Lesions Of Cervix Research Articles

Epidemiologic and Diagnostic Pattern of Thyroid Gland Cancer Patients in Douala and Yaounde: A Cross Sectional Study

Flexible endoscopy was used in examination cervix lesion the first was studied by Nishiyama et al was reported the used of endoscopy for diagnosing cervical neoplasms. The second study of K Uchita et al.

Epidemiologic and Diagnostic Pattern of Thyroid Gland Cancer Patients in Douala and Yaounde: A Cross Sectional Study

Flexible endoscopy was used in examination cervix lesion the first was studied by Nishiyama et al was reported the used of endoscopy for diagnosing cervical neoplasms. The second study of K Uchita et al.

Study to determine efficacy of urinary HPV 16 & HPV 18 detection in predicting premalignant and malignant lesions of uterine cervix.

To evaluate clinical performance and diagnostic accuracy of urinary HPV for non-invasive screening of high-grade precancerous and cancerous cervical lesions in a visual inspection under acetic acid (VIA) -positive cohort. The study included 180 women aged 35-65 years, who were VIA positive in a colposcopy clinic. All participants had the initial stream of a random urine sample tested for the presence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) types 16 and 18 and acetowhite lesions were biopsied per protocol. Concordance analysis was conducted to assess agreement between detection of hrHPV in urine and the presence of premalignant and malignant lesions in cervix on histopathology. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were estimated to evaluate the performance of urinary HPV against histopathology (reference standard). Substantial agreement between urinary HPV detection and histopathology was found (Cohen's κ is 0.696, P≤ 0.001), with an agreement in 88.9% of the cases and disagreement in 11.1%. The diagnostic performance of urinary HPV in predicting the presence of a high-grade precancerous or cancerous lesion was as follows: sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%, positive predictive value 89%, and negative predictive value 88.8%. HPV DNA detection from urine has good concordance with the histopathology for detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions of the cervix. Further studies on optimization of urine sampling and processing techniques are warranted.

Convolutional neural network-based classification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasias using colposcopic image segmentation for acetowhite epithelium

Colposcopy is a test performed to detect precancerous lesions of cervical cancer. Since cervical cancer progresses slowly, finding and treating precancerous lesions helps prevent cervical cancer. In particular, it is clinically important to detect high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) that require surgical treatment among precancerous lesions of cervix. There have been several studies using convolutional neural network (CNN) for classifying colposcopic images. However, no studies have been reported on using the segmentation technique to detect HSIL. In present study, we aimed to examine whether the accuracy of a CNN model in detecting HSIL from colposcopic images can be improved when segmentation information for acetowhite epithelium is added. Without segmentation information, ResNet-18, 50, and 101 achieved classification accuracies of 70.2%, 66.2%, and 69.3%, respectively. The experts classified the same test set with accuracies of 74.6% and 73.0%. After adding segmentation information of acetowhite epithelium to the original images, the classification accuracies of ResNet-18, 50, and 101 improved to 74.8%, 76.3%, and 74.8%, respectively. We demonstrated that the HSIL detection accuracy improved by adding segmentation information to the CNN model, and the improvement in accuracy was consistent across different ResNets.

The immunohistochemical biomarker B-cell lymphoma-2 expression in malignant and premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix and its association with human papillomavirus infection.

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women. It results due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the preinvasive condition of cervical cancer. Various objective immunohistochemical (IHC) markers have been studied for cervical cancer. This study is aimed at studying the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) IHC marker among preinvasive and invasive lesions of cervical cancer and its association with HPV infection. This prospective study was conducted over a period of 1 year in a tertiary care hospital in central India, included 73 women suffering from CIN and cancer cervix. The expression of Bcl-2 and the presence of HPV genotypes were studied. Out of 73 patients, 34 had cancer cervix, out of which 15 (44%) had Bcl-2 positivity, 24 had CIN 1, out of which 13 (54%) had Bcl-2 positivity, 10 had CIN 2, out of which 4 (40%) had Bcl-2 positivity and 5 had CIN 3, out of which 3 (60%) had Bcl-2 positivity. No significant difference was found in Bcl-2 positivity among CIN-1, CIN-2, CIN-3, and cancer cervix cases with a Chi-square value of 1.116 and P = 0.77. HPV positivity was found in 41 (56%) out of 73 patients where HPV 16 subtype was the most common (31.5%), followed by HPV 18 (13.7%). No significant association between HPV positivity and Bcl-2 positivity was found with P = 0.34. Bcl-2 IHC seems to have variable expression among CIN cases. Although its expression is low among invasive cancer cases when compared with preinvasive lesions, the difference is not significant. Similarly, no significant association was found between Bcl-2 expression and HPV infections.

