Preparing Lesson Plans Research Articles

STRATEGI PEMBELAJARAN INOVATIF DAN PENGALAMAN MAHASISWA DI SMK ADI LUHUR JAKARTA

The School Field Introduction Program (PLP) aims to provide education students with direct experience in a school environment. Conducted at SMK Adi Luhur Jakarta, this program lasted for four months and involved students from various study programs. The activities included observation, lesson plan preparation, teaching and learning processes, as well as collaboration with mentor teachers. The results demonstrated that students were able to develop pedagogical competence, understand students' needs, and enhance professionalism through practical experience. By integrating theory and practice, this program contributes to improving the quality of education and prepares students to become adaptive and competent educators.

GETTING SUPPORT FROM MICROSOFT COPILOT IN LESSON PLAN PREPARATION: PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ EXPERIENCES AND OPINIONS

A lesson plan is an action plan that shows how to achieve the objectives of a lesson step by step in a certain period of time in the teaching of a subject. Lesson planning is one of the important elements of teacher education. However, research shows that pre-service teachers have problems in lesson planning. Artificial intelligence can produce solutions to the problems experienced by pre-service teachers. For this purpose, pre-service teachers need to be able to use this tool effectively, recognize its possibilities and limitations, and approach it with a critical perspective. The purpose of this research is to determine what support Microsoft Copilot offers to pre-service teachers in preparing lesson plans for reading education in Turkish lessons and how they evaluate this support. The method of the research is case study. The study group consists of 24 students. The data were collected through reflective diaries, lesson plans, and interviews. Descriptive and content analysis were applied to the data. As a result of the research, it was determined that teacher candidates sought support for every stage of the course. Both positive and negative opinions emerged in the same codes regarding the support offered by Copilot. Accessing the source sites, activity ideas, overall plan, and images are the codes where positive opinions are concentrated, while text creation, subject area knowledge, and question/rubric preparation are the codes where negative opinions are concentrated. Participants stated that attention should be paid to the accuracy and adequacy of the content and the accuracy of the questions and to give sufficient detail when requesting information. These results show that Copilot should be improved in terms of Turkish. However, the results also suggest that AI tools should be included in teacher education despite their limitations. Pre-service teachers evaluate the outcomes of the program with their prior knowledge. This approach is important for the development of pedagogical content knowledge and better lesson planning.

Implementasi Kebijakan Kepala Madrasah dalam Meningkatkan Kompetensi Profesional Guru di MTS an Nawawiyah Kediri

Policies set by leaders of educational institutions are often in the spotlight of experts, both in science and other fields. The madrasah principal is fully responsible for the continuity and existence of the educational institution. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the decision letter of the Head of MTs An Nawawiyah No 091 of 2023 and the professional competence of teachers at MTs An Nawawiyah Kepung Kediri. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study type of research. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique uses Miles Huberman and Saldana's interactive data analysis model, including: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that: (1) An Nawawiyyah Madrasah Head Policy in improving teachers' professional competence. There are two main policy aspects implemented, namely macro and micro policies. Macro policies include curriculum planning which includes annual, semester, monthly, weekly, and daily work plans. Meanwhile, micro policies focus more on the internal arrangements of the madrasah which include programs such as PKG (Teacher Performance Assessment), PPG (Teacher Professional Education), MGMP (Musyawarah Guru Mata P1), training, workshops, meetings, coaching in the preparation of lesson plans, classroom supervision, question making, learning evaluation, asatidz/asatidzah board activities, and competitions. (2) The professional competence of teachers at MTs An Nawawiyah is at a good level, indicated by five main aspects: mastery of subject matter, ability to develop learning methods according to standards, utilization of media and learning resources, reflection on learning and participation in seminars and training, and awareness of the development of science and technology in carrying out tasks.

