Lesions Of Oral Cavity Research Articles

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in a Tertiary Care Dental Hospital of Kathmandu

Oral mucosa can be affected by a variety of soft tissue lesions and conditions. Benign as well as malignant lesions of oral cavity are common. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the commonest malignancies. The present retrospective study was undertaken to study the prevalence of various oral mucosal lesions in a tertiary care dental hospital of Kathmandu. This retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology at Kantipur Dental College and Teaching hospital from January 2015 to January 2017. The study included biopsy specimen from the oral cavity. The parameters included in the study were age, gender, site of the lesion and histopathological diagnosis. The data collected was statistically analyzed. A total of 111 biopsy cases were included in the present study. Out of which, there were 16 (14.4%) cases of non-neoplastic and 16 (14.4%) cases of benign pathology. The oral cavity lesions were commonly seen in age range between 6-74 years where males 59 (53.2%) were mostly affected. The most common site for oral lesion was buccal mucosa 23 (20.7%) and anterior gingiva 23 (20.7%). Total 15 (13.5%) cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma were seen as the predominant malignancy affecting in the vestibular region 8 (7.2%). The present study shows benign as well as the non-neoplastic lesions were more prevalent in oral mucosa with the buccal mucosa and anterior gingiva as the commonest site of occurrence.

Dermoscopy and Pigmented Lesions of Oral Cavity

Dear editor, Pigmented lesions are relatively rare in the oral cavity. They represent a variety of entities ranging from racial pigmentation to manifestation of systemic illness (Addison’s disease), to benign (hemangioma, lymphangioma, melanotic nevi) and malignant neoplasms (Kaposi’s sarcoma, malignant melanoma, pigmented basal cell carcinoma). 1 Biopsy is usually avoided in vascular lesions like hemangioma, Kaposi’s sarcoma etc. by general dentists owing to the risk of excessive bleeding due to the possibility of their association with a feeder vessel. A color Doppler ultrasonography is sometime required in order to rule out this association; otherwise sclerosing agents are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. 2 Melanotic lesions like malignant melanoma or melanotic nevi are sometimes seen in the oral cavity; some clinicians believe that incisional biopsy of a melanoma might disseminate the disease. 3 A guideline of biopsy taking for melanoma has been issued. It includes a full thickness excisional biopsy allowing assessment of the Breslow thickness, but preliminary biopsies are only advisable in case of acral melanoma; however, shave and punch biopsy are no more recommended, but hesitation of clinicians for taking biopsy from pigmented lesions cannot be ignored. 4 Dermoscopy is a non – invasive technique that allows a visualization of morphological features of the lesion that are not visible to a naked eye. This is useful in dermatology for making an early differential diagnosis of different pigmented lesions. 5 Despite their popularity in dermatology, they are not very popular in investigation of the mucosal lesions of lip and oral cavity. 6 Dermoscopy can be extremely helpful in making demarcation between melanotic nevi and malignant melanoma (Figure 1). There is a need to intensify the research pertaining to the use of dermoscopy in oral mucosal lesions, also a criterion has to be introduced for the diagnosis of oral pigmented lesions on dermoscopy. It minimizes the risk of the exposure of the patient to excisional biopsy that may be resulting in facial disfigurement. This procedure can be easily adopted by dentists working in private sectors and corporate sectors. Dental curriculum has to be enhanced with the use of dermoscopes in diagnosing pigmented oral lesions on graduate and post-graduate level.

An observational study of benign oral lesions in central India

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The oral mucosa serves as a protective barrier against trauma, pathogens and carcinogenic agents. It can be affected by a wide variety of lesions and conditions, some of which are harmless while others may have serious complications. The appearance of benign oral soft tissue masses can occasionally resemble malignant tumors. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Present study is an observational and cross sectional study under taken in the Department of ENT in Shri Vasant Rao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal. All cases of benign oral lesions were included in the study and following cases were excluded: malignant oral lesions, immunocompromised state and benign Oral lesions due to systemic diseases. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Present study included 235 lesions of oral cavity which were clinically or histo-pathologically found to be benign in nature.<strong> </strong>Benign oral lesions were more commonly found in males with (70.2%) than females (29.8%), and M:F ratio was 2.3:1. most common benign oral lesions were found to be Oral Sub Mucus Fibrosis (26.8%) followed by Apthous ulcers (20.4%), Leukoplakia (18.3%) and Mucocele (17.1%). Least common benign oral lesions were found to be Minor Salivary Gland Tumor (MSGT) (1.7%) followed by Squamous Papilloma (2.1%), Ranula (2.1%) and Hemangioma (2.1). There was a male predominance in oral sub mucus fibrosis with M:F ratio of 9.5:1 followed by Leukoplakia with M:F ratio of 4.4:1. OSMF was found most commonly in 21-30 years age group with (57.1%). Followed by 11-20 years with (20.6%). No cases were found in ≤10 years, 51-60 and >60 years age group. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Most of the benign oral lesions have a predilection to transform into malignant lesions therefore imperative to diagnose the pre malignant lesions of oral cavity in an early stage where appropriate treatment can be given.</span></p>

