Leukocyte Formula Research Articles

Features of the course of new coronavirus infection in newborns and first-year infants

The aim of the study was to assess the features of the course of new coronavirus infection in newborns and children of the first year of life. Materials and methods. Thirty-six children aged eight days to 11 months were hospitalized in the covid centre of the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (of which nine children were transferred from one of the surgical hospitals in Moscow due to the contact with SARS-CoV-2). Results. Despite severe concomitant surgical pathology in 25% of patients, 98% of children had mild to moderate disease. Febrile temperature (up to a maximum of 39 oC) was observed in 4 infants, sub-febrile temperature in 5 people. In other children, for the entire period of treatment, there was no increase in temperature. Mothers’ complaints about lethargy dominated the clinical picture of the disease, followed by refusal to eat, runny nose, sneezing, swallowing voice, coughing, shortness of breath in their children. During the examination, the following signs were revealed: yawn hyperemia, mucous separated from the nose, hard breathing and dry wheezing (in 1 infant). The general blood test showed anemia (mostly related to prematurity anemia, or iron deficiency anemia), leftward leukocytosis (due to concomitant surgical pathology), leukopenia, various changes in the leukocytic formula of blood. In some instances, thrombocytopenia increased in D-dimer C-RP, procalcitonin, ferritin, bilirubin, and alanine aminotransferase. In only six infants with a moderate disease course, changes characteristic of a new coronavirus infection were identified on the chest CT scan. Six infantas had rhythm disorders detected in electrocardiographic examination (no deviations were found in echocardiographic examination). Conclusion. According to both foreign literature and data obtained during our study, it can be concluded that, compared with adults, infants have a milder course of the disease and less pronounced changes obtained during laboratory and instrumental studies.

Primary signs of internal organ diseases in carp in case of standard condition violations in fish farming ponds

Hematological and histopathological study results of adult carp from a private fish farm are presented. Abnormalities in the main hematological parameters (blood elements ratio, leukocyte formula, erythropoiesis level, possible pathologies of erythrocytes) were not revealed. One third of the examined fish were found to have abnormalities in the tissues of gills, liver, and heart muscle in the form of minor focal formations (detachment of the gill epithelium, dissection of myofibrils, disorders of glycogen metabolism, foci of necrosis and infiltration) which indicates the initial stage of the pathological process. Kidneys, gonads, and somatic muscle fibers showed no signs of pathology. The main factors determining the primary signs of internal organ diseases are water quality (water saturated with magnesium, calcium, and iron salts, increased hardness) and an unbalanced diet (primarily, an insufficient amount of raw protein) that does not meet the standards adopted in fish farming. The registered initial signs of the pathological process in the gills, liver and heart muscle can be leveled by improving the carp keeping conditions.

Prevalence of feline viral leukemia in Moscow and the Moscow Oblast with the analysis of hematological and biochemical blood parameters

Feline viral leukemia is an infectious disease that is common throughout the world. Despite the statistical records that have been successfully kept in other countries for many years, there is little data on the prevalence of the infection in the Russian Federation, and the samples are represented by a small number of animals. 11,807 blood samples collected in Moscow and the Moscow Oblast were tested for FeLV antigen and antibodies against FeLV by polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay, and immunochromatographic assay. The prevalence of feline viral leukemia was 12.8%, which correlates with the prevalence of the disease detected in developing countries, and speaks of a high disease prevalence in domestic cats in Moscow and the Moscow Oblast. Most often, feline leukemia virus was detected in free roaming domestic cats. During the diagnostic studies, the following hematological abnormalities were found: anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and a shift of the leukocyte formula to the left. Biochemical blood tests showed the increased levels of total protein, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and C-reactive protein. The obtained data demonstrate non-specific hematological and biochemical abnormalities in infected cats, and dictate the need for further study of the risk factors that predispose cats to the infection with this viral disease. Feline viral leukemia should be suspected in case of a non-specific clinical picture, as well as in case of abnormalities in blood biochemical and hematological parameters of free roaming cats or of those which have had a confirmed contact with their conspecifics.