Teachers' information-seeking on accomplishments of academic tasks

Background of the study: Teachers have a vital role in education, which includes educating and guiding students, developing teaching materials, preparing lesson plans, and performing student evaluations. Therefore, individuals need information in order to complete their educational objectives. Purpose: This review aims to systematically examine the three constituent elements of information-seeking behavior, with a particular emphasis on their application within the teaching field. Method: The systematic literature evaluation in this study was guided by the PRISMA approach. The study's data collecting phase spanned a period of twenty years, specifically from 2003 to 2023. The study's results encompassed an extensive review of 25 research papers about the information-seeking behavior shown by educators. This review employed an inductive approach to data analysis. Findings: Teachers demonstrate a preference for selecting information sources that encompass digital, printed, and interpersonal types. Teachers prioritize information sources that are familiar, user-friendly, and have a well-designed interface. Teachers have several barriers when seeking information, which can be attributed to both internal and external constraints. Conclusion: This study draws on studies related to teachers' information behavior published in the last 20 years. Our goal is to comprehensively understand the information sources teachers use, their awareness of these sources of information, and the constraints they encounter when information-seeking.

Penerapan Kegiatan Belajar Dari Rumah (BDR) Di Taman Kanak Kanak Annur Labuange

This study examines Learning From Home (BDR) during the pandemic. The purpose of this study is the application of learning from home (BDR) activities in Annur Labuange Kindergarten, Knowing the supporting factors in implementing learning from home activities (BDR) in kindergarten Annur Labuange, knowing the inhibiting factors in the implementation of learning from home (BDR) activities in Annur Labuange Kindergarten. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research. The sample used in this study collected 12 people. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that the method used by schools to carry out learning is blended learning or combining offline and online learning with several inhibiting and supporting factors. The implementation of learning is starting by preparing lesson plans, implementing bold learning through communication media such as WhatsAPP, Zoom. offline assistance from parents/guardians according to the schedule and assignments that have been made, each student working on the assignments that are distributed every week and the results of the following assignments monitor daily activities carried out every week on assignments and assignments for the following week.

The use of a web-based training system in the professional development of a mathematics teacher

The aim of this study was, by using a web-based training system, to explore the changes in a secondary school mathematics teacher’s knowledge of students, knowledge of teaching and knowledge of content and to determine how he reflected these changes in his teaching. The web-based training system designed and used in this study was created within the scope of a project to support the professional development of mathematics teachers through hypothetical learning trajectories. Designed as an action research project, the research process included the following phases: the teacher prepared the learning trajectory and the lesson plan, implemented the plan, revised the learning trajectory and the plan and progressed cyclically following the feedback about these phases. Data collected through reflection questions, video-recordings of teaching sessions and voice-recordings of the pre- and post-clinical interviews were analysed thematically. Analysis of the feedback given via the web-based training system showed that the teacher’s knowledge of students and his knowledge of teaching mathematics improved and, therefore, the teacher made significant progress in preparing lesson plans, attaching importance to students’ conceptual learning, questioning student thinking and managing class discussions. As a result, it was concluded that the web-based training system effectively contributed to the teacher’s professional development.

Analysis of Problems of Physical Education Teachers in Planning and Implementing Learning at State Senior High Schools in Southwest Aceh Regency

Physical education teachers are faced with challenges in carrying out an effective learning process. This requires teachers to have skills in designing adaptive learning methods. The lesson plan is a document that guides teachers in preparing the learning process. This research aims to determine the ability of physical education teachers to compile lesson plans and implement learning, as well as the problems faced by physical education teachers in the Public High School of Aceh Barat Daya Regency. The approach in this research is qualitative with a descriptive research type. The research subjects were 12 physical education teachers actively serving in the State High School of Southwest Aceh Regency. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that 1) The ability of physical education teachers to prepare lesson plans at Senior High Schools in Aceh Barat Daya Regency has not been able to be implemented by the development of the applicable curriculum. Physical education teachers have not been able to design the objectives and stages of learning activities, as well as follow-up and assessment to determine the quality of the learning process, so it is limited to only one activity that is the same for all students. 2) The implementation of physical education learning at Senior High Schools in Aceh Barat Daya Regency has not been running optimally. Physical education teachers do not carry out systematic assessments. In addition, teachers do not apply cooling that is by the characteristics of the material being taught, and summarize the learning material by involving and guiding students. 3) The problems of physical education teachers in preparing learning plans and implementation at Senior High Schools in Aceh Barat Daya Regency are setting objectives formulating appropriate learning indicators and selecting learning methods to the conditions of facilities and infrastructure. Limitations in computer skills are also a problem for physical education teachers in preparing lesson plans. The availability of inadequate sports facilities makes it difficult to actively involve students in the learning process and to carry out accurate evaluations.

