Leucaena Leucocephala Seeds Research Articles

Effect of Dietary Levels of Processed Leucaena leucocephala Seeds on Broiler Performance and Blood Parameters

In the current experiment, Leucaena leucocephala seeds were subjected to three treatments (soaking, roasting and supplementation with 40mg/Kg ferrous oxide). Then treated and untreated leucaena seeds were incorporated in boiler diets at 0, 6 and 12%. Soaking and roasting of the seeds reduced phytate, whereas tannin was not significantly affected. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly (p<0.05) reduced with the inclusion of 12% untreated leucaena seed, 12% soaked or 12% roasted leucaena seeds. However, feeding diets that supplemented with ferrous had no negative effect on feed intake and weight gain compared with control. Dietary treatments did not affect haematological parameters, plasma GOT ALP, K, inorganic phosphorus (Pi), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, uric acid and tibia P. Plasma glucose for birds fed leucaena seed diets was not significantly different as compared with those fed the control diet.

The Effects of Dietary Graded Leucaena leucocephala Seeds on Performance and Blood Parameters in Broiler Chicks

The core objective of this study was to assess the effects of different dietary Leucaena leucocephala seed on the performance and some blood parameters in broiler chick. Seeds were included at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% in the diet of one hundred twenty one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks. The results showed that, feed intake, body weight gain and PER were significantly (p 0.05) by dietary treatments. Inclusion of dietary leucaena significantly decreased plasma Ca, Na, total protein and cholesterol. While plasma Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase GOT, alkaline phosphatase ALP and uric acid were increased with the increase in levels of leucaena in the broiler diets.

Chemically-modified polysaccharide extract derived from Leucaena leucocephala alters Raw 264.7 murine macrophage functions

In this study, a chemical modification of the polysaccharides extract (E) derived from Leucaena leucocephala seeds was performed to prepare C-glycosidic 2-propanol derivative (PE), and its sulphated derivative (SPE). This study aimed to characterize immunomodulatory activities of the original extract and its derivatives by exploring their effects on Raw macrophage 264.7 functions and their antioxidant activity. Our results indicated that PE was an effective radical scavenger to hydroxyl, peroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals, and SPE was a peroxyl radical scavenger. PE and SPE were found to influence the macrophage functions. Both of PE and SPE enhanced the macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis of FITC-zymosan; PE inhibited nitric oxide (NO) generation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated Raw macrophage 264.7. In contrast, SPE over-induced NO generation and TNF-α secretion. Moreover, PE strongly inhibited the binding affinity of FITC-LPS to Raw 264.7, as indicated by flow cytometry analysis. These findings revealed that PE may act as a potent anti-inflammatory agent; however SPE may act as an inducer of macrophage functions against pathogens.

Antiproliferative and cancer-chemopreventive properties of sulfated glycosylated extract derived from &lt;i&gt; Leucaena leucocephala&lt;/i&gt;

This work aimed to prove that simple chemical modification could provide new cancer chemopreventive and/or anticancer properties to the inactive extracted polysaccharide derived from Leucaena leucocephala . Polysaccharides were extracted from Leucaena leucocephala seeds and its 2,4-pentanedione-treated derivative (glycosylated form) was prepared, which is further sulphated to give sulphated glycosylated form. Estimation of their anti-initiation activity, modulation of carcinogen metabolism, was indicated by the inhibition cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) and the induction of glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs). Anti-proliferation activity was investigated by MTT assay against human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and lymphoblastic leukemia (1301). Apoptosis/necrosis and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results revealed that glycosylated form inhibited both CYP1A and GSTs, while sulphated glycosylated form not only inhibited CYP1A, but also induced the GSTs. Unlike GE, sulphated glycosylated form possessed a significant anti-proliferative activity against different cell lines. Analysis of HepG2 cell cycle phases demonstrated that glycosylated form led to a delay of G2/M-phase, while sulphated glycosylated form led to a concomitant arrest in S- and G2/M-phases. Investigation of apoptosis/necrosis ratio demonstrated that both of glycosylated form and sulphated glycosylated form induced HepG2 cell death by necrosis, but not apoptosis. Unmodified crude extract was neither active as cancer chemopreventive nor as anti-proliferative. In conclusion, chemical modification of Leucaena gum induced its cancer chemopreventive and anti-proliferative activities.

Effect of feeding raw and cooked &lt;I&gt;Leucaena leucocephala&lt;/I&gt; seed bean based diets on the performance of rabbits

The effect of Leucaena leucocephala seed meal as a feed supplement on the growth of weaning rabbits was studied. The raw and cooked Leucaena leucocephala seeds contained (DM basis): crude protein 20.46% and 24.64%, crude fibre 20.48% and 26.72%, ether extract 9.84% and 10.40% respectively. The seed was tested at 10% level of the diet. The body weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency of rabbits fed with cooked Leucaena leucocephala diet were higher by 24.12 and 28.72%, 19.6 and 8.31%, 10.38 and 10.69% respectively than those rabbits fed with control and raw Leucaena leucocephala diets. Key Words: Leucaena leucocephala; performance; rabbits; raw and cooked diets Moor J. Agric. Res. Vol.4(1) 2003: 135-139