METABOLIC PROFILE IN HENS SUBJECT OF LONG TERM HYPERIMMUNIZATION

In the present paper, the metabolic profile was analysed in a group of adult Rhode Island hens extensively required for the production of IgY antibodies against bacterial entities. The results reveal changes in the leukocyte formula dominated by an increase in the percentage of heterophils and a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood. An increase in the level of serum proteins with predominance of globulins is added to this. Increased uric acid levels were found also. Increased levels of GOT and GPT transaminases and -GT indicated an intensification of the protein metabolism, LDH and PA were not significantly modified. Regarding carbohydrate metabolism, it was found that serum glucose and lactate were maintained within physiological limits. The lipid profile was characterized by maintaining serum triglycerides and cholesterol within normal limits. Significant decrease in HDL and increase in LDL were interpreted as a decrease in the proteosynthetic capacity of the liver. The mineral profile was dominated by the increase of the level of sodium, iron, magnesium and calcium but by the decrease of the level of chlorine, potassium and phosphorus.

Morphological parameters of geese blood in amidostomy invasion

The vital activity of the body of waterfowl depends on many factors, but primarily on the state of the erythrocytopoiesis system. This is a unique mechanism that occupies a dominant position in ensuring tissue respiration and stability of metabolic processes in the body. Based on research and analysis of publications, it can be argued that changes in erythrocytopoiesis indicate a pathological condition, which in the early stages of helminthiasis occurs without pronounced clinical signs. It is known that the nematode – Amidostomum anseris – hematophagous. The condition of erythrocytopoiesis is most studied in cattle and carnivores. In Ukraine, not enough attention is paid to the study of morphological parameters in geese. Therefore, in order to determine the effect of amidost on the morphological parameters of sick goslings, an experimental group of birds aged 1.5 months, as well as a control group (eight heads in each) was formed. The work was performed in the conditions of individual peasant farms in the village of Decembrists of Myrhorod district of the Poltava region. Morphological parameters were studied according to generally accepted methods. The article summarizes the results of the experiment on the effect of amidostom on the performance of infested goslings of the large gray breed. It was found that parasitism in waterfowl species A. anseris led to changes in the overall analysis of the blood of geese: a decrease in hemoglobin by 8.39, the number of erythrocytes – 13.46 %, a significant increase in the number of leukocytes to 24.44 G/l. At the same time, a morphological study of the shaped elements of the bird's blood with a differential calculation of the leukocyte formula was performed. There was a decrease in the number of segmental neutrophils (22.0 ± 0.57) compared with the control group (26.5 ± 1.45) due to lymphocytes and monocytes, which, in our opinion, is associated with the adaptation of the organism to parasitism of nematodes. The results of morphological studies of the blood of infested goslings indicate significant changes in their body and may indicate activation of the cellular immune system.

How informative are the leukocyte formula and ESR for COVID-19 patients’ monitoring?

To provide dynamic monitoring of the treatment effectiveness in the case of patients with a new coronavirus infection, it is important to consider that simple and illustrative methods are needed. A clinical blood test is the first and mandatory patients’ examination. This article presents the analysis of the leukocyte formula parameters and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in COVID-19 patients before treatment and during the period from the 1st to the 15th day of standard treatment. Therefore, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilosis, and increased ESR were recorded upon the patients’ admission to the hospital. Statistically significant deviations were manifested on the 10th day of treatment in the absolute WBC count increase in the case of existing leukopenia. During treatment, an increase in the number of patients with normal ESR, as well as a decrease in neutrophilosis, leukopenia and lymphopenia was observed, but no statistically significant differences were found.

Particularities of immunological reactivity, nitric oxide and its metabolities production in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in association with covid-19 infection

The study included 24 patients, which formed the baseline group — 12 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in combination with COVID-19 infection and the control group — 12 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. There were studied the leukocyte formula, the content of CD3, CD4, CD8 lymphocytes, the content of NO2-+NO3- total and its metabolites. The obtained results showed that in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and COVID-19 there is a pronounced decrease of lymphocytes and an unexpressed shift of the leukocyte formula to the left. The lymphocyte content decreases due to CD3 lymphocytes and their subpopulation of CD4 (helper) lymphocytes. The CD4/CD8 immunoregulatory index demonstrates a stimulation of immunological reactivity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and depression of immunological reactivity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in combination with COVID-19 infection and a pronounced suppression of the production content of NO2-+NO3- total and its metabolites (NO2- and NO3-).