Investigation of Effective Teaching According to Pre-Service Teachers’ Views and Their Teaching Methods

The study examined how prospective teachers defined effective teaching; the methods and techniques used by pre-service teachers during their teaching practicum and their reasons to use; and how these instructional techniques fit specific teaching principles. The participants in this study were 18 university seniors registered in the Elementary Education Department at a state-university. The data were obtained from an Information Form completed by participating pre-service teachers, their prepared lesson plans, video recordings of practicum teaching experiences, and observation notes. Collected data were analysed through descriptive analysis. Findings showed that pre-service teachers often mentioned following a student-centred approach. They emphasized the roles of an effective teacher as using different teaching methods, techniques and materials as well as guiding students, making learners more active and paying attention to students’ individual differences. In terms of students’ roles in effective teaching, they mentioned students should actively participate in class, take responsibility for learning, think critically, and transfer their learning to new situations. It was determined that pre-service teachers had sufficient knowledge in the selection of methods and techniques. Pre-service teachers frequently included the 5E learning cycle model, question-answer and drama methods in their lessons. Suggestions were provided based on research findings.

Upaya Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas IV UPT SD Negeri Percobaan Medan Menggunakan Problem-based Learning pada Materi Luas Permukaan dan Volume Tabung

This study focuses on improving the mathematics learning achievement of fourth-grade students at UPT SD Negeri Percobaan Medan by implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method on the topic of surface area and volume of cylinders. The classroom action research conducted consisted of two cycles, each cycle involving planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The planning stage included the preparation of Lesson Plans (RPP) and teaching aids and evaluation tools by the researcher and teacher. The implementation of the action involved active learning with students playing a role in solving real-world problems. Observations were made to monitor student and teacher activities during the learning process. The reflection stage was used to analyze the results of observations and evaluations to formulate the next cycle. The results of the study showed a significant increase in student understanding and participation. In the first cycle, 57.24% of students achieved the minimum learning completeness criteria, and this percentage increased in the second cycle. In addition, students showed an increase in critical, analytical, and collaborative thinking skills. The implementation of PBL not only improved learning outcomes but also built student motivation and interest in learning mathematics. Based on these findings, the research recommends the widespread implementation of the PBL method as an effort to improve the quality of mathematics learning.

Implementation of Classroom-Based Assessment Feedback Strategies on Enhance Subsequent Lesson Plan Preparation at Secondary Schools in Rombo District, Tanzania

Implementation of Classroom-Based Assessment Feedback Strategies on Enhance Subsequent Lesson Plan Preparation at Secondary Schools in Rombo District, Tanzania

Use of Flashcards Through Umbul Game in Learning Vocabulary: Is It Effective?

Vocabulary is the basic thing needed to learn the foreign language. It is wording that people have to know to communicate well, both in written and spoken structures, especially for young learners. Children's language development depends on their vocabulary, which has an impact on their academic performance. This study aimed to understand why first-grade elementary students struggle with English vocabulary in the curriculum. The primary goal was to determine if using flashcards with the Umbul game improved English vocabulary for first-grade students. The design of the research is Classroom Action Research (CAR). There are four fundamental processes in Classroom Action Research (CAR). Those are planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. In accordance with planning, the researchers prepare teaching kits needed to take action, such as: lesson plans, observation sheet, materials to be used in the classroom action, and evaluation sheet. In terms of acting, researchers implement the plan after preparing lesson plans, materials and evaluations. In this research, the researchers apply flashcards through Umbul games in teaching vocabulary. The researchers also give the post-test. Concerning observing, the researchers observe the process of teaching and learning activity. The researcher also makes result sheet to take note the information that occur during the activity. Regarding reflection, the researchers reflect, evaluate, and describe to improve the condition in the next cycle. The subjects were first-grade students from SD Pangudi Luhur Don Bosko Semarang participated in class I-C research projects. In this study, observation and evaluation sheet were applied as instruments. On the other hand, the information was obtained from observation and evaluation sheets. Information examined throughout the study was quantitative. The data was collected, and then it was examined by the researchers. The findings indicate a significant increase in first-grade students' motivation to learn English vocabulary, from 7% before to 15% after using flashcards. After implementing the flashcards through the Umbul game, the statistics indicated that students were able to acquire vocabulary with ease and were actively engaged in the teaching-learning process in the classroom. With the use of flashcards through Umbul games, students become more engaged in their studies and are more motivated to learn English. The students will have opportunities to improve their English by employing this strategy. Additionally, the English teacher can provide up chances for student participation in class activities by using flashcards as illustrated media. Hopefully, these findings can serve as a reference for future research.

