 and 2015 and a matched control group (primary ACLR) (1:1) with age ± 2 years, year of ACLR, sex, and pre-injury sport and Tegner Activity Scale (TAS) were retrospectively identified in our clinic database. The preoperative Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and surgical data were extracted and analyzed. Patients were mailed KOOS and EQ-5D questionnaires at a minimum of 5-years after revision ACLR. Study-specific questions about knee function, limitation in sport, satisfaction, and activity level according to the TAS (all scales of 1–10, 10 best) were also asked by telephone.ResultsSeventy-eight patients with a revision ACLR (mean age ± SD, 29.9 ± 6.0 years) matched with seventy-eight patients with a primary ACLR (30.2 ± 5.8 years) were included. The follow-up for the revision ACLR group was 7.0 ± 1.5 years and for the primary ACLR group 7.7 ± 1.6 years. The revision ACLR group reported poorer KOOS scores in all subscales (p < 0.05) except the Symptoms subscale, poorer EQ-5D VAS (mean 79.2 ± 20.1 vs 86.0 ± 20.1, p = 0.012), and less satisfaction with current knee function (median 7 (6–8) vs 8 (7–9), p < 0.001). Patients with revision ACLR also experienced greater limitation in sports (median 7 (4–8) vs 8 (6–9), p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the EQ-5D (mean 0.86 ± 0.17 vs 0.89 ± 0.11, p = 0.427), activity level (median 2 (2–5) vs 4 (2–7), p = 0.229), or satisfaction with activity level (median 8 (5–9) vs 8 (6–10), p = 0.281) between the groups.ConclusionsAt a minimum 5-year follow-up, the revision ACLR group reported poorer knee function and quality of life, less satisfaction with knee function and a greater limitation in sports but no differences in activity level and satisfaction with activity level compared with the primary ACLR group.

P095 Factors associated with sleep and mental health problems following athletic retirement

Abstract Introduction Despite growing research on the sleep and mental health of athletes, there is limited literature on their sleep health following retirement from sport. The aim of this study was to investigate potential factors associated with symptoms of sleep and mental health disorders in former athletes. Methods Former athletes (N=173, 50% women) who retired from any sport or competition level ≤20 years ago completed an online survey, consisting of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R), and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7). Results Self-disclosed lifetime diagnosis of sleep disorder(s) and mental health disorder(s) was reported by 28.3% and 45.1% of former athletes, respectively. Binary logistic regressions showed that age (OR=0.95[95% CI:0.92, 0.99], p=.007) and gender (OR=2.28[95% CI:1.09, 4.79], p=.029) were associated with anxiety symptoms, with women and younger ex-athletes presenting greater risk. Increased BMI was associated with risk for sleep disordered breathing (OR=1.20[95% CI:1.10, 1.30], p&amp;lt;.001), sleep difficulty (OR=1.13[95% CI:1.03, 1.23], p=.008), and poor wellbeing (OR=0.91[95% CI:0.85, 0.98], p=.010). Those who placed a lower priority on sport whilst competing had greater risk for sleep disordered breathing (OR=2.00[95% CI:1.05, 3.80], p=.035). Recency of retirement was not associated with any measures. Discussion Findings indicate that former athletes are not exempt from poor sleep and mental ill-health. Results provide preliminary insight into predictive factors for difficulty transitioning out of sport. Future longitudinal research should consider the interplay between sport reintegration and the timing of sleep and mental health problems.

Supplemental Material for Intersectionality Matters: Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Sport Level Differentiate Perceived Coach-Created Motivational Climates and Psychological Needs

Supplemental Material for Intersectionality Matters: Gender, Race/Ethnicity, and Sport Level Differentiate Perceived Coach-Created Motivational Climates and Psychological Needs

Formation of soviet sports diplomacy: structures and practices

The article is devoted to the formation of a new foreign policy practice - sports diplomacy - in the USSR in the 1920s. The key documents that established the order of interaction of sections within the Red Sports International, as well as Soviet athletes with the external environment, are analyzed. These resolutions clearly reflected the contradictions in the accents of the activities of the RSI and the SCPC: the aspiration for mainly propaganda work and the consolidation of the labor movement collided with the desire to raise the competitive level of Soviet sports. Despite these contradictions, in the 1920s it was possible to unify the practice of international work-sports interaction, to make it systematic. The evolution of working methods has been studied: both competitive forms of interaction and non-competitive practices - patronage and socialist competition. It is shown that the tools of sports diplomacy of the USSR in the first decade of its existence were not static, it changed in accordance with new tasks and challenges - from overcoming foreign policy isolation to strengthening the internal structure of the movement and the formation of self-defense squads by foreign sports clubs. The circle of interaction of the RSI and the SCPC with supranational organizations and Soviet institutions of power is defined. Intensive ties with the CEC, the PCFA and the Soviet embassies, which provided financial support, accelerated visa issuance, as well as advisory assistance, indicate a great attention to foreign policy sports contacts of the highest state bodies of the USSR. The conclusion is made about the formation of a systematic and regular practice of sports diplomacy of the Soviet state since the early 1920s.