Діагностичні критерії гострого деструктивного панкреатиту

The relevance of the emergence of innovative technologies, more sophisticated diagnostics methods, opportunities for intensive therapy, antibacterial prophylaxis, surgical methods of treatment involving minimally invasive surgery, does not solve the problem of high overall mortality in severe acute pancreatitis at this time. This indicator for the last ten years remains at a high level (10-30%), and in case of inflammatory forms of severe pancreatitis, reaches 85%. Traditional laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of pancreatic necrosis may involve leukocytosis with the destruction of the leukocyte formula and appearance of myelocytes and metamylocytes in it; improvement of leukocyte index of intoxication; improvement of the nuclear index of the destruction; blood glucose growth; growth of blood urea; growth of neutrophil-lymphocytic coefficient; change in endogenous creatinine clearance; improvement of blood transaminases. The indicator enzymes have the greatest value for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pancreatitis in the diagnostic plan. The determining of α-amylase activity is a sensitive and valuable criterion for diagnostics of gastrointestinal pancreatitis and control over the effectiveness of treatment. Also, talking about laboratory diagnostics of acute pancreatitis it is worth noting about acute-phase proteins. The increase in the level of acute-phase proteins in inflammation is a compensatory reaction associated with the ability to inhibit cells released during destruction and cause secondary tissue damage by proteolytic enzymes, as well as to suppress autoimmune aggression. Due to this, the inflammatory process in the body is limited and autoaggression is restrained. The purpose of the study was to study the proteins of the acute phase in the blood of patients with acute pancreatitis of varying severity. Materials and methods. The study is based on the results of examination of 88 patients with acute pancreatitis of varying severity who were treated at the V.T. Zaytsev Institute of the General and Urgent Surgery of Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kharkiv, as well as 45 donors (control group). Results and discussion. The determination of the activity of serum enzymes in the dynamics of acute destructive pancreatitis was carried out. The parameters were verified before the operation and after the operative treatment in dynamics, as well as before and after the second operation in the dynamics. Markers of tissue destruction can simultaneously serve as indicators of the severity of the inflammatory process in the pancreas and determine the quality of the performed surgical intervention. The diagnostic value of ferritin and lactofferin as markers of an acute destructive process was proved on the basis of a significant increase in their level in blood serum and exudates of patients. It has been shown that ferroproteins are reliable markers of the inflammatory process, among others, including classical acute phase proteins. At the same time, their identification is distinguished by its explicitness in the diagnosis of not only latent destructive states. Conclusion. The detected changes in the concentration of clinical and laboratory parameters of alpha-2-macroglobulin, lactoferrin, C-reactive protein, ferritin in the blood serum correlate with the degree of the inflammatory process and purulent-destructive changes in the pancreas

Side Effects of In ovo Given Sunset Yellow FCF on the Embryonic Development of the Spleen by Means of Histological and Enzyme Histochemical Methods

Background: E110 is one of the food colorants which is widely used in dairy products, fast foods, jam and dry beverage powders, aqueous drug solutions, tablets, capsules, toothpastes mouthwashes, hair care products and cosmetics. Doubts have accumulated in recent years that food additives might cause allergic reactions in humans or increase these ailments. In this study, side effects of Sunset yellow FCF (E110) on the embryonic development of chicken spleen were evaluated by means of histological, histomorphometrical and enzyme histochemical methods. Methods: In the study, 250 fertilized broiler eggs obtained from a commercial broodstock were used. Eggs were divided into 5 groups each having 50 eggs. Control eggs were either nontreated or distilled water injected via air sac. The eggs in the experimental groups were injected with 100ng/egg, 500ng/egg and 1.000ng/egg E110 prior to incubation. Blood and spleen samples were taken from randomly selected 10 eggs of each group at 11th, 15th, 18th and 21st days of incubation. Leukocyte formula, alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase-positive and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte percentages were determined in the blood samples and embriyonic development of the spleen was assessed in the tissue sections. Results: In the 500ng/egg and 1.000ng/egg E110 injected experimental groups, embryonic development of the spleen retarded, alpha-naphtyl acetate esterase-positive and acid phosphatase-positive lymphocyte rates were significantly depressed. Conclusions: Significant disturbances in the immune system functions of the affected animals might occure at post-natal period of their life.

Blood Leukocytes in Young and Aged Rats After Whole Body Cryostimulation (–120°C)

The whole body cryostimulation (WBC) (–120°C) induces significant changes in blood leukocyte parameters in young and aged rats (total leukocyte number (leukocytosis or leukopenia); quantitative and qualitative correlation of their types, and shift direction in leukocyte formula); appearance of immature, plasm and polychromatophilic cells, cytoplasm plasmatization in some leukocytes, and changes in the integral leukocyte indices. The direction and severity of these changes depend on animals age (6–7 or 18–20 months old), number of the WBC sessions (1, 2 or 3), terms of observation (day and week) and mainly indicates physiological alterations in a body, that may be associated with the strain of involved functional systems and stress. In aged rats only, 24 hrs after the 2nd WBC session the lymphocyte percentage corresponded to a lower control value, thus indicating the training response formation at this stage. The integral leukocyte indices of aged rats underwent considerably smaller changes if compared with the young ones, especially in 24 hrs and a week after the WBC; the Garkavi adaptation index increased only in aged rats and just 24 hrs after the 3rd WBC session.