Penerapan Metode CIRC (Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition) dalam Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di SDN 20 Kota Bengkulu

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) method in Islamic Education learning at SDN 20 in Bengkulu City. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with research subjects consisting of 28 sixth-grade students and teachers teaching Islamic Education at SDN 20 in Bengkulu City. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis is conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results indicate that the implementation of the CIRC learning method involves all school authorities, supportive facilities and infrastructure, media selection, modes, strategies, and lesson plan preparation by Islamic Education teachers. With the implementation of this learning model, students are able to understand reading texts and solve issues within the readings. The CIRC learning method is considered effective as it enhances student engagement, makes them enjoy the learning process, and aids in understanding readings without feeling bored. Based on the research findings, it is concluded that the application of the CIRC method is effective in Islamic Education learning at SDN 20 in Bengkulu City. This method enhances students' understanding of Islamic concepts and their ability to apply religious values in daily life. Therefore, it is recommended to continue implementing the CIRC method in Islamic Education teaching to enhance the quality of learning and students' learning outcomes consistently. Keywords: CIRC Method, Islamic Education, Implementation

Analisis Perencanaan Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh pada Mata Pelajaran Fiqih dalam Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran

The purpose of this research is to analyze the form of PJJ funding for fiqh subjects in improving the quality of learning. In the implementation of PJJ there are several challenges and obstacles. Among the challenges faced by teachers, teachers are required to think creatively and innovatively in providing online learning. Parents during online learning are needed by children. Some of the obstacles that often arise include limited internet access, lack of direct interaction between teachers and students, and difficulties in conducting comprehensive learning evaluations. The type of research used is field research. The method used in this research is qualitative research. Data sources were obtained through interviews, documentation, and observation. The results of this study Distance learning planning (PJJ) in fiqh subjects at MTsN 4 Padang Pariaman can be said to be not optimal. This is evidenced by not all Fiqh teachers at MTsN 4 Padang Pariaman have complete learning tools, but all fiqh teachers have lesson plans. Of the two resource persons of fiqh subject teachers at MTsN 4 Padang Pariaman, only one fiqh subject teacher has a complete learning tool, namely Mr. Hafizuddin Hasan in the preparation of lesson plans, it is still not 100% in line with the reality in the field

EFFECTS OF TEACHING PRACTICE PROGRAMME ON PRE-SERVICE TEACHER COMPETENCES DEVELOPMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOL OF RWANDA

The purpose of this research was to evaluate how a teaching practice program influences the development of competences among pre-service teachers in Rwandan primary schools, focusing on lesson preparation and classroom management. The study utilized a descriptive research design to analyze variables, indicators, and measurements. Participants, totaling 154, were selected using simple random sampling for teachers, mentors, tutors, and student-teachers, with purposive sampling for head teachers. Findings indicated significant impacts of teaching practice on pre-service teachers: 72.3% regularly prepared lesson plans, 63.4% tailored lessons to student needs, and 74.7% improved communication skills with young learners. Regarding classroom management, 75.6% reported effective problem-solving skills, and 58.5% improved fairness and behavior management. Limitations of the study included potential sample bias, the short-term focus on immediate outcomes rather than long-term impacts, and the challenge of measuring complex competences comprehensively. Implications of the findings suggested potential improvements in teacher training curricula, informed by the identified impacts of teaching practice on competences. Policy implications included enhancing the quality and effectiveness of teaching practice programs to better prepare pre-service teachers for the diverse challenges of primary school education in Rwanda. Ultimately, the study aimed to contribute to educational reforms that could enhance teaching practices and improve learning outcomes for students in Rwandan primary schools and similar educational contexts globally.