Kyrgyz National Sports Wrestling as an Effective Means in Physical and Patriotic Education of Students

This article discusses the issues of improving the effectiveness of the educational work of young athletes, including young wrestlers engaged in Kyrgyz national wrestling, the introduction of advanced patriotic ideas at various stages of long-term sports training (preparatory and ongoing competitions), the introduction of exchange in full terms of interpersonal interactions, exchange in various training groups, groups to improve the sports level, the deployment provides for a wide deployment of activities. Educating young wrestlers in the spirit of physical culture and patriotism, the author looked for the origins of options for various types of scientific, methodological and practical work. The teachers-trainers clearly demonstrated the need to increase the effectiveness of knowledge and the level of their training sufficient for such necessary work, as well as specific means of physical and patriotic education of young wrestlers engaged in Kyrgyz national wrestling, taking into account the forms and methods, the current situation in society and the requirements. The organization of physical and patriotic education of young wrestlers in terms of scientific work emphasizes the need for a positive impact on the spiritual and moral type of personality in the education of sports humanism in sports schools. This article concludes that the emergence of a sense of patriotism is directly related to the rational behavior of athletes, an important factor of which is the high level of formation of mentally correct education: intelligence, will, emotions, sports and practical activities.

ОЦЕНКА ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ВИТАМИНОМ D ЮНЫХ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Optimal vitamin D supplementation is necessary for the normal course of growth and develop-ment processes, bone formation, prevention of stress fractures, improvement of recovery after injuries and physical exertion in young athletes. There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficien-cy in children and adolescents in Russia currently. The number of studies on the prevalence of vitamin D metabolic disorders in young athletes is insufficient. The purpose of this research was to assess the vitamin D availability in young athletes. Methods used: cross-sectional, single-center study included young athletes from 24 kinds of sports who underwent medical examination in March to July, 2022. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol (25(OH)D3) was measured in all athletes using the chemiluminescence analysis. Results: 527 young athletes (254 (48.2%) boys/273 (51.8%) girls) aged 10 to 17 years and 11 months old (average 15.2 [14.2; 16.5] y/o) were examined. Vit-amin D deficiency (25(OH)D3 &lt;20 ng/ml) was detected in 226 (42.9%) athletes, of which severe deficiency (25(OH)D3 &lt;10 ng/ml) was in 5 (2%). Vitamin D insufficiency was diagnosed in 219 (41.6%), and the optimal level of 25(OH)D3 (&gt;30 ng/ml) was detected only in 82 (15.5%). There were no statistically significant gender differences in the frequency of occurrence of vitamin D insufficiency (p=0.561) and deficiency (p=0.673). Conclusion: extremely low vitamin D availa-bility in young athletes was revealed. Conducting further research on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and ways to correct it in young athletes is necessary to start working on recommended optimizing and preventive and therapeutic approaches to correcting of the vitamin D levels in high-performance youth sports.

Arthrofibrosis risk factors after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Knee arthrofibrosis is a disabling complication after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLr). Different risk factors have been studied but are still controversial because of a diagnosis made only during reoperations for the treatment of the stiffness, which underestimates the occurrence rate. We aimed to confirm risk factors of arthrofibrosis after ACLr in case of clinically made diagnoses. Ninety-two athletes with clinically diagnosed arthrofibrosis, complicating a primary ACLr, were compared to 482 athletes with ACLr without any complications. Usually considered risk factors were studied: age under 18, female, Body Mass Index (BMI ≥ 25), high sport level, time from ACL injury to ACLr < 1 month, Bone-Patella-Tendon-Bone surgical procedure (BPTB), meniscal repair, and intensive rehabilitation. Binary logistic regression was carried out to confirm or refute these risk factors. Female, time from ACL injury to ACLr < 1 month, BPTB procedure, meniscal repair, and BMI ≥ 25 were not confirmed as risk factors. Previous competitive sport level assessed by Tegner score was the only risk factor identified, OR: 3.56 (95%IC: 2.20-5.75; p = 0.0001). Age < 18, OR: 0.40 (95%IC: 0.19-0.84; p = 0.015) and inpatient rehabilitation program, OR: 0.28 (95%IC: 0.17-0.47; p = 0.0001), were protective factors. Competitive athletes are at risk of arthrofibrosis after ACLr and should benefit from protective inpatient rehabilitation program.