Significance of changes in general clinical analysis of blood and thyroid status in people with neoplasm of the thyroid gland

Background. One of the major challenges of modern medicine is prevention and early detection of diseases, especially malignant tumors, since the stage does influence the prognosis and treatment costs. Thyroid involvement is currently one of the leading endocrine disorders in terms of overall morbidity and prevalence in the world. Thyroid cancer is one of the localizations, which being timely detected and properly treated, has a favorable prognosis, when 20–30-year survival rate exceeds 90 %. Therefore, the search for simple, minimally invasive, but highly informative techniques for optimizing the algorithms for diagnosis, differential diagnosis and monitoring of this disease remains a priority.
 Purpose – to determine and substantiate the diagnostic value of comprehensive assessment of the thyroid status and full blood count values in patients with thyroid nodules.
 Materials and methods. The study involved 60 patients with thyroid nodules, which according to ultrasonography (US) of the thyroid were classified as TR-4 category of thyroid nodules, TIRADS scale (4–6 points, suspected malignant thyroid changes). The examination included the following: questionnaire, ultrasound examination with fine-needle aspiration puncture biopsy, cytological examination, counting the thyroid hormone concentration, full blood count. The study was carried out at the premises of State Institution “Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine”.
 Results. Assessment of thyroid status of patients with thyroid nodules showed a significant correlation between the severity of thyroid malignancy and TSH levels (according to Kruskal – Wallis test, H = 7.30, p < 0.05), FT4 (H = 17.64, p < 0.001) and FT3 (H = 12.41, p < 0.01). Patients of Group I with benign thyroid process showed significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total hemoglobin along with significantly frequent (p < 0.05) microcytic anemia. According to the studies, Group II had a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total platelet count and plateletcrit, as well as an increased average platelet volume and the percentage of large platelets compared to Group I. The blood values in malignant thyroid process (Group III) are characterized by increased levels of leukocytes and the proportion of eosinophils and basophils in the leukocyte formula compared to Group II (p < 0.05).
 Conclusions. The outcomes of comprehensive assessment of thyroid status and full blood count values in patients with thyroid nodules can be used in preoperative diagnosis as a differential prognostic tool to assess their malignant potential.

USE OF EXPRESS TESTS IN THE PRACTICE OF FAMILY DOCTORS AND PEDIATRICIANS


 
 
 Rapid diagnosis significantly reduces the patient’s expectation of effective medical care. As a result, rapid or POC-tests are becoming increasingly important in the world. However, the frequency of their use, the avail- ability of tests in medical facilities, the aware- ness of physicians about diagnostic capabilities and the need for them are currently unclear. The aim of our study was to determine the lev- el of awareness of physicians about the use of rapid tests for influenza, RS-virus, β-hemolytic group A streptococcus and laboratory markers of inflammation in the form of POC-tests in dai- ly practice. The study was conducted by inter- viewing 78 pediatricians and family physicians in Kyiv and Kyiv region who work at the pri- mary and secondary levels of medical care. A questionnaire from EAPRASnetT (European Academy of Pediatric Research in the network of outpatient settings) was used for the survey. Our research has shown that hospital physicians are more informed about the use of rapid diag- nostics and are more willing to use it in the treat- ment and diagnostic process. A rapid antigen test for influenza is available to the vast major- ity of inpatients (78%) and only half of outpa- tients (46.3%). Half of primary care physicians (56.1%) and the vast majority of secondary care professionals (73%) are willing to use this test in practice if it is available. The results of our study also showed a higher adherence to this rap- id test of inpatients, as only 2.7% of them would like to confirm the results of POC-tests by lab- oratory tests (compared to 22% of outpatients). Most doctors in both outpatient clinics (61%) and inpatients (75.7%) are ready to use a rapid test for respiratory syncytial virus. Only 2.7% of
 