Adsorption behavior of oxidized galactomannans onto amino-terminated surfaces and their interaction with bovine serum albumin

Galactomannans extracted from Cassia fastuosa (CF) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) seeds were purified and oxidized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) to form the uronic acid-containing polysaccharides CFOX with a degree of oxidation (DO) of 0.22 and LLOX with DO of 0.66, respectively. The adsorption behavior of CFOX and LLOX onto amino-terminated surfaces was studied by means of ellipsometric measurements. The influence of pH and ionic strength on the adsorption was investigated. A strong dependence of pH on the adsorbed amount of CFOX and LLOX was observed. At pH 4, there was a maximum in the adsorbed amount caused by strong electrostatic attraction between the substrate and the oxidized galactomannans. On the other hand, no ionic strength effect on the adsorption of CFOX and LLOX was observed. The immobilization of bovine serum albumin onto LLOX and CFOX was studied as a function of pH. LLOX proved to be a more attractive substrate for BSA than CFOX, indicating that the favorable interactions between the carboxylate groups and the BSA segments have driven the adsorption process. At the isoelectric point of BSA a maximum in the adsorbed amount was found for both surfaces.

Leucaena Seeds as Protein Supplement in the Rations of Growing Sheep

The study was carried out to evaluate leucaena seeds as a protein replacement of mustard seed cake (MSC) in the concentrate mixture of growing lambs. Fifteen growing male lambs (LocalxCorridale) with an average body weight of 16.3 kg were allocated into three dietary treatments (T1, T2, and T3) with five animals in each group. Animals were offered dry mixed grass, berseem hay and concentrate mixture to meet their nutrient requirements. In concentrate mixture of T1, (Control) MSC was used as protein source, while in T2 and T3 groups, 25 and 50% of MSC was replaced by leucaena leucocephala seeds. On completion of three months (90 days) of feeding, a digestion cum-metabolism trial was conducted to determine DMI, nutrient utilization, and nitrogen balance. Changes in body weight were recorded at 15 day internals and eating patterns were recorded for 3 consecutive days at the end of the feeding trial. MSC had higher CP contents than leucaena seeds (27.0%). Mimosine contents in leucaena seeds were 1.1 compared to 0.2 and 0.4% in concentrate mixture of T2 and T3 group, respectively. Dry matter intake varied non-significantly (79.3′1.2 to 83.4′1.3 g/kg w 0 . 7 5 ) across the dietary treatments. Digestibility of DM and cell wall polysaccharides (NDF, ADF. Cellulose and hemicellulose) were comparable, however CP digestibility was relatively lower in leucaena luecocephala seeds based groups (T2 45.5′1.7 and T3 46.7′3.5) compared to MSC supplemented group (T1 47.7′0.9%). The growth rate of lambs was non-significantly higher in Tl (79.2′5.4) compared to T2 (73.8′8.8) and T3 (73.9′7.0), respectively. The animals were in positive nitrogen balance and N-balance varied from 1.8 to 2.9 g/d across treatment groups. The eating rate (% of total offered) of concentrate up-to 15 min was relatively higher in T1 (82.4) than T2 (74.2) and T3 (77.8%). However no effect of leucaena seeds was recorded on total DMI of animals. The results of the study revealed that the inclusion of up to 50% leucaena seeds, as protein source in concentrate mixture of lambs had no adverse effect on DMI, nutrient utilization, eating patterns, nitrogen balance and growth performance of lambs.

Métodos para quebra da dormência em sementes de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Objetivando superar a dormência tegumentária e avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas, sementes de Leucaena leucocephala sofreram escarificação química e mecânica e tratamento com água quente, seguindo-se o modelo inteiramente casualizado. Houve baixa germinação das sementes utilizadas como testemunha (32,7%) e aumento da germinação, quando da imersão das sementes em água a 80ºC, por 5 e 15 minutos, e em H2SO4 concentrado, por 10, 15 e 20 minutos. O índice de velocidade de emergência das plântulas mostrou-se superior após os tratamentos das sementes com água a 80ºC, por 5 min, e H2SO4 concentrado, por 20 min. Os tratamentos utilizados para superar a dormência das sementes não influenciaram o desenvolvimento das mudas resultantes.

Simple procedures to remove mimosine from young leaves, pods and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala used as food

The effect of boiling and soaking in water on the mimosine and protein contents of young leaves, pods and seeds of the tropical leguminous tree Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) was investigated. It was observed that the soluble protein content in leucaena tissue was overestimated because of the presence of mimosine. A more accurate method of determining the soluble protein content in leucaena tissue containing mimosine was developed and used in this study. It was found that boiling removed mimosine from young leaves, pods and seeds of leucaena but it also reduced the amount of soluble protein significantly. Soaking in water for 24 h eliminated 97% of mimosine from young leaves, pods and split seeds of leucaena, and up to 20% of mimosine from the whole young seeds without significantly reducing the soluble protein content.