Post-Operative Complications of Hyperthyroidism Surgery: A Study of 42 Cases Operated in Yaoundé and Douala

Flexible endoscopy was used in examination cervix lesion the first was studied by Nishiyama et al was reported the used of endoscopy for diagnosing cervical neoplasms. The second study of K Uchita et al.

Colposcopic Findings for Detecting Pre-invasive Lesion of Cervix Among Visually Inspected Acetic Acid Positive Cases

Background: Cervical cancer-a preventable disease, is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among women of developing countries. Paps smear is the gold standard screening method worldwide. But a low-cost test, visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid (VIA) has been emerged as an alternative for use in lowresource settings. VIA is simple and easy to perform by auxiliary health professionals. Colposcopy is an essential procedure in the evaluation of screen positive cervix though it requires considerable training and experience. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the VIA positive cases by colposcopy, colposcopy guided biopsy and histopathological examination. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study conducted among 100 VIA positive cases attended at GOPD of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2014 to December 2014. Colposcopy was performed in all VIA positive cases. Subsequent biopsy and histopathological examinations were done for those with colposcopic abnormal findings. Results: The mean age of the study population was 37.9±9.3 years. Among VIA positive cases 66.0% had complaints of whitish vaginal discharge. Among the study population, colposcopically 46.0% had healthy cervix (normal) and 54.0% had abnormal findings. Colposcopy guided biopsy was taken from those with abnormal findings. Histopathological findings were normal in 38.9% cases, chronic cervicitis in 20.37% cases, squamous cell metaplasia in 3.7% cases, CIN I in 16.7%, CIN II in11.11%, CIN III in 5.6% and 3.7% cases were carcinoma cervix. True positive value was 20, false positive value 34 and positive predictive value of colposcopy was 37.03%. Conclusion: This study concluded that VIA is effective in detection of CIN and invasive carcinoma of cervix. It also suggests the role of colposcopy in the evaluation of CIN and other cervical diseases in screen positive cases. VIA can be used as a screening tool in low and middle income countries like Bangladesh, not only in rural areas and small health centres, but also in hospitals, cancer institutes, and other health facilities with better resources. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2022; 48(1): 27-32

Histopathological study of malignant lesion of Cervix in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal

Background and objectives: Like in other developing countries, cancer of cervix is one of the leading malignancies in women in Nepal. In Nepal cervical pap-smear screening is not done my most of due to lack of awareness. The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of abnormal cervical epithelial lesions.
 Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study of 140 hysterectomy specimen reported from the Department of Pathology, Birat Medical College in Biratnagar. All tissue blocks of cervical tissues were retrieved, stained by Haematoxyline and Eosin (H & E) stain and re-examined. All the case was reviewed by consultant pathologist of Birat medical college.
 Results: In the present study out of 140 cases 08 ie. 5.71% have cervical epithelial neoplasia I. 1.42% cases is of CINII, 0.71 is of CINIII and 2.85% is squamous cell carcinoma.
 Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that 10.69% of the examined cases were abnormal. The squamous cell carcinoma is leading cancer in our study ie. 2.85%. In developing countries if patient is detected with abnormal pap smears then hysterectomy is indicated.