 
 
 hospital doctors would like to have a laborato- ry version, and outpatients would be completely satisfied with a quick test. However, due to the lack of trust in 14.6% of cases, they would like to confirm its results by laboratory testing. About a third of physicians (39%) use the rapid test for β-hemolytic group A streptococcus in the outpa- tient clinic, but half (51.2%) stated the need for this test and its unavailability. In the hospital, the data obtained were the opposite: half of doctors already use this test (59.5%), and another third would like to have it (35.1%). Rapid C-reactive protein testing is poorly used by physicians in both health care settings (12.2% in the outpa- tient setting and 29.7% in the inpatient setting) due to low security and lack of awareness. This is confirmed by the fact that 75.6% of primary and 64.9% of secondary care physicians stated that the test is not available, but they are ready to use this test if available. POC-test for C-reactive protein is used more in the hospital than in the outpatient clinic. At the outpatient stage, 12.2% of physicians do not consider it appropriate to use C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of diseas- es, in the hospital of such physicians 5%. About 10% of doctors in both groups expressed distrust in the rapid CRP-test, as they would like to use only the laboratory version. Doubts about the ac- curacy of almost twice as many outpatients, as more often would like to check it with a labo- ratory version (19.5% vs. 10.8% of inpatients). Therefore, one in five physicians in the outpa- tient clinic would use both the laboratory and POC versions. The rapid test for procalcitonin is used by every 5th doctor in the hospital and only 7% of the primary care, which can be attributed to the low availability of the test in medical prac- tice, poor provision of medical institutions with POC-tests, as 62.2% and 78% of doctors the hos- pital and the clinic replied that they would use it if it was available. As for the complete general analysis of blood with leukocyte formula, only 17.1% and 35.5% of doctors of the polyclinic and hospital would like to use its POC version. Interviewed physicians would prefer a laborato- ry version of the test. It is necessary to raise awareness of physi- cians, especially primary care, about modern di- agnostic methods, namely the practice of POC-tests and make them more accessible, which would significantly improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients, would have a positive im- pact on public health and significant economic effect.
 
 
 
 
 

The possibility of using amino acid supplements for stress prevention

Every day, the modern human body is exposed to stress of various etiologies. One of the main effects of long-term stress is to accelerate the rate of premature aging. These processes affect the decrease in working capacity, reproductive capabilities, affect memory, emotions, behavior, vegetative reactions of a person, etc. The influence of unfavorable factors of professional activity (daily duty, psychoemotional overload, physical activity, violation of the diet) leads to early professional burnout. Therefore, it is important to search for and study the mechanisms of action of substances whose use for preventive purposes leads to a stable state of the body to stress. This article presents information on the study of the stress-detecting activity of a Proline-containing compound synthesized at the research Institute of pharmacology of the Russian Academy of medical Sciences. The experiment used male rats with a high level of anxiety of two ages - 3-month-old sexually Mature and 1.5-year-old. The animals were selected based on physiological tests: “Porsolt swimming test”,“open field” test. Stress was simulated by forced 30-minute swimming at a water temperature of 28-30°C. Stress-detecting mechanisms of action of the amino acid compound were evaluated by indicators of the leukocyte formula and the content of biogenic amines. It was found that the development of the strategy of adaptation to the action of a stressful factor (30-minute swimming) depends on age. In young animals, when using an amino acid compound, a hormonal type of activation of the sympathoadrenal system was noted, which is the most effective. The body of 1.5-year-old rats reacted to external influence by activating the sympathoadrenal system along the mediator pathway and entering the depletion phase. The results of this study can be the basis for the use of amino acid compounds as a functional ingredient with a stress-inducing property in the production of food in the food industry.

TREATMENT OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: OPTIMIZATION OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common infections in children with an annual incidence of 34 to 40 cases per 1000 children in Europe and North America. Pneumonia is a common cause of death in children under five years of age worldwide. Thus, about 1,8 million children die from pneumonia annually. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, about 80,000 children every year suffer from community-acquired pneumonia in Ukraine. Material and methods: Retrospective analysis of 100 case histories of children aged 3-9 years old with outpatient segmental/polisegmental pneumonia who were in inpatient treatment in the pulmonology department of regional hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. The representativeness of the comparison groups is represented by age and sex. Methods of examination: clinical-anamnestic, laboratory and instrumental (pulse oximetry, chest X-ray). Results: Most of the children (58%) were admitted to the hospital on the first day of the illness. In 33% of children, comorbidity was noted. All children had fever, an unproductive cough, while symptoms of intoxication (76 ± 4.27%) and dyspnea (52 ± 4.49%) were more pronounced in children 3-6 years old. In the general analysis of blood in children of the first age group, in most cases, leukocytosis was more than 12 G / L (56 ± 4.96%), neutrophilic shift of the leukocyte formula to the left of 88 ± 3.25% and elevated ESR (84 ± 3.66%). X-ray in children of the first age group was dominated by polysegmental pneumonia at 54 ± 4.44%, while in children of the second age group segmental pneumonia was more common (64 ± 4.66%). Half of the children of both age groups prescribed antibiotics of the first line - a group of penicillins and cephalosporins. When starting antibiotic therapy with penicillins, the symptoms of pneumonia decreased already in the 2nd day in 16% ± 3.67% in the group of children 3-6 years old and in 18% ± 3.84% of children 7-9 years. Conclusion. Pneumonia is one of the most common diseases in children, and one of those that can cause many complications and even death. Accordingly, the treatment of this disease should be maximally effective and short-lived. The best choice for treating pneumonia is a group of oral aminopenicillins, which were administered in the first days of the disease and showed significantly better results than patients treated with cephalosporins.