Atypical Granulomatous Lesion of Gingiva: A Case Report on Rare Manifestation of Tuberculosis in Oral Cavity

lesionPrimary tuberculosis lesion in oral cavity is a rare clinical entity. We report a case of gingival tuberculosis manifested as chronic ulceration with pus discharge. Histopathological examination of the lesion suggested a chronic granulomatous lesion. Mantoux test was strongly positive, but immunological investigations for detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies were negative. Other oral granulomatous lesions like deep fungal infection

Prevalence and Possible Surgical Intervention of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases in Local Population of Pakistan

Objective: To study the prevalence of ear, nose and throat diseases and their possible surgical intervention in local population of Pakistan. Methodology: 1,382 patients from the department of ear, nose and throat surgery from January-December 2016 were selected in this retrospective study. The age, gender, presenting complains with history, diagnosis and operative procedures were noted. These patients were divided into three groups according to the involvement of Otorhinolaryngological anatomical region. Analysis of the data was performed using SPSS version 16 and results are expressed in numbers or percentages. Results: The age ranges of patients were one year to 85 years with maximum age group of 10-19 years. There were 58.82% males and 41.46% were females. Patients with head/ neck diseases were 42.15%, with nasal distress were 29.01%, with ear problems 16.71% and with oral disorders were 12.22%, therefore, the most commonly adopted methods were removal of tumor / polyps, tonsillectomy and mastoidectomy. Conclusion: Ear diseases were the most found in the current study and oral cavity lesions being the least common. The peak age was 10-19 years. There is a need of man power and implantation of new techniques. Keywords: Otorhinolaryngological (ORL) Diseases; Retrospective Study; Prevalence; Surgical; Intervention

Role of Toluidine Blue Staining in Suspicious Lesions of Oral Cavity and Oropharynx.

Oral cancer; the sixth most common malignancy in the world has one of the lowest 5year survival rates. This can be attributed mainly to the delay in diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of vital staining with toluidine blue dye as an adjunct to standard clinical examination to facilitate early detection of malignant lesions of oral cavity and oropharynx. A hospital based diagnostic test accuracy study was carried out on 55 subjects with oral mucosal disorders that included clinically suspicious premalignant or malignant lesions, in the Department of ENT, Academy of Medical Sciences, Pariyaram, Kannur, Kerala over a period of 2years. All lesions were subjected to detailed clinical examination and toluidine blue staining; and dye retention was recorded with photographs. The results of staining were compared with findings on histopathological examination. The Sensitivity and specificity of toluidine blue test for the detection of malignancy was 92.6 and 67.9% respectively; and the overall diagnostic accuracy was 80%. The result was highly significant with a 'p value' <0.001. The results indicate that toluidine blue staining is a simple, non-invasive technique which can be a valuable adjunct in the diagnostic process of oral and oropharyngeal cancers.

Endoscopic findings of laryngopharyngeal and esophageal involvement in autoimmune bullous disease.

Autoimmune bullous disease (ABD) is induced by autoantibodies against cell adhesion molecules, and blistering may occur on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, oral cavity, laryngopharynx, and esophagus. Endoscopic prevalence and features of ABD-associated esophageal lesions are not well known. We conducted the present study to assess the endoscopic prevalence of ABD-associated mucosal lesions. Endoscopic prevalence of mucosal lesions, particularly laryngopharyngeal and esophageal lesions, was used as the primary endpoint to assess the significance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and clinical and endoscopic features were secondary endpoints. Of 123 ABD patients, 50.4% had apparent oral or laryngopharyngeal lesions and 30.8% had laryngopharyngeal lesions. Esophageal lesions were detected through normal observation in 16.8% of affected patients, whereas 40.6% exhibited epidermolysis or blood blisters by mechanical inducement, regardless of esophageal mucosal lesion detection by normal observation. Additionally, 56.0% exhibited the Nikolsky sign with mechanical inducement. Of the 123 patients, 29.2% did not have exposed skin lesions. Of these patients, 77.7% had oral cavity or laryngopharyngeal lesions, 36.1% had esophageal lesions, and 58.3% exhibited the Nikolsky sign on esophageal mucosa. It is important to determine the endoscopic characteristics and findings of ABD. ABD can be suspected from endoscopic findings.