Comparative study of liquid based cytology and visual inspection with acetic acid as screening method of premalignant lesions of cervix

The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of premalignant lesions of cervix and to compare the diagnostic efficacy of liquid based Cytology and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid in predicting pre- malignant lesions of cervix. It was a facility based cross sectional study conducted on sexually active women in the age group of 18 to 60 years. Detailed history was obtained from all the patients followed by thorough examination. Per Speculum Examination, LBC and VIA was performed in all cases using standard procedure. Women with either positive VIA or with positive Cervical Cytology (LBC) or both positive, were subjected to cervical biopsy. A total of 2195 women were enrolled for LBC and VIA both. Liquid based cytology revealed premalignant lesions in 4.2% cases whereas VIA was positive in 7% cases. Histopathology revealed CIN 1, 2 and 3 in 22.5%, 11.1% and 4.1% cases respectively. Sensitivity of VIA was 76% and that of LBC was 55% whereas specificity of LBC was higher (70.88%) as compared to VIA (46.5%). VIA is more sensitive than the LBC for the detection of pre malignant lesions of the cervix.

Role of HER2/neu expression in premalignant and malignant lesions of uterine cervix

Many research studies on various biomarkers were done, in analysing the prognosis and in evaluation of therapeutic target strategies which improves the survival rate in carcinoma of cervix. Of these, one of the important biomarker is HER-2/neu. To correlate histomorphology of cervical lesions, various clinicopathological parameters with HER-2/neu. The present study conducted during the period from June 2017 to May 2019 in department of Pathology, Madurai Medical College, Madurai. 200 cases were selected for study. Among those, 50 cases were selected for immunohistochemical studies with HER 2. Out of 50 cases included, higher HER 2 positivity was observed in HSIL as compared to LSIL. In malignant lesions, positive immunostaining was observed in 71.05% cases. Positivity was seen in 70% of cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 75% of cases of adenocarcinoma cases. Progression of clinical spectrum of the lesion is associated with overexpression if HER 2, suggesting HER 2 can be considered as one of poor prognostic factor. Malignant lesions expressed greater positivity than premalignant lesions. Also, overexpression of HER 2 is associated with progressing grade and advanced stage of cervical carcinoma.

Cytomorphological study of cervical Pap smear based on the Bethesda system 2014

: The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear used worldwide for cervical screening was developed by Dr George Papanicolaou in 1940s. The Pap smear is a simple, safe and effective test to detect cervical cancer at an early stage.: To study the spectrum of lesions in cervical Pap smear based on The Bethesda System(TBS) 2014 and to determine frequency of premalignant and malignant lesions.: The present prospective study included 200 cases above 20 years of age. The cytological interpretation of smears were made according to TBS 2014. When there was difficulty in differentiating HSIL from other lesions p16 immunostaining was done and evaluated according to the criteria proposed by Wentzensen et al. : Chi – square test was used to see the association between different attributes. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. P value <0.05 was considered significant.: The most common lesion was NILM with 175 cases (87.5%) followed by 7(3.5%) SCC, 4(2%) HSIL, 2(1%) cases each of ASCUS, AGC-NOS, LSIL and 1(0.5%) case of ASC-H. Among 200, 7(3.5%) cases were unsatisfactory for evaluation. The subjects were not uniformly distributed (P <0.001). The p16 marker was used in 6(3%) doubtful cases of HSIL among which 2(33.33%) cases were positive. Cervical Pap smear is a useful technique to detect the inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of cervix which helps the clinician to plan further management.

SOX2 expression in the pathogenesis of premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix: its histo-topographical distribution distinguishes between low- and high-grade CIN

SOX2 expression in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN3) and cervical squamous cell carcinoma is increased compared to that in the normal cervical epithelium. However, data on the expression and histological distribution of SOX2 in squamous epithelium during progression of CIN are largely lacking. We studied SOX2 expression throughout the epithelium in 53 cases of CIN1, 2, and 3. In general, SOX2 expression increased and expanded from basal/parabasal to the intermediate/superficial compartment during early stages of progression of CIN. An unexpected, specific expression pattern was found in areas classified as CIN2 and CIN3. This pattern was characterized by the absence or low expression of SOX2 in the basal/parabasal compartment and variable levels in the intermediate and superficial compartments. It was significantly associated with CIN3 (p = 0.009), not found in CIN1 and only seen in part of the CIN2 lesions. When the different patterns were correlated with the genetic make-up and presence of HPV, the CIN3-related pattern contained HPV-positive cells in the basal/parabasal cell compartment that were disomic. This is in contrast to the areas exhibiting the CIN1 and CIN2 related patterns, which frequently exhibited aneusomic cells. Based on their SOX2 localisation pattern, CIN1 and CIN2 could be delineated from CIN3. These data shed new light on the pathogenesis and dynamics of progression in premalignant cervical lesions, as well as on the target cells in the epithelium for HPV infection.