The composition of the leukocytes of the bream of the Saratov reservoir

The composition of leukocytes reflects the species and ecological characteristics of fish, while the ratio of individual cell types reflects the functional state of the organism and the nature of the influence of biotic and abiotic stress factors. The work is devoted to the issues of hematopoiesis of the bream Abramis brama — one of the main commercial species of the Volga. The fish were caught in September 2019 at the Saratov Reservoir during a complex hydrobiological expedition aboard the Akademik Topchiev research vessel of the IBIW RAS. In total, 18 sexually mature bream were examined, caught at 3 standard trawling stations: 1 — Shirokiy Buerak, 2 — Khvalynsk, 3 — Kashpir-Rudnik. In fish, peripheral blood was sampled from the tail vein and tissues of the spleen and head kidney. Blood smears and organ imprint smears were performed for the study. The preparations were examined under a light microscope and the leukocyte formula was determined. To determine the index of the abundance of leukocytes in a peripheral blood smear, 100 visual fields were examined at different sites. The leukocyte abundance index allows the intensity of leukopoiesis to be recorded and indirectly assesses the leukocyte level in a blood volume unit. The results of the study showed that lymphocytes predominate in the leukocyte formula, a significant part are blast forms and a small percentage of granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. The established differences depended on the structural and functional features of the organs: in the kidneys, as the main organ of hematopoiesisin teleost fish, a higher content of blast forms of cells, granulocytes and macrophages was noted, and in the spleen, which serves as a “depot” of blood, lymphocytes and macrophages. Blood, as an integral system, bears all types of cells circulating in the immune system at the moment. The intensity of leukopoiesis was higher in fish from the upper part of the reservoir.

Studies of endocrine changes and morphological blood composition in gilts affecting puberty

Background: The puberty period in pigs depends on the functional activity of the endocrine system, which has an effect on the blood through the connective tissue. It has been established that during puberty period, the steroidal and thyroid hormones regulate the processes of metabolism and proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. The aim of the research was to find out the effects of the morphological composition of blood under the influence of steroidal and thyroid hormones during the process of puberty in different directions of productivity in the pigs.Methods: Experiments were performed on two groups of clinically healthy piglets from Pietrain and Large White (LW) breed. To assess the steroidal and thyroid hormone levels, the morphological blood was collected from the anterior hollow vein at the puberty ages of 120, 150, 180 and 210 days, when their live weights achieved to 100 kg.Results: The predominance of hemoglobin content and the amount of erythrocytes in the blood were observed higher (p <0,05) in Pietrain piglets than LW piglets on the 120 and 150 days of puberty development, in contrast to the general decrease in leukocytes in piglets of both breeds at the age of 150 days with the next gradual increase. The age-related changes in the leukocyte formula were directly related to the direction of animal productivity. In the LW breed, from the beginning of the experiment, there was an increase in the number of rodenuclear neutrophils at 210 days of puberty, followed by a sharp decreasing on 36.4%. In Pietrain breed, the level of the rodenuclear neutrophils decreased on 28.6% (p <0.01) at the age of 150 days, followed by a sharp increasing over the coming months. From the puberty ages of 150 days to the 210 days, the concentration of estradiol decreased in the first genotype: two times (p <0.05); in the second genotype: 1,9 times (p <0,01). The content of thyroxine and triiodothyronine increased in the blood serum of Pietrain (p <0.01) and LW (p <0.001) piglets at the puberty ages of 120 to 180 days. Study found that the amount of progesterone in LW piglets was higher relatively to Pietrain piglets in the all investigated periods. The content of estradiol in piglets of both breeds from the 120 and 150 days of puberty tended to decrease by 2.8 times (p <0.001) in LW piglets, and 1.4 times (p <0.05) in Pietrain piglets, and the testosterone level increases, 2.1 (p <0,05) and 1,9 (p <0,05) times respectively. The significant influence of progesterone on the number of lymphocytes and common leukocytes in Pietrain piglets was established. The level of estradiol significantly influenced the number of granulocytes in Pietrain piglets at the age of 150 days (r = 0.92 and 0.99), and in LW piglets, the maximum correlation level was observed at the puberty age of 150 days (r = 0, 61) and 180 days (r = 0.94).