Early detection of squamous cell carcinoma in carcinogen induced oral cancer rodent model by ratiometric activatable cell penetrating peptides

ObjectivesRatiometric cell-penetrating-peptides (RACPP) are hairpin-shaped molecules that undergo cleavage by tumor-associated proteases resulting in measurable Cy5:Cy7 fluorescence ratiometric change to label cancer in vivo. We evaluated an MMP cleavable RACPP for use in the early detection of malignant lesions in a carcinogen-induced rodent tumor model. MethodsWild-type immune-competent mice were given 4-nitroquinoline-oxide (4NQO) for 16weeks. Oral cavities from live mice that had been intravenously administered MMP cleavable PLGC(Me)AG-RACPP were serially imaged from week 11 through week 21 using white-light reflectance and Cy5:Cy7 ratiometric fluorescence. ResultsIn an initial study we found that at week 21 nearly all mice (13/14) had oral cavity lesions, of which 90% were high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma. These high-grade lesions were identifiable with white light reflectance and RACPP Cy5:Cy7 ratiometric fluorescence with similar detectability, Area Under Curve (AUC) for RACPP detection was 0.97 (95% Confidence interval (CI)=0.92–1.02, p<0.001), sensitivity=89%, specificity=100%. In a follow up study, oral cavity lesions generated by 4NQO were imaged and histologically analyzed at weeks 16, 18 and 21. In this study we showed that RACPP-fluorescence detection positively identified 15 squamous cell carcinomas (in 6 separate mice) that were poorly visible or undetectable by white light reflectance. ConclusionsRACPP ratiometric fluorescence can be used to accurately detect carcinogen-induced carcinoma in immunocompetent mice that are poorly visible or undetectable by white light reflectance.

Secretory phospholipase-A2 and fatty acid composition in oral reactive lesions: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOral reactive lesions are the most common lesions of oral cavity. Phospholipases and fatty acids play key roles in the creation of inflammation by change in metabolic activities and production of lipid mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate the amount of secretory phospholipase-A2 (sPLA2) and difference of fatty acid pattern in oral reactive hyperplasia and adjacent normal appearing tissues in patients with oral reactive lesions.MethodsPaired samples of oral hyperplastic (OH) and adjacent normal-appearing tissue of 45 patients were investigated in this study. The collected samples were analyzed with enzymatic spectrophotometric method in terms of the amount of sPLA2 and composition of fatty acids by gas–liquid chromatography method.ResultsThe amount of sPLA2 (1.8-fold, p < 0.001), stearic acid (1.2-fold, p < 0.001), oleic acid (1.1-fold, p = 0.01), arachidonic acid (1.5-fold, p < 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (1.3-fold, p = 0.02) were increased, while the amount of palmitoleic acid (−45%, p < 0.001) and linoleic acid (−19%, p < 0.001) were reduced in the OH tissue samples. Furthermore, the results demonstrated significant associations between the type and location of tissue samples with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Tissue samples from patients with inflammatory fibroepithelial hyperplasia showed relatively higher MUFAs and lower n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids than other type of lesions.ConclusionsLocalized changes in the sPLA2 activity and composition of fatty acid are associated with oral reactive hyperplasia and the type of pathological response. We suggest that sPLA2 activity and multiple type of fatty acids might be used as potential therapeutic target for oral reactive hyperplasia.