Elevated expression of protein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 (PCMT1) in cervical cancer.

BackgroundProtein-L-isoaspartate O-methyltransferase-1 (PCMT1) is a protein carboxyl methyltransferase enzyme, which has been found to play roles in cancers. However, no clinical information about the correlation between cervical cancer and PCMT1 expression has been reported.MethodsWe used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to characterize the protein level of PCMT1 in human cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer specimens. The mRNA expression profile of PCMT1 in cervical cancer was also analyzed by using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The prognostic value of PCMT1 in patients with cervical cancer was evaluated by using the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cervical cancer dataset.ResultsThe protein level of PCMT1 was increased in cervical high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (7.40±0.42) and cervical cancer tissues (10.70±0.54), compared to normal cervix (5.00±0.86) and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (6.22±0.57) (P<0.05). the immunoreactivity score (IRS) of PCMT1 was also higher in cervical cancer tissues than in paired adjacent non-cancerous cervical tissues (9.03±0.52 vs. 6.32±0.46) (P<0.05). High expression of PCMT1 was associated with decreased overall survival (OS) of patients with cervical cancer (P=0.0022). GSEA demonstrated that cervical cancer patients with high expression of PCMT1 were enriched in the various cancer-related signaling pathways.ConclusionsThese results suggest that PCMT1 might be a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for cervical cancer, and further validation studies should be performed.

Retraction: Clinical Impact of De-Regulated Notch-1 and Notch-3 in the Development and Progression of HPV-Associated Different Histological Subtypes of Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of Human Uterine Cervix.

Retraction: Clinical Impact of De-Regulated Notch-1 and Notch-3 in the Development and Progression of HPV-Associated Different Histological Subtypes of Precancerous and Cancerous Lesions of Human Uterine Cervix.

The microbiome and endometriosis

The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the human microbiome in association with endometriosis. PubMed/Medline, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched for literature published from 1986 to August 2021. All human studies that assessed the microbiome using 16S rRNA sequencing or shotgun sequencing in women with endometriosis were included. Two reviewers independently abstracted data from the selected articles into tables. To assess the quality of included studies, the National Institutes of Health Study Quality Assessment Tools were utilized. This review included 12 case–control studies. Included studies compared the microbiome from various anatomical sources (fecal, vaginal, cervical, peritoneal, endometrial, and intra-lesional) between patients with endometriosis and a heterogeneous set of control patients. Study quality ranged from poor to good, with 8 of 12 studies rated fair. Multiple studies reported a different distribution of bacteria among women with endometriosis across anatomical sites, but the results were highly heterogeneous. Pseudomonas was overrepresented in peritoneal fluid among women with endometriosis across multiple studies but was also observed to be increased in vaginal, endometrial, and intra-lesional samples. Among bacteria noted across different anatomical samples, Gardnerella was found to be increased in cervical but decreased in endometrial, fecal, and vaginal samples of patients with endometriosis, while Atopium was found to be decreased in vaginal and cervical samples from patients with endometriosis. Sphingobium was found to be increased in vagina, endometrium, and peritoneal fluid from patients with endometriosis. Streptococcus was found to be increased in peritoneal, endometrial, and cervical samples from women with endometriosis. Microbiomal comparisons stratified by endometriosis stage or site of endometriosis involvement were limited and highly heterogeneous.Lay summaryThe microbiome, a group of bacteria found in a particular place in the body, has been shown to vary when patients have some diseases, such as cancer or inflammatory bowel disease. Less is known about the microbiome in patients with endometriosis. This review looked at existing studies comparing the bacteria found in patients with endometriosis and others without. Twelve studies were found that assessed the bacteria from swabs collected from different places, including the vagina, cervix, endometrium, peritoneum, feces, and endometriosis lesions themselves. Most of the studies found higher or lower levels of specific bacteria at each of these places, but the findings were often inconsistent. The findings were probably limited by the small numbers of patients involved and variations in the groups studied. More research is needed to find out which bacteria are over- and underrepresented in patients with endometriosis and where they are found.