Antibacterial therapy of pyogenic liver abscesses

Purpose of the study. To study the features of the microbial landscape, to develop an algorithm for antibacterial therapy in patients with pyogenic liver abscesses. Prove the effectiveness of the developed algorithm in the treatment of such patients.
 Materials and methods. The results of treatment of 79 patients with pyogenic liver abscesses were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 48,4 ± 4,7 years, with men predominating (62,9%). The inclusion criterion was the presence of pyogenic liver abscesses, the exclusion criteria were cholangiogenic and specific abscesses. The main group consisted of 44 patients operated on minimally invasive technologies based on modern diagnostic methods. They received a comprehensive conservative therapy, which took into account antibacterial treatment according to the developed algorithm. The tactics of surgical treatment of 35 patients in the control group did not differ from the main one. The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, comorbidity, severity of the disease and the results of microbiological examination.
 Results. The number of inoculations of microorganisms from the purulent center was dominated by monoinfection – 86,4–88,6% of cases, which was mostly aerobic. Most of them were facultative anaerobic bacteria of the genus Enterobacteriaceae, namely Kl. pneumoniae – 34,1–40,1%. Less than a quarter of patients (11,4–13,6%) isolated cultures are represented by microbial associations – aerobic-anaerobic and aerobicaerobic. However, aerobic-aerobic infection prevailed – 75,0–83,3%. MRSA strains of staphylococci were isolated in 5,7–6,8% of patients. Treatment began on the first day of hospitalization. Empirical treatment was immediately prescribed, followed by antibiotic replacement, if necessary, based on the results of microbiological examination and determination of the sensitivity of the isolated cultures. According to microbiological studies, in patients with AP most of the isolated microorganisms (71,4–90,9%) were sensitive to linezalide and taigecycline. These antibacterial drugs were reserve drugs and were prescribed in extremely severe cases in the absence of sensitivity to other drugs. The effectiveness of treatment was evaluated by clinical data and improvement of laboratory parameters (normalization of body temperature and leukocyte formula).
 Conclusion. Carrying out adequate combined antibiotic therapy for patients with AP according to the developed algorithms, along with surgery, allowed to reduce the recovery time of patients: for 2–3 days normalization of body temperature (t = 5,66176; P < 0,000001) and leukocyte formula (t = 8, 56860; P < 0,000001) patients of the main group in comparison with control patients. In turn, this contributed to a probable reduction in the length of stay of the patient in the hospital for 3 days (t = 3,95561; P = 0,000116).

Risk assessment of glucoamylase and xylanase complex from Aspergillus awamori Xyl T-15