ARKA Model Implementation (Aktivitas, Refleksi, Konseptualisasi, Aplikasi) in Islamic Education Learning: Building 21st Century Competencies

Learning models play a vital role in supporting the achievement of learning objectives as conceptual frameworks that describe systematic procedures and guide designers. This study aims to describe the ARKA Model (Aktivitas, Refleksi, Konseptualisasi, Aplikasi) in PAI learning at SMA Negeri Bandung through learning system theory, including planning, implementation, and evaluation. This research uses a qualitative approach and case study method with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation, which are then analyzed through the reduction stage. This research found three essential things: (1) planning the use of the ARKA model in PAI learning consists of preparing lesson plans, which include objectives, materials, methods, media, and teaching resources. The curriculum used is the 2013 national curriculum. (2) The implementation of PAI learning using the ARKA model consists of four stages adapted to the syntax of this ARKA model: Activity, Reflection, Conceptualization, and Application. These four steps have been included in the core activities. (3) The evaluation of PAI learning using the ARKA model is divided into formative and summative evaluation. The evaluation results of the ARKA learning model in PAI learning positively impact students in improving their ability to think critically, communicate well, collaborate, and be creative.

ENGLISH TEACHERS’ READINESS IN DESIGNING LESSON PLAN BASED ON CURRICULUM MERDEKA AT VOCATIONAL SCHOOL NUMBER 1 JAMBI

This research, conducted by Kharisma Nur Azizah, explores the readiness of English teachers at SMKN 1 Kota Jambi in designing lesson plans based on the "Curriculum Merdeka." The study aims to identify the preparations and challenges faced by teachers in supporting their readiness for the 10th-grade lesson plans under this new curriculum framework. Utilizing a qualitative case study approach, the research collected data through interviews. The findings reveal several key aspects of readiness and challenges for English teachers. Readiness includes cognitive aspects such as the importance of lesson plan design, understanding the independent curriculum, using media resources to support lesson plan creation, and the ability to compile and evaluate lesson plans effectively. Physical readiness (energy and health), psychological readiness (interest and motivation), and the availability of supporting facilities and infrastructure are also critical components. The study found that the curriculum is both flexible and complex. Teachers utilize various media sources like ESP, TOEIC, the Merdeka teaching platform, and YouTube to prepare lesson plans based on major department profiles and determine competency (CP), topic (TP), and lesson activity plans (ATP). Physical readiness in designing lesson plans requires an intensive two-week period, while psychological readiness helps increase knowledge and update teaching experiences to meet student needs effectively.Challenges include time management and aligning lesson plans with diagnostic assessments of student characteristics to ensure they meet the standards of the Curriculum Merdeka.

Application of Discovery Learning with Flashcard Media to Increase Active Mathematics Learning Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Students

This research aims to evaluate the mathematics learning process with a discovery learning model using flashcard media for class IV students at MI Al-Ma'arif 02 Jombang-Jember and identify their weaknesses and strengths. The approach used is descriptive qualitative with purposive techniques for determining subjects. Data was collected through passive participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using Miles and Huberman's interactive analysis model and tested for validity through triangulation of sources and techniques. The research results show that teachers prepare lesson plans, syllabi, media, and learning resources in planning learning. Implementing learning includes opening, core (with discovery learning syntax), and closing. Learning evaluation is carried out by assessing knowledge, attitudes, and skills. The advantages are that students become more active and enthusiastic, the material is easier for the teacher to convey, and it is easier for students to understand the material and work on questions. However, some students were less enthusiastic and needed help understanding the material, so they needed help answering the questions.