Change in quality of life and return to work and sports after isolated closing-wedge distal femoral osteotomy

PurposeTo analyze return to work and sports, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after closing-wedge distal femoral osteotomy (CWDFO) for valgus deformity and lateral compartmental osteoarthritis.MethodsThirty-three patients underwent isolated CWDFO in our center between January 2018 and June 2020 were enrolled, of whom 32 and 23 patients were included in the return-to-work and return-to-sports analyses, respectively. Short Form-36 (SF-36), Tegner score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score were compared preoperatively and postoperatively. And postoperative complications were recorded.ResultsOverall, 33 patients were contacted at a mean follow-up of 37.94 ± 6.68 months, with a median age of 35 years (range: 26–63 years) at the surgery time. The physical component summary of SF-36 (p < 0.001) increased significantly at 1 year postoperatively. All patients returned to work, including 96.86% who returned to the same level of work in 1.89 ± 0.98 months, and to sports, including 78.26% who returned to the same sport level in 6.50 ± 2.05 months. Rates of returning to work (p = 0.215) and sports (p = 0.165) did not differ with work/sports intensity. Tegner scores (p = 0.025) and VAS pain scores (p < 0.001) decreased, and KOOS (p < 0.001) increased at 1 year postoperatively. Revision/conversion surgery was not required. In all, 30.43% patients reported a subjective decrease in sports ability; 82.61% patients considered their sports ability acceptable.ConclusionPatients returned to work/sports after isolated CWDFO, and had increased HRQoL. Patients playing high-impact sports had lower rates of returning to the same sport level, and may require preoperative counseling.Level of evidenceIV, Case series.

Patellar Dislocation: Workup and Decision-Making.

Acute patellar dislocation (PD) is usually a problem of adolescents and young adults. In most cases, it is a sports-related injury. It is the result of an indirect force on the knee joint, which leads to valgus and external rotation of the tibia relative to the femur. PD is unlikely to occur on a knee with normal patellofemoral joint (PFJ) anatomy. Acute PD consists of an acute injury of the ligamentous medial patellar stabilizers in the background of factors predisposing to patellar instability. These factors are classified into three groups. The first group refers to the integrity of the ligamentous medial patellar restraints, particularly, the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL). The second group refers to an abnormal PFJ anatomy, which renders the patella inherently unstable inside the trochlea. The third group refers to the overall axial and torsional profile of the lower limb and to systemic factors, such as ligament laxity and neuromuscular coordination of movement. PD at a younger age is associated with an increased number and severity of patellar instability predisposing factors and lower stress to dislocate the patella. Acute primary PD is usually treated conservatively, while surgical treatment is reserved for recurrent PD. The aim of treatment is to restore the stability and function of the PFJ and to reduce the risk of patellar redislocation. Surgical procedures to treat patellar instability are classified into non-anatomic and anatomic procedures. Non-anatomic procedures are extensor mechanism realignment techniques that aim to center the patella into the trochlear groove. Anatomic procedures aim to restore the PFJ anatomy (ruptured ligaments, osteochondral fractures), which has been severed after the first incident of PD. Anatomic procedures, especially MPFL reconstruction, are more effective in preventing recurrent PD, compared with non-anatomic techniques. Theoretically, all factors that affect PFJ stability should be evaluated and, if possible, addressed. This is practically impossible. Considering that the MPFL ruptures in almost all PDs, MPFL reconstruction is the primary procedure, which is currently selected by most surgeons as a first-line treatment for patients with recurrent PD. Restoration of the axial and torsional alignment of the lower limbs is also increasingly implemented by surgeons. Non-anatomic surgical techniques, such as tibial-tuberosity osteotomy, are used as an adjunct to anatomic procedures. In the presence of multiple PFJ instability factors, acute MPFL reconstruction may be the treatment of choice for acute primary PD as well. Skeletal immaturity of the patient precludes osseous procedures to avoid premature physis closure and subsequent limb deformity. Unfortunately, restoration of the patient's previous activity level or participation in more strenuous sports is questionable and not easy to predict. In the case of competitive athletes, PD may prevent participation in elite levels of sports.