Immunohistochemistry Analysis of CD44, EGFR, and p16 in Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Objectives We analyze the relationship between CD44, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and p16 expression in oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in a diverse population. We also describe whether particular patterns of staining are associated with progression-free survival and overall survival. Study Design Prospective study, single-blind to pathologist and laboratory technologist. Setting Hospital based. Subjects and Methods Immunohistochemistry, comprising gross staining and cellular expression, was performed and interpreted in a blinded fashion on 24 lip/oral cavity and 40 oropharyngeal cancer specimens collected between 2007 and 2012 from participants of a larger study. Information on overall survival and progression-free survival was obtained from medical records. Results Nineteen cases were clinically p16 positive, 16 of which were oropharyngeal. Oral cavity lesions were more likely to exhibit strong CD44 membrane staining ( P = .0002). Strong CD44 membrane and strong EGFR membrane and/or cytoplasmic staining were more common in p16-negative cancers ( P = .006). Peripheral/mixed gross p16 staining pattern was associated with worse survival than the universal staining on univariate and multivariate analyses ( P = .006, P = .030). This held true when combining gross and cellular localization for p16. For CD44, universal gross staining demonstrated poorer overall survival compared with the peripheral/mixed group ( P = .039). CD44 peripheral/mixed group alone and when combined with universal p16 demonstrated the best survival on multivariate analysis ( P = .010). Conclusion In a diverse population, systematic analysis applying p16, CD44, and EGFR gross staining and cellular localization on immunohistochemistry demonstrates distinct patterns that may have prognostic potential exceeding current methods. Larger studies are warranted to investigate these findings further.

Tumour-like lesions of oral cavity: A clinicopathological study of 95 cases

Background: Tumourlike lesions or reactive lesions of the oral cavity are group of fibroconnective tissue lesions that commonly occur in the oral mucosa as a result of injury. Aim: The purpose of this study is to determine the relative prevalence of different histopathological aspects of oral soft tissue tumourlike lesions which were received at Pathology department, Government medical college, Miraj, Maharashtra Methods: A total number of 95 cases of tumourlike lesions were included in the study. Specimens were received at department of pathology, Government medical college, Miraj, Maharashtra over a period of 5 years from August 2008 to July 2013. It was one year retrospective and four years prospective, cross sectional study Result: A total number of 642 oral biopsies and excised specimens were studied, out of which 95cases (14.8%) belonged to tumourlike lesions. Among tumorlike lesions, pyogenic granuloma (47.38%) was the commonest lesion, followed by Mucocele (26.32%). Majority of tumorlike lesions were located on gingiva (38.94%) followed by lower lip (28.42%). Males (57.89%) were more commonly affected than females and the commonest symptom was swelling (100%). Conclusion: The most common tumourlike lesion in our study was pyogenic granuloma. Few very rare and interesting cases like plasma cell granuloma and Nasolabial cyst were also seen. Tumorlike lesions presented mainly as nodule or swelling, which should be differentiated from other benign and sometimes malignant lesions, as the tumourlike lesions have good prognosis when compared to malignant lesions. Hence histopathology remains the mainstay for correct diagnosis and treatment. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1426

Isolation And Identification of Oral Candida Organism in Precancerous And Cancerous Lesion of Oral Cavity.

Isolation And Identification of Oral Candida Organism in Precancerous And Cancerous Lesion of Oral Cavity.

Anatomic distribution of cervicofacial lymphatic malformations based on lymph node groups

ObjectivesTo evaluate radiographic characteristics and to identify locations of cervicofacial lymphatic malformations in children based on known lymph node groupings. MethodsRetrospective chart review of pediatric patients with cervicofacial lymphatic malformations who underwent imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography (US). Ninety charts were reviewed from November 2005 to June 2015. Demographic information and imaging characteristics were evaluated. ResultsNinety children were included. The average age at presentation was 52 months (range, 1 day to 170 months). Imaging modalities were MRI in 73 (81%), CT in 7 (8%), US in 6 (7%), and multimodality imaging in 4 (4%) cases. Nearly half (49%) of lesions were found in the parotid and submandibular nodal group, 32% in the cervical group, and 19% in the midline face and oral cavity group. The lymphatic malformations were found on the left in 39 (43%) of cases, on the right in 30 (33%) of cases, and were bilateral in 21 (23%) cases. Nineteen (21%) lesions were macrocystic, twenty-two (24%) were microcystic, and forty-nine (49%) had mixed features. Mixed lesions were more likely to be extensive and involve multiple lymph node groups (P = 0.0005). Adjacent lymphadenopathy was present in 20 (22%) among all subjects, with an average size of 1.22 (± 1.92) cm in the short-axis. ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate three lymph node groupings in which LM are commonly identified. The midline face and oral cavity lesions are predominantly microcystic, the parotid and submandibular lesions are predominately of mixed morphology, and the cervical lesions are predominately macrocystic and mixed. Further studies are needed to determine if such a classification system demonstrates clinically significant difference in disease progression and response to therapy.

