Lesser Zab River Research Articles

Evaluation of Fluoride Contents of Kirkuk City's Drinking Water and Its Source: Lesser Zab River and Its Effect on Human Health

Evaluation of Fluoride Contents of Kirkuk City's Drinking Water and Its Source: Lesser Zab River and Its Effect on Human Health

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY USING WATER QUALITY INDEXIN, AL-HAWIJA AREA, NORTHERN IRAQ

The quality of groundwater in the Al-Hawija area was assessed using a water quality index. Data of nine physico-chemical parameters of 28 groundwater wells were used to calculate the water quality index (WQI). A heterogeneous water quality was reported, where in close proximity to the Lesser Zab River (LZR), it has low WQI values and permissible for human consumptions due to the dilution processes by fresh water; whereas, it becomes deteriorated in areas located far away the river. The values of WQI ranges from 22 to 336, indicating a good to very poor groundwater quality.

Dukan Dam Reservoir Bed Sediment, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

The Dukan Dam Reservoir (DDR) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq has been studied to determine the characteristics and nature of the reservoir and the deposited sediments on its bottom surface. This study was achieved by doing a field survey and grain size analyses of the collected sediment samples at 32 locations representing the whole reservoir area that had been created when the Lesser Zab River was dammed in 1959. The Dukan Dam, which is a multi-purpose concrete arch dam, was built on the Lesser Zab River for controlling its flood during high rainfall seasons, irrigation and power generation. The catchment area is 11,690 km2. The surface area of the reservoir is 270 square kilometers and the volume is 6.870 × 106 m3 at normal operation level (El. 511.00 m. a.s.l.). The minimum drawdown level is at elevation 469 m above sea level (a.s.l.). The live storage is 6.14 × 106 m3 while the remainder is dead storage. The reservoir has a surface area that reaches 270 square kilometers and is composed of two sub-reservoirs connected by a narrow channel that has a length of 5 kilometers. The relatively bigger reservoir is located in the north and has a triangular shape with a surface area approximately 250 square kilometers. The smaller sub-reservoir is located down south where the dam exists and it has irregular rectangular shape. Thirty-two sediment samples were collected from the bottom of Dukan reservoir. The bed of the reservoir is mainly composed of 15% gravel, 14% sand, 48% silt and 23% clay respectively. Most of the sediments are very fine grained, very poorly sorted, strongly coarse skewed and mesokurtic.

Assessment Timing Criterions of Spring Streamflow Hydrograph for Lesser Zab River

The timing criterions represented by the time center of mass flow (CT), spring pulse onset (S.P.O) and time of flood peak discharge (TP) of rivers are considered good indicators for the climate change occurs on their watershed areas. Spring snowmelt is a main water resources for large number of rivers in the world such as lesser Zab river in Iraq. An analysis for the daily discharge of lesser Zab measured at Dokan station and for climatic data such as temperature and rainfall measured at Alsulaymania meteorological station is carried out for spring and winter seasons of the 50 water years (1960-2009) after dividing this study period into two equal consecutive eons.The results indicate an early advance for the average values of these above criterions in the second eon by 5 , 5 and 15 days respectively in-comparison with the first eon as a result of early snowmelt feeding the river due to increasing temperature in the second eon (1.33)°c and decreasing rainfall (16) mm. The earlyadvance in the timing criterions of the flow hydrograph occur from snowmelt may effect on the storage efficiency and operation of reservoirslocated on the river and require taking these hydrological changes intoconsiderationinthewaterresourcesprojects.

Age Estimation of Qash Qooly Valley in Dokan Vicinity, North Iraq Using Exposure Age Determination Method

Qash Qooly valley runs parallel to Pera Magroon, Sara and Surdash anticlines, almost in SE-NW trend, and merges with the Lesser Zab River 9 km southeast to Dokan town. Before its development, it was a large basin with width ranges between 2~3 km, which was filled during Pleistocene or may be Late Pliocene by different types of sediments. The presence of the calcrete on the top indicates a wet period that has lasted for a long time as indicated from the thickness of the calcrete and alluvial fan sediments. The age of Qash Qooly valley was estimated using the exposure age determination method. The type of the sediments, their thicknesses, and erosion intensity and sediments' dens dissection by rills were the main features used. This study concluded that the age of the basin is Pliocene—Late Pleistocene, whereas the valley started to be developed during uppermost Late Pleistocene and is still active in shifting its course.