Distribution of cd1a dendritic cell density in benign and malignant lesions of human cervix – An immunohistochemical study

Dendritic cells, the potent antigen presenting cells, originate from the bone marrow cells and are mostly seen in the lymphoid organs of the human body. Their main purpose is to induct T-helper immune responses whenever they come across an antigenic stimulus. The presence of dendritic cells in the human cervix evoked interest in many researchers to assess their locations, distribution in cervix and to analyze their actual contribution to host immune system. In our present study, we have analyzed the actual distribution of CD1a positive dendritic cells in the benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of the human cervix. This prospective analysis was done on cervical tissue taken from hysterectomy specimens or from cervical punch biopsies. A total of 30 specimens were included in the study. The number and distribution of the dendritic cells in each of the specimens per high power field was calculated. Bleeding per vaginum was the most common presentation. Chronic non-specific cervicitis constituted the most common histological variety. The mean age at presentation was 44.7 years. The mean dendritic cells per high power field in the benign (including pre-malignant) and the malignant tissues were 9.3 and 5.8 cells respectively (p+0.0001). An overall increase in the number and distribution of dendritic cells were found in benign than in malignant tissues.

Cervical Pap smear: A retrospective study on symptomatic women in a tertiary care hospital.

Background: Cancer of the cervix is an increasing health problem and an important cause of mortality in womenworldwide. Cervical cancer ranks 2nd most common visceral cancer in females and stands 3rd in causing death in women inthe world. Pap smear is used as primary screening test for detection of early cervical epithelial changes, cervical epithelialneoplasia and early stage of invasive cervical cancer. Recommendations for Pap smear generally starts around 21 years ofage or within 3 years of onset of sexual activity and thereafter every 3 yearsMethods: This retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients to evaluate all previously reported cervical smearsin the Department of Pathology GMC Kathua, who came with different gynaecological complaints in GynaecologicalOPD at GMC Kathua, J&amp;K.Smears were obtained with the help of Ayre’s spatula and cytobrush to collect specimen fromtransformation zone. The cellular material is quickly spread on 2 clean glass slides and fixed immediately by immersingthem in copulin jar containing 95% ethyl alcohol. The smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain. After mounting theslides with DPX and examined under light microscope , they are reported by pathologists according to Revised BethesdaSystem.Conclusion: Pap smear test is a simple, inexpensive, non -invasive and an OPD performed to detect various premalignantand malignant lesions of cervix. By conducting health camps, increasing awareness programmes and performing Papsmears, the incidence of cervical cancer can be greatly reduced.

Atypical glandular cells (AGC): Cytology of glandular lesions of the uterine cervix.

The Pap smear is a well-known screening tool for squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. However, its screening role in glandular lesions is less effective. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix has dramatically decreased with the advent of Pap smear and recent understanding related to HPV carcinogenesis of cervical cancers including the advent of HPV vaccines. However, in recent years, the incidence of glandular abnormalities, diagnosed on Pap smears, has increased with greater sensitivity and precision.The incidence of atypical glandular cells (AGC) is approximately 0.18–0.74% of all cervical smears with a reported prevalence of 2.5% among all Pap smears. A high degree of suspicion, good clinical history, and the presence of diagnostic cytomorphological findings are essential for the proper interpretation of glandular cell abnormalities. A methodical approach to evaluate Pap smear greatly helps interpretation and avoids the diagnostic pitfalls. The Bethesda System for reporting cervical cytology has categorized glandular cell abnormalities into various categories as follows: Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS)Atypical glandular cells (AGCs) Endocervical cells: a1 NOS or specify in comments; a2 Favor neoplasticEndometrial cells: NOS or specify in comments Adenocarcinoma (AdCa) EndocervicalEndometrialExtrauterineNOS Subtle differences in quantitative and qualitative cytologic features are essential for distinguishing one category from another. In this chapter, we highlight an organized approach for the interpretation of glandular abnormalities in Pap smear for our readers. This is an overview of the Bethesda categories, the reason for classification, and differential diagnosis with key characteristic features. An approach to the methodical evaluation of hyperchromatic crowded groups is discussed with key cytomorphologic differences. An algorithmic approach is suggested to facilitate the interpretation of various AGC categories.