PP - MULTIPLE JUVENILE XANTOGRANULOMA IN ADULT WITH ORAL PRESENTATION

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG), a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis (nonLCH), is a benign and self-healing disorder normally observed in infants and children. Oral lesions in adult patients are rare, although the microscopic findings are similar to those in other locations. A 56-year-old Caucasian man presented with a chief complaint of a gradually enlarging gingival mass that had appeared 6 months before. An intraoral examination revealed a solitary, soft gingival mass in the mandibular lingual gingiva at the right central incisor. Lesion biopsy showed multiple large macrophages and numerous Touton-type giant cells. A positive immunohistochemistry result for CD68, fascin, factor XIIIa, and α-antitrypsin and a negative result for S-100, β-actin, CD1a, and desmin confirmed a diagnosis of JXG. One year later, the patient presented with a solitary yellow nodular lesion in his left leg. Lesion biopsy showed histopathological and immunohistochemical findings similar to those found in the oral cavity lesion, which led to the diagnosis of multiple JXG in adults. The occurrence of an oral JXG associated with skin lesions is extremely rare. A nonLCH may present variable clinical and microscopic aspects, which can lead to clinical misdiagnoses. Correct diagnosis of these lesions requires accurate evaluation of the clinical, microscopic, and immunohistochemical features.

Histopathological study of malignant lesions of oral cavity

Background: Oral cancer is a heterogeneous group of cancers arising from different parts of the oral cavity, with different predisposing factors, prevalence, and treatment outcomes. It is the sixth most common cancer reported globally with an annual incidence of over 300,000 cases, of which 62% arise in developing countries. In comparison with the US population, where oral cavity cancer represents only about 3% of malignancies, it accounts for over 30% of all cancers in India, posing a significant challenge to health services by both preventive and diagnostic means. Incidence of oral cancer in India continues to rise and accounts for 50-70% of total cancer mortality. Objectives: (i) To study histopathology of malignant lesions of oral cavity, (ii) to study malignant lesions of oral cavity in relation to age, sex, and site, (iii) to compare observed findings with the similar studies done by other authors. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Department of Pathology, at a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad for the duration of 18 months, from January 2014 to June 2015. As a part of this study, 477 specimens of lesions of oral cavity were studied with main focus on histopathology of the lesion and keeping the following features in mind: age, sex, and site of lesion. Results: During the study, there were 477 cases of lesions of oral cavity. Among the malignant lesions of oral cavity, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common finding and most common site affected by malignant lesions was buccal mucosa (BM). Most common age group affected by malignant lesions was 31-40 years (28%) with male:female ratio of 2.57:1. Incidence of SCC was 90.67%. Among the SCC, moderately differentiated SCC was most common grading. Most common age group affected by SCC was 31-40 years (27.94%) and 41-50 years (23.53%). Out of 68 cases of SCC, 50 (73.5%) were male and 18 (26.5%) were female with male:female ratio of 2.77. Most common site affected by the SCC was BM (41.18%) followed by tongue (39.71%) in the present study. Conclusion: Our study has revealed that SCC was the most common malignant lesions seen in oral cavity and moderately differentiated SCC was the predominant tumor type. Most common age group affected by malignant lesions was 31-40 years (28%) with male:female ratio of 2.57:1 and most common site involved was BM. The possibility of lymph node metastasis from oral SCC can be predicted with the help of certain factors such as site, size, and histological differentiation of the tumor. Hence, the study of site and differentiation is important.

Assessment of reactive gingival lesions of oral cavity: A histopathological study.

Background:In the literature, many studies were attempted to analyze the distribution of oral reactive lesions in terms of age, gender and location. However, very few studies have focused on the detailed histopathological features of these reactive lesions of oral cavity. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to document the occurrence, distribution and various histopathological features of reactive gingival lesions.Materials and Methods:This study is a retrospective archival review of reactive gingival lesions of oral cavity such as irritational fibroma (IF), inflammatory gingival hyperplasia (IGF), pyogenic granuloma (PG), peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG) and peripheral ossifying fibroma involving gingival tissues. All the cases were histopathologically reviewed on some microscopical parameters according to the criteria given by Peralles et al.Results:Regarding epithelial morphology, atrophy, ulceration and hyperplasia were found predominantly in PG. Connective tissue was predominantly dense in IGF and IF with fibroblastic proliferation; whereas loose connective tissue was seen in PG. Vascular proliferation, especially capillary, was commonly present in PG and inflammatory gingival hyperplasia (IGH). Inflammatory cell infiltrate was intense in both PG and IGH. Mineralization showed a marked affinity for peripheral cement-ossifying fibroma, and bone/bone-like areas were found in about ten cases of them. The Foreign body type of multinucleated giant cells was found exclusively on PGCG.Conclusion:Despite their clinical similarities, the findings of this study reports that all reactive gingival lesions show some differences in age, type, location, duration and histopathological features. Nevertheless, the differing histological pictures are a range of a single lesion in diverse stages of maturation. Essential in the treatment of reactive lesions is the total removal of the lesion with local irritants such as defective restorations or calculus formation.