Geomorphology of the Piramagroon–Kanikhan Valley, Sulaimani Governorate, Kurdistan Region, North Iraq

Piramagroon-Kani Khan (PK) valley runs parallel to Pira Magrun and Surdash anticlines almost in NW- SE trend and merges with the Lesser Zab River 9 kms southeast of Dokan town. The valley runs within the soft rocks of Shiranish, Tanjero and Kolosh formations. The valley bottom is gently sloping plain which divided longitudinally by Charmaga stream into two asymmetrical parts (northeast and southwest parts). The northeast part is wider than the other one mostly covered by Recent and Pleistocene coarse alluvium with a thickness of 1-20meters. The southwestern part is relatively narrow and mainly covered by slide debris and dislocated blocks of Sinjar Formation. Northern eastern side is formed by differential erosion and its slope is the dip slope since it nearly coincides with the dip of the strata of the Kometan and Qamchuqa Formations. The southwestern side is scarp slope which has lesser elevation and formed mainly by sliding processes and manly covered by slide debris. The surface of this part has hilly and hummocky topography. The alluviums are belonging to debris flow and river bed deposits. According to age of deposition, the alluvium is grouped in two types which are Holocene (Recent) and Pleistocene types. The first type has mainly caliber of gravels and sand which deposited on the valley bottom plains and suitable for cultivating. The second type has coarser grain sizes which consist of a mixture of blocks, boulder and graves. This type exists either on the hills or it form as isolated plateaus that about 30 high from the surrounding. Now, only as a small or large pachy remnant on the top of ridges and hills or exist as small plateaus which are transformed these elevated lands due to inversion of topography by erosion and weathering.

Lowflowmodeling for Greater Zab and Lesser Zab riversin Northern Iraq

This research analyzes the minimum daily flows of each month for 52 years from Eskikalak and Dokan gauge stations onGreaterZabriverand Lesser Zab river respectivelyto predict their lowflowsusingtwo Stochastic Models;(ARIMA)model (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) and (Thomas-Fiering)model.A comparison is conducted for the results of both methodsutilizing theMean Average Error(MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)ofpredicteddatafrom bothmodelsto verify theirperformanceandreliability. The results showed that the ARIMA model has given more appropriate forecasts and harmonic direction comparing to the same historical time series than those given by (Thomas-Fiering)model. Minitab version 14package is utilizedto assess the statistical side of the research. Key word: Lowflow, GreaterZab, Lesser Zab, ARIMA, Thomas-Fiering

Spatial groups, occurrence, relative abundance and ecological indices of fish species from Lesser Zab river, Kurdistan region, Iraq

Spatial groups, occurrence, relative abundance and ecological indices of fish species from Lesser Zab river, Kurdistan region, Iraq

A Computer Model to Predicating a Recession Curve Discharges for the Inflow Hydrograph to Dokan and Derbendikan Lakes

The aim of this research is invention probabilistic approach to analyze the recession curve for mean monthly inflows to lakes of Dokan dam at Lesser Zab river and Derbendikan dam at the Diyalah river by dividing the recession curve to many class interval and finding the mathematical equations which controls each class interval by using finite mathematics, and using Markov chain to calculated the transition probability matrix for the classes intervals. A computer program in Visual basic language with visual application interface in Excel software which be developed to generate recession curve. The results indicated that recession curve consist of five class intervals and each class interval have a power regression equation, the statistical analysis indicated a good confidence to use a computer program to generate the recession curve because that average of relative percentage error wasn’t greater than 8 % for Dokan dam and 9% for Derbendikan dam.

The Limnological Effects of River Lesser-Zab on Tigris River, Iraq

The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which their values influenced in Tigris river. The concentration of plant nutrients (NO2,NO3,PO4 and SiO2) were fluctuated during the study period in Lesser-Zab and their effects were cleared on Tigris river.N:P ratio values were indicated the deficiency of nitrogen in both rivers.

The Limnological Effects of River Lesser-Zab on Tigris River, Iraq

The present study included the physico-chemical parameters of Lesser-Zab river and its effects on Tigris river. Monthly water samples were taken from the two rivers during January to October 1999.There were no signifcant difference in water temperatures. Both rivers were fresh to oligohalin, alkaline and very hard. Close values were determined in total suspended solids in both rivers with little increasing during rainfall period and high discharge. Water was well areated and over saturation was recorded in several occasions. Dissolved oxygen values of Tigris river were influenced by Lesser-Zab. Cations were more dominant than anions in both rivers. In Lesser-Zab, the anions were increased during spring season and declined in summer which their values influenced in Tigris river. The concentration of plant nutrients (NO2,NO3,PO4 and SiO2) were fluctuated during the study period in Lesser-Zab and their effects were cleared on Tigris river.N:P ratio values were indicated the deficiency of nitrogen in both rivers.

Variations in heavy minerals as Indicaters provenance of the recent sediments from the Lesser Zab River, north Iraq

This research includes a detailed study of the variation of heavy minerals in the recent sediment of the Lesser Zab River. The studied sediments contain four main mineral groups(iron oxides , chromite ,epidotes ,amphiboles and pyroxenes)that make the main heavy mineral assemblages of the Lesser Zab sediments. Furthermore , few amounts of garnet and flaky minerals are recorded. Heavy minerals have been identified and estimated using both polarizing and binocular microscopes. The results suggest that there is significant difference in the mineralogical and lithological contents before and after the Dokan Dam .The sediments generally are classified as lithic arenites that composed principally of rock fragments followed in amounts by quartz ,feldspars and heavy minerals.