Precancerous Lesions of Cervix in The Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Brazzaville)

Objective: To determine the prevalence of precancerous lesions in the Lekoumou and Niari departments. Patients and Methods: this was a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2020 in the department of of lekoumou, The analyzes were made in the Laboratory of Medical and Morphological Analysis of the General Hospital of Loandjili. Our study involved a population of 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. All of these women voluntarily benefited from a cervico-uterine sample. The cytological study was based on the international classification of BETHESDA 2001, taking into account the quality of the sample and the cell morphology. The variables studied were: age, marital status, level of education, cytology. Bivariate analyze was done between age and cytology. All the results of this study were statistically analyzed from the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test using Epi-InfoTM software version 7.1.1.14, USA (http:// www.epiinfo.com). Results: The mean age of the patients was 34.6 ± 11.9 with extremes ranging from 16 to 73 years. The most represented age groups were 20-29 years old (31%) and 30-39 years old (29%). Our study population was predominantly college, accounting for 53% of cases. The proportion of uneducated women represented 11% of our study population. Almost 3⁄4 of our study population were married women (74%). Singles represented only 22% of the study population. More than half of our study population, 58%, had normal cytology. Benign and reactive cell changes were diagnosed in 20% of cases. Low-grade and high-grade precancerous lesions were observed in 8% and 12% of cases, respectively. High-grade intraepithelial lesions were more represented in patients aged between 27 and 36 years 50%, high-grade lesions represented in 47% of cases. there were no statistically significant result between age and cytology. Conclusion: prevalence of precancerous lesions is relatively high It is well known that intraepithelial neoplasia precedes invasive carcinoma after a period of about 10 years. knowledge of these precancerous lesions is necessary for optimal prevention of cervical cancer.

Efficacy of Visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and PAP smear as a screening method for diagnosis of premalignant lesions of cervix in high-risk patient

Background: Carcinoma Cervix is one of the common malignant pathology causing considerable morbidity and mortality in women. One of the important aspects of management of carcinoma cervix is its early detection and appropriate management since delay in the diagnosis can have catastrophic consequences. Unfortunately in developing countries in many cases, diagnosis is delayed due to non-availability of facilities at rural areas. To overcome this screening methods such as Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) and PAP smear can be done in high-risk patients and in selected cases cervical biopsy can be done. Aims and Objectives: (1) To compare VIA and PAP smear in relation to colposcopy as a screening method for premalignant lesions of cervix. (2) To study the efficacy of VIA as a primary screening test for detection of premalignant lesions of cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective analytical study in which 100 women with unhealthy cervix attending obstetrics and gynecology out patient department who were willing to participate and gave written informed consent were enrolled in the study on the basis of a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. VIA was done. Pap smear was taken and slides were stained with modified Papanicolaou staining method and examined under light microscope. we compared the efficacy of VIA and PAP smear as a screening method for diagnosis of premalignant lesions of cervix in high-risk patient, and the results were confirmed with the help of colposcopy examination and its histopathological correlation with guided biopsy. Results: Mean age of the study population was found to be 40.94 years. When VIA, PAP Smear, and colposcopy were compared highest sensitivity was seen in VIA whereas colposcopy showed highest accuracy (82%). PAP was found to have a higher specificity (84.62%) as compared to VIA or colposcopy. Highest positive predictive value and negative predictive value was seen in PAP smear (78.95%) and colposcopy (86.96%). Conclusion: VIA is an easy to perform and highly sensitive test for diagnosis of carcinoma cervix however it has got a poor specificity. Colposcopy was found to be a better diagnostic test as it was both more sensitive as well as specific to diagnose premalignant lesions.