Lichen Planus Lesions in Oral Cavity in Patients with AIDS and Coinfected with Hepatitis C Vírus

Lichen Planus Lesions in Oral Cavity in Patients with AIDS and Coinfected with Hepatitis C Vírus

Oral symptoms and mucosal lesions in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2

Background: Good glycoregulation at patients with diabetes mellitus is essential for prevention of many complications, including those in oral cavity. Results of numerous studies indicate that xerostomia and neurosensory oral disorders are present in type 2 diabetics. A review of the literature shows contradictory results about prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in diabetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of xerostomia, neurosensory disorders and mucosal lesions in oral cavity of type 2 diabetics. Material and Methods: This study involved 90 adults, 60 with type 2 diabetes and 30 healthy subjects, aged 45-65 years. With regard to value of HbA1c level diabetics were divided into two groups: 30 subjects with satisfactory glycoregulation (HbA1c&lt;9%) and 30 subjects with poor glycoregulation (HbA1c≥9%). All patients recruited into the study completed a questionnaire that included their demographic, medical and oral health data. Clinical examination of the oral mucosa was performed by a single examiner. Results: In relation to the presence of xerostomia and dysgeusia between satisfactory controlled diabetics and healthy subjects a significant difference was observed (p&lt;0.05). Compared with healthy subjects, poor controlled diabetics had significantly higher presence of xerostomia (p&lt;0.001) and neurosensory disorders (p&lt;0.05). A higher prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found in poor controlled diabetics, but significant difference between groups was not observed (p&gt;0.05). A significant positive correlation was revealed between smoking and glossodynia as well as smoking and glossopyrosis (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Glycemic control level seems to influence the susceptibility of type 2 diabetics to xerostomia and neurosensory disorders. Less clear is whether diabetes are correlated to oral mucosal lesions.

Pigmented oral lesion

In general dental practice, a dentist may come across various pigmented lesions in oral cavity. In most cases, the lesions are asymptomatic and benign in nature. However, rarely, a pigmented lesion can be a sign of malignancy. We report a case of a pigmented lesion in mandibular gingiva to highlight the importance of biopsy for early diagnosis and prolonged survival of patients.

Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Analysis of 92 Odontogenic Tumors: A 5-year Retrospective Study.

Odontogenic tumors (OTs) are a heterogeneous group of lesions that are derived from odontogenic apparatus comprised of odontogenic epithelium, ectomesenchyme, and/ or mesenchymal elements. The OTs show marked geographical variation. This study was conducted to analyze the epidemiology and clinicopathological presentation of OTs based on age, sex, and site. This study was conducted in Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Records were reviewed retrospectively for all the lesions of oral cavity from January 2010 to December 2015. A total of 92 lesions were found to be OTs and were classified into benign and malignant tumors. They were further subdivided into three subtypes based on the types of odontogenic tissues involved. These were epithelial OTs (EOTs), mixed OTs (MIXOTs), and mesenchymal OTs (MOTs). Of 92 OTs, 84 were benign (males 48, females 36) and 8 were malignant (male 2, females 6). The most common benign tumor was ameloblastoma (AME) (20), followed by keratocystic OT (KCOT) (17), calcifying EOT (CEOT) (14), compound odontome (OD-Cd) (12), complex odontome (OD-Cx) (10), odontogenic fibroma (OF) (5), odontogenic myxoma (OM) (4), and cementoblastoma (CB) (2). The most common malignant tumor was primary intraosseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) (3) followed by fibrosarcoma (FS) (3) and ameloblastic carcinoma (AC). Author concluded that there was geographic and demographic variation in distribution of OTs, which may be attributed to socioeconomic and genetic factors. Literature showing prevalence of OTs in India is negligible. By this article, we have analyzed the frequency of various OTs according to sex, age, and site. A comprehensive record of OTs should be started so that pathologists and surgeons would be able to acquire the information about the tumor for reference in the future.