Eating disorder and sports engagement in individuals playing sports

The main purpose of study is to investigate the relationship between the level of sports engagement, eating disorder tendency. A total of 524 individuals, a mean age of 24±8.00 in study. The data of the study were collected using the personal information form, the scale of engagement to sport, the orthorexia-11 scale. In the analysis of the data, the Independet Sample T-Test was used to compare the paired groups to determine the differences between the groups, One-Way Anova was used to compare the groups of three or more. In determining the effect size of the differences, Cohen d values for T-Test and eta2 values for ANOVA were calculated. Pearson Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between eating disorder tendency, sports engagement levels. Participants' sports engagement scores; while it did not differ according to gender (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, level of sports, diet and year of sports (p&lt;0.05). Orthorexic (eating disorder) tendencies of the participants; while it did not differ gender and level of doing sports (p&gt;0.05), it differed branch, dieting status and year of doing sports (p&lt;0.05). It was determined that the sport, history, diet and training frequency were effective on adherence levels, orthorexic tendency, high level of sport adherence increased orthorexic tendency. Considering that people's physical appearance concerns are high, their desire to have a fit appearance due to environmental effects, this is thought to be effective in increasing the level of engagement to sports, orthorexic tendency.

Does combined anterior cruciate ligament and anterolateral ligament reconstruction improve return to sport?

Only 50-65% of patients return to their previous sporting level after ACL rupture. The literature reports a reduced rate of graft rupture when an anterolateral ligament reconstruction (ALLR) is associated with ACL reconstruction. ACL reconstruction combined with ALL allows a higher return to sport at pre-injury level than isolated reconstruction in patients playing pivot-contact sports. A retrospective, single-centre study between 2012 and 2020 comparing reconstruction by hamstring tendon technique, isolated ACLR vs ACL with ALLR. An isokinetic test was performed at 6months post-operatively and patients were re-contacted at a minimum 2-year follow-up to assess their level and delay to return to sport, graft rupture rate and functional evaluation. 83 patients were included, 42 in ACLR group and 41 in ACL + ALLR group. Four patients were lost to follow-up and 79 patients were analysed. No significant difference was found on the level of return to sport (28.2% vs. 42.5%; p = 0.18), return to competition (43% vs. 60%; p = 0.18), delay to sports return, isokinetic assessment, functional scores, but a significant difference was found on graft rupture rate in favour of ALLR (12.8% vs. 0%; p = 0.02). In our study, the addition of an ALL to ACL reconstruction did not improve pre-injury sports recovery or return to competition. Cohort study, level of evidence 4.

Osteochondral Lesions of the Subtalar Joint: Clinical Outcomes in 11 Patients.

The purpose of this retrospective case series was to evaluate clinical outcomes following both conservative treatment and arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation (BMS) for the management of symptomatic subtalar osteochondral lesions (OCLs). All symptomatic subtalar OCLs with a minimum of 12 months follow-up having undergone either a conservative management or arthroscopic procedure were included. Patient-reported outcomes were collected via questionnaires consisting of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) of pain in rest, during walking, during stair climbing, and during running. In addition, return to sports data, return to work data, reoperations, and complications were collected and assessed. In total, 11 patients across 2 academic institutions were included (3 males, 8 females). The median age was 43 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 32-53). All patients underwent conservative treatment first; in addition, 9 patients underwent subtalar arthroscopic debridement with or without BMS. The median follow-up time was 15 months (IQR: 14-100). In the surgically treated group, the median NRS scores were 2 (IQR: 1-3) during rest, 3 (IQR: 2-4) during walking, 4 (IQR: 4-5) during stair climbing, 5 (IQR: 4-5) during running and the median FAOS score at final follow-up was 74 (IQR: 65-83). In the conservatively treated patients, the median NRS scores were all 0 (IQR: 0-0) and the median FAOS scores were 90 (IQR: 85-94). In the group of surgical treated patients, 4 were able to return to the same level of sports, 2 returned to a lower level of sports. Both conservatively treated patients returned to the sport and the same level of prior participation. All patients except one in the surgical group returned to work. This retrospective case series demonstrated that a high number of patients converted to surgery after initial conservative treatment. In addition, debridement and BMS show good clinical outcomes for the management of symptomatic subtalar OCLs at short-term follow-up. No complications nor secondary surgical procedures were noted in the surgically treated group. The high rate of failure of conservative treatment suggests that surgical intervention for symptomatic subtalar OCLs can be the primary treatment strategy; however, further research is warranted in light of the small number of patients.