Implementasi Pembelajaran PAI pada Sekolah Inklusi di Sekolah Inklusi SDN Mentikan 1 Mojokerto

Inclusive schools play a crucial role in accepting all students, including those with special needs (ABK). However, not all inclusive schools successfully implement this concept effectively. This research focuses on SDN Mentikan 1 Mojokerto as an example of an inclusive school, where ABK and regular students learn together with adapted teaching. Specifically, the study explores the planning, implementation, and evaluation of Islamic Education (PAI) learning in the 4th grade. Qualitative methods and a case study approach were utilized, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings indicate that PAI teachers use the same curriculum for both regular and ABK students, implementing full inclusion, clustering, and pull-out models in ABK learning services. The PAI learning process in the 4th grade involves joint participation of ABK and regular students, in accordance with the prepared lesson plans. The evaluation of PAI learning encompasses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects of ABK, using methods such as exams, daily assessments, projects/products, and other evaluations. Remedial actions are taken as needed during the evaluation. This research provides an overview of inclusive PAI at SDN Mentikan 1, highlighting challenges and potential improvements to support the optimal development of all students, especially ABK, in the context of inclusive schooling. The study aims to understand the supporting factors and obstacles in implementing PAI learning in inclusive schools.

Leadership of Madrasah Heads in Improving the Quality of Educational Institutions (Case Study at MAN 2 Malang City)

Determine and analyze the leadership of madrasa heads in improving the quality of educational institutions in MAN 2 Malang City. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a phenomenological research type. Data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis by condensing data, presenting data and drawing conclusions/verification. The results of the research: 1) the head of the madrasah in mobilizing to improve the quality of educational institutions in MAN 2 Malang City was carried out by; participate in preparing lesson plans, select teachers who are competent in guiding students in self-development, provide motivation to subordinates, form team work (cooperation), coordinate task activities for participating in training, the head of the madrasah also holds meetings with subordinates, and provide motivation to subordinates by setting a good example. 2) The leadership of the madrasa head in directing improving the quality of educational institutions in MAN 2 Malang City is carried out by; the head of the madrasah motivates teachers to be more creative, and coordinates the results of their work, the head of the madrasah always evaluates teacher activities, and holds official meetings with subordinates, by providing motivation to teachers during official meetings, the head of the madrasah gives a task for teachers to take part in training, the head of the madrasah gives the teacher the task of making lesson plans, the head of the madrasah also sets a good example for his subordinates to be an example of hard work for his subordinates. 3) The leadership of the madrasah head in influencing the improvement of the quality of educational institutions in MAN 2 Malang City is carried out by the madrasah head giving awards to teachers who excel in guiding students, the madrasah head providing role models and providing attention, providing welfare, setting a good example well, providing motivation to subordinates, the head of the madrasah supports and gives appreciation to the achievements of his subordinates.

Students' Perception of Peer-teaching Method in Training Teaching Skills of Prospective Elementary School Teachers

This study explores students' responses to how the peer teaching method in microteaching lectures can provide teaching skills to become elementary school teachers. The research applied a quantitative descriptive method by analyzing questionnaire instruments distributed to 35 elementary school teacher education students who took microteaching courses in the fourth semester. Data collection used a closed-ended questionnaire instrument and focus group discussions to identify teaching skills that are still needed by students to be trained through peer teaching. The results of the data analysis showed that the average student perception of peer-teaching reached an average of > 4 (figure 1) out of 12 questionnaire questions. This figure indicates a good category. The results of the focus group discussion obtained data that what still needs to be trained through peer teaching is adjusting learning strategies to the learning material and the background of students and eliminating the fear of making mistakes that make them insecure in front of their peers. Based on the results of data analysis, it is concluded that students' perceptions are good about peer teaching and can help them equip teaching skills as prospective elementary school teachers. However, it is still necessary to add skill training through peer teaching about adjusting learning strategies to the material being taught and eliminating self-confidence. From the findings of this study, it is suggested that to prepare the competence of elementary school teachers through micro-teaching courses, the peer teaching method needs to be maintained but it needs to be added to the content of skills that are still needed by students, namely preparing lesson plans.