The introduction of methods for food production using microbial synthesis, including those obtained with the help of genetically modified (GM) microorganisms, at the present stage, allows to increase production volumes and reduce the cost of food. At the same time, such products in accordance with TR CU 021/2011 "On food safety" are classified as a "novel food"» and can be placed on the market only after its risk estimation for health. The emergence of new data and research methods in the last years has made it necessary to improve the risk assessment system for this category of food. The aim of the research is to develope risk assessment approaches of food obtained by microbial synthesis on the example of the GM strain Aspergillus awamori Xyl T-15 and the enzyme preparation (EP) (a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase) produced by it. Material and methods. Outbred ICR mice (CD-1) and Wistar rats (males and females) were used in the experimental studies. Investigations of GM strain A. awamori Xyl T-15 virulence and its ability to disseminate internal organs have been carried out. Acute and subacute (during 80 days) toxicity of EP (a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase) have been studied. Results. The presented experimental data allow us to make a conclusion about the avirulence of the A. awamori Xyl T-15 strain, the lack of ability to disseminate internal organs (invasiveness). At the same time, the strain is characterized by the ability to produce mycotoxins (ochratoxin, fumonisin B2, T-2 and HT-2 toxins). The EP, a complex of glucoamylase and xylanase from A. awamori Xyl T-15, has a low oral acute toxicity for rats (LD50>5000 mg/kg). I ntragastric EP administration at doses of 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight during 80 days had not revealed adversely affect on the rate of weight gain in animals, indicators of anxiety and cognitive function, and some studied biochemical indicators. At a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. or more, there were changes in the relative mass of organs (lungs, kidneys, adrenal glands), small shifts in the parameters of erythropoiesis and leukocyte formula, at a dose of 1000 mg/kg b.w. - an increase in oxidative DNA destruction. T he most pronounced and dose-dependent was the effect of the EP on hepatocyte apoptosis. According to this indicator, the not observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for EP is not more than 100 mg/kg b.w. in terms of protein. The main target organ for the toxic effect of EP is the liver. Conclusion. The data obtained demonstrate the necessity to conduct an additional analysis of the risks of possible negative effects of EP, namely, to study its impact on the gut microbiocenosis and the immune status of experimental animals, to analyze the presence of determinants of pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance, DNA of selective marker genes of A. awamori Xyl T-15 strain by PCR analysis and DNA sequencing methods.

Composition of peripheral blood leukocytes and immuno-competent bodies of the cross carp “Petrovsky” in different periods of the fishing season

Crossing is an effective method of increasing agricultural production. In addition to the productive qualities of the resulting crosses, it is important to maintain and enhance their immune resistance. Breeding for immunity to pathogens of various diseases provides a decrease in economic losses and an increase in breeding efficiency. Cross “Petrovsky” (breeding achievement No. 9153820) is a reciprocal hybrid of Anish Mirror and Chuvash scaled productive carp species. It has been established that this cross is superior to the parental forms in terms of growth intensity and survival of juveniles. The work is devoted to a comparative analysis of the leukocyte composition of peripheral blood and immunocompetent organs of the carp cross “Petrovsky” in different periods of the fish-breeding season. The studies were carried out in late May and early October 2019 in the Kirya breeding farm, Chuvashia (2nd fish breeding zone). In fish, peripheral blood was sampled from the tail vein and tissues of the spleen and head kidney. Blood smears and organ-imprinted smears were taken for the study. The preparations were examined under a light microscope and the leukocyte formula was determined. The study of leukograms of immunocompetent organs and tissues of fish helps to judge the functional state and immune resistance of fish. To determine the index of the abundance of leukocytes in a peripheral blood smear, 100 visual fields were examined in different areas. This indicator allows you to record the intensity of leukopoiesis and indirectly assess the level of leukocytes in a unit of blood volume. Studies have established differences in the proportion of certain types of leukocytes and the intensity of leukopoiesis in different periods of the fish-breeding season. Fish tissues and organs differed in the proportion of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. The obtained data can be used in carrying out selection and breeding work aimed at increasing productivity and enhancing the resistance of fish to infectious diseases.

Contribution of cytology in the etiological diagnosis of pleurisy at the Laboratory of Histology-Embryology and Cellular Pathology (LHE / PC) of the Faculty of Health Sciences of Niamey

Objectives: To understand the contribution of cytology in the process of etiological diagnosis of pleurisy. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective and prospective descriptive study from March 1, 2010 to February 28, 2015. The material used consisted of the results of cytological analysis reports. Results: Of the 2012 samples collected, 456 were pleural fluids, an institutional prevalence of 22.66%. Patients under 50 years of age were affected in 49.12% with an average age of 47.5 years and extremes of 10 months and 101 years. The male subject represented 72.81% or a ratio of 2.74. The samples were exudative in 94.52% and the Hemorrhagic character found in 52%. 88% of the samples had a cell count and among which, 44% had a leukocyte count ≥ 10,000 / mm³. Lymphocyte reactions were found in 59.16%. 39.22% of patients ≥ 50 years of age had a lymphocyte reaction. In samples with cell atypia, 54.46% were suspected of having a tumor extension and 21.43% were tumor cell atypia of specified origin, of which 8 cases (33.33%) were of ovarian origin. The Hemorrhagic character was in 57.27% of the cellular atypies and the lymphocyte reactions in 66.36% of the atypies. Conclusion: The aim of this study was to understand the contribution of cytology in the process of etiological diagnosis of pleurisy. Patients of all ages were affected, the male was the most represented. A cell count associated with a leukocyte formula and the morphological search for atypical cells made it possible to provide an etiological orientation.