Fractionation of Leucaena seed-kernel proteins based on their solubility characteristics

Leucaena leucocephala seeds were found to be rich in proteins, but they contained a toxic amino acid, mimosine. Protein-isolation processes rendered the seed proteins relatively free of anti-nutritional factors. Proteins of L. leucocephala (K8) seed kernels were separated into different fractions on the basis of their solubility, by extracting successively and directly, with various solvents, i.e. water, sodium chloride (5%), and sodium hydroxide (0·05 m). Globulins were found to be the major proteins, followed by albumins, glutelins, and prolamins. The proteins in these fractions were further precipitated, after determining their isoelectric points (pH 2–2·5). The protein and mimosine contents of the soluble extracts (before protein precipitation) and their isoelectric protein precipitates, supernatants, and insoluble residues, were determined. Sodium chloride (5%) was found to be the solvent of choice, since it resulted in maximum protein yield. Furthermore, most of the extracted mimosine was left in the supernatant after the protein had been precipitated out.

Nutrient and amino acid composition of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Leaves and dry seeds of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit contain protein ranging from 25.25 to 30.81%. Dry seeds have higher levels of fat (7.24%) than leaves (6.61%). Calcium, phosphorus and potassium appear to be adequate. Leucaena seeds are rich in isoleucine (8.0 g kg −1) and have a greater content of lysine, leucine, proline and serine than soya bean proteins (10.8, 15.3, 9.1 and 11.9 g kg −1, respectively). Two peaks of unknown amino acid-like compounds appear with calculated values of 36.05 and 0.90 g kg −1.

Carbohydrate Make Up of Green, Fully Ripened Pods and Seeds of Leucaena leucocephala

AbstractThe chemical composition of the green, fully ripened pods and seeds of Leucaena leucocephala shows some variation in their nutrient contents in different genotypes. Green pods are a rich source of protein and well comparable with the protein content of leguminous seeds. The structural carbohydrate varies significantly. Green pods are of dual importance to supply fibre and nutrients. The empty fully ripened pods are fibrous. The seeds, besides having rich protein content, have 20 – 25% galactomannan gum which has the potential to be used as a laxative and in vegetable soups. Mimosine content is higher in the green pods, but it is thermolabile.

Fluctuation of Endogenous Levels of Free and Conjugated Gibberellins throughout Seed Maturation in Leucaena leucocephala (Lmk) De Wit

Combined gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring (GC-SIM) analysis of a purified extract from seeds of Leucaena leucocephala showed the presence of GAi, GAg, GAn, GAio, GA2o, GA23, GA29 and GA53. GAi, GAs and GA29 were also found both as glucosyl ester-like and glucosyl ether-like conjugates, and GA20 as a glucosyl ester-like conjugate; these conjugates were analyzed as free GAs after enzyme hydrolysis. GA23 was shown to be the main free gibberellin in immature seeds (268 ng/seed), though its level drastically decreased during their maturation. GAi was the main free Cia-gibbercllin and GAi glucosyl ester-like and glucosyl ether-like conjugates were found at the highest levels in the seeds prior to maturation. Fluctuation of endogenous levels of gibberellins is discussed in terms of seed development.

Characterization of Gibberellins in Immature Seeds ofLeucaena leucocephala(Lmk) De Wit

Journal Article Characterization of Gibberellins in Immature Seeds of Leucaena leucocephala (Lmk) De Wit Get access Sayuti Arigayo, Sayuti Arigayo The Institute of Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Singaperbangsa, Bandung, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kanzo Sakata, Kanzo Sakata The Institute of Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Singaperbangsa, Bandung, Indonesia Present Address: Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka-shi 442, Japan. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sachiko Fujisawa, Sachiko Fujisawa Department of Agricultural Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Akira Sakurai, Akira Sakurai The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sasongko S Adisewojo, Sasongko S Adisewojo The Institute of Natural Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Singaperbangsa, Bandung, Indonesia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Nobutaka Takahashi Nobutaka Takahashi The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Saitama 351, JapanDepartment of Agricultural Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 47, Issue 12, 1 December 1983, Pages 2939–2940, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1983.10866062 Published: 01 December 1983 Article history Received: 22 June 1983 Published: 01 December 1983

Modes of action of β-mannanase enzymes of diverse origin on legume seed galactomannans

β-Mannanase activities in the commercial enzyme preparations Driselase and Cellulase, in culture solutions of Bacillus subtilis (TX1), in commercial snail gut ( Helix pomatia) preparations and in germinated seeds of lucerne, Leucaena leucocephala and honey locust, have been purified by substrate affinity chromatography on glucomannan-AH-Sepharose. On isoelectric focusing, multiple protein bands were found, all of which had β-mannanase activity. Each preparation appeared as a single major band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymes varied in their final specific activities, Km values, optimal pH, isoelectric points and pH and temperature stabilities but had similar MWs. The enzymes have different abilities to hydrolyse galactomannans which are highly substituted with galactose. The preparations Driselase and Cellulase contain β-mannanases which can attack highly substituted galactomannans at points of single unsubstituted d-mannosyl residues if the d-galactose residues in the vicinity of the bond to be hydrolysed are all on only one side of the main chain.