Leptospira Bacteria Research Articles

Rainfall-driven resuspension of pathogenic Leptospira in a leptospirosis hotspot

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by Leptospira bacteria present in the urine of mammals. Leptospira is able to survive in soils and can be resuspended during rain events. Here, we analyzed the pathogenic Leptospira concentration as a function of hydrological variables in a leptospirosis hot spot. A total of 226 samples were collected at the outlet of a 3 km2 watershed degraded by ungulate mammals (deer and feral pigs) and rats which are reservoirs for leptospirosis. Water samples collected at the beginning of a rain event following a dry period contained high concentrations of pathogenic Leptospira. The concentration was generally correlated with the water level and the suspended matter concentration (SMC) during the main flood event. A secondary peak of pathogenic Leptospira was sometimes detected after the main flood and in slightly turbid waters. Lastly, the pathogenic Leptospira concentration was extremely high at the end of a wet season. The pathogenic Leptospira concentrations could not be explained by a linear combination of hydrological variables (e.g. the rainfall, water level, SMC and soil moisture). However, nonlinear machine learning models of rainfall data only provided a fair fit to the observations and explained 75 % of the variance in the log10-transformed pathogenic Leptospira concentration. A comparison of identical machine learning models for the water level, SMC and pathogenic Leptospira concentration showed that the residual error in the Leptospira concentration was due to not only the small dataset but also the intrinsic characteristics of the signal. Our results support the hypothesis whereby pathogenic Leptospira survive at different depths in soils and superficial river sediments (depending on their water saturation) and are transferred to surface water during erosion. These results might help to refine leptospirosis warnings given to the local population. Future research should be focused on larger watersheds in more densely populated areas.

Analisis Sanitasi Lingkungan Rumah dengan Keberadaan Vektor Tikus di Kelurahan Sekar Jaya Kabupaten OKU

Rats are mammals that are very detrimental and disrupt human life and welfare. Leptospirosis is one of the emerging infectious diseases caused by Leptospira bacteria. One of the factors that influence the existence of mice is environmental factors. In Sekar Jaya Village, the working area of ​​the Sekar Jaya Community Health Center, OKU Regency is a densely populated area, which can be seen in terms of house buildings and the position of residents' houses, most of which are close to each other. In several houses there were signs of mice. This research aims to determine the sanitation analysis of the home environment with the presence of rat vectors in Sekar Jaya Village, Sekar Jaya Health Center UPTD Working Area, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency in 2023. The research design is Cross Sectional. The population of all heads of families in Sekar Jaya Village is 2,373 heads of families with a sample size of 331 respondents. The statistical test used is the chi square test. Univariate analysis showed that 186 (56.2%) respondents had no rat vectors in their homes, 189 (57.1%) respondents with trash bin conditions met the requirements, 182 (55%) respondents with SPAL conditions met the requirements and As many as 173 (52.3%) respondents had no food waste. The results of the bivariate analysis revealed that the variables were trash can condition with a p value of 0.000, SPAL condition with a p value of 0.002, and food waste disposal with a p value of 0.000. There is a significant relationship between the condition of the trash can, the condition of the SPAL, and the disposal of food waste and the presence of rat vectors in Sekar Jaya Village.

Analisis Kestabilan dan Kontrol Optimal Model Matematika Penyebaran Leptospirosis dengan Saturated Incidence Rate

Leptospirosis is a disease caused by the bacteria Leptospira inchterohemorrhagiaea. Leptospirosis can attack humans and other animals, through rodents, especially rats. This research aims to analyze the stability of the equilibrium point in the mathematical model of the spread of Leptospirosis and apply optimal control variables in the form of prevention and treatment efforts. Based on the results of the mathematical model analysis of the spread of Leptospirosis, two equilibrium points were obtained, there are the non-endemic equilibrium point and the endemic equilibrium point. Local stability and the existence of an equilibrium point depend on the basic reproduction number 𝑅0. The non-endemic equilibrium point is local asymptotically stable if 𝑅0 < 1, while the endemic equilibrium point tends to be asymptotically stable if 𝑅0 > 1. Next, the problem of control variables in the model is determined using Pontryagin's Maximum Principle. Numerical simulation results show that providing control in the form of prevention efforts and treatment efforts simultaneously provides effective results in minimizing the population of individuals exposed to and infected by Leptospirosis at the cost of providing optimal control.

Leptospira transcriptome sequencing using long-read technology reveals unannotated transcripts and potential polyadenylation of RNA molecules.

Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira, is an emerging zoonosis that causes life-threatening disease in humans and animals. However, a comprehensive understanding of leptospiral RNA profiles is limited. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of multiple Leptospira strains using Oxford Nanopore Technologies' direct cDNA and direct RNA sequencing methods. We identified new operons, RNA molecules, and evidence of potential posttranscriptional polyadenylation in Leptospira transcriptomes. Some RNA molecules that had not been previously annotated could be potential sRNA or noncoding RNA molecules that play a role in gene expression regulation in Leptospira. Interestingly, the majority of the new RNA molecules identified in this study were not detected in the nonpathogenic Leptospira, suggesting potential virulence-related functions for these molecules. Overall, our study highlights the utility of Oxford Nanopore Technologies's sequencing in studying prokaryotic transcriptome profiles and offers a tool to improve our understanding of prokaryotic RNA landscapes and polyadenylation. Nonetheless, the findings from our study also warrant that the presence of homopolymers of adenine bases in the transcripts may interfere with the interpretation of bacterial transcriptome profiles. Carefully designed experiments are needed to explore the role of the features described in this study in Leptospira virulence and pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE Leptospirosis, caused by the spirochete bacteria Leptospira, is a zoonotic disease of humans and animals, accounting for over 1 million annual human cases and over 60,000 deaths. We have characterized operon transcriptional units, identified novel RNA coding regions, and reported evidence of potential posttranscriptional polyadenylation in the Leptospira transcriptomes for the first time using Oxford Nanopore Technology RNA sequencing protocols. The newly identified RNA coding regions and operon transcriptional units were detected only in the pathogenic Leptospira transcriptomes, suggesting their significance in virulence-related functions. This article integrates bioinformatics, infectious diseases, microbiology, molecular biology, veterinary sciences, and public health. Given the current knowledge gap in the regulation of leptospiral pathogenicity, our findings offer valuable insights to researchers studying leptospiral pathogenicity and provide both a basis and a tool for researchers focusing on prokaryotic molecular studies for the understanding of RNA compositions and prokaryotic polyadenylation for their organisms of interest.

Meta-Analysis: Effects of Lession and Exposed to Risk Factor on Leptospirosis Infection

Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that occurs due to interactions between agents, hosts, and the environment. Leptospira bacteria can infect humans through wounds on the skin and mucosa of the body. This study aims to examine the effect of injury history and contact risk factors on the incidence of leptospirosis by using meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis study carried out using the PICO model. P: Adults. Intervention: injury and contact. Comparison= no injuries and no contact with risk factors. Outcome: Leptospirosis. The meta-analysis was conducted by systematically reviewing articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer Link, and Science Direct. Search keywords “Wound OR Lession AND Leptospira”, “Risk Factor Exposure AND Leptospira”, “Risk Factor AND Leptospira AND adjusted odds ratio”. The inclusion criteria used were full paper articles from 2002-2022 using Indonesian and English. The study design used was observational and the analysis used multivariate adjusted odds ratio results. Articles were collected using the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application. Results: Meta-analysis included 22 cross-sectional and case-control studies from Indonesia, India, Iran, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, France, Germany, Kenya, Tanzania, Australia, Fiji, British Virgin Islands, Mexico, Jamaica, Peru, and Argentina. Leptospirosis increased with history of injury (aOR= 3.51; 95% CI= 2.94 to 4.19; p<0.001) and contact with risk factors (aOR=1.82; 95% CI=1.25 to 2.65; p=0.002). Conclusion: History of injury and contact with risk factors increases the risk of developing Leptospirosis. Keywords: history of injury, contact risk factors, leptospirosis, meta-analysis Correspondence:Satriyo Fajar Wicaksono. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: dr.satriyofw@student.uns.ac.id. Mobile: +6285641711987.

Overview Leptospirosis in Agricultural: Literature Review

The spread of leptospirosis worldwide shows a high incidence rate. The disease is transmitted through the urine of animals infected with leptospira bacteria. Factors that can affect the incidence of leptospirosis are gender, age, uncovered food storage, the presence of rats, the presence of pets and contact with standing water. The writing method used is literature review. The literature search used Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases with the period 2019-2023. The results of a review of 10 national and international journal articles show that leptospirosis has considerable potential for farmers because the spread occurs directly through blood or urine containing germs into the human body, and indirect transmission can occur through stagnant water, rivers, lakes, drains, and mud contaminated by animal urine. The harmful effects of spreading leptospirosis in an agricultural environment can lead to infection in humans and livestock. Early symptoms in humans include fever, headache, and nausea. If not treated promptly, the disease can progress to a more serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Therefore, the role of nurses in monitoring the health of farm animals and educating farmers on preventive measures is crucial in maintaining animal health and keeping the agricultural sector sustainable.

Histones with an unconventional DNA-binding mode in vitro are major chromatin constituents in the bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.

Histone proteins bind DNA and organize the genomes of eukaryotes and most archaea, whereas bacteria rely on different nucleoid-associated proteins. Homology searches have detected putative histone-fold domains in a few bacteria, but whether these function like archaeal/eukaryotic histones is unknown. Here we report that histones are major chromatin components in the bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and Leptospira interrogans. Patterns of sequence evolution suggest important roles for histones in additional bacterial clades. Crystal structures (<2.0 Å) of the B. bacteriovorus histone (Bd0055) dimer and the histone-DNA complex confirm conserved histone-fold topology but indicate a distinct DNA-binding mode. Unlike known histones in eukaryotes, archaea and viruses, Bd0055 binds DNA end-on, forming a sheath of dimers encasing straight DNA rather than wrapping DNA around their outer surface. Our results demonstrate that histones are present across the tree of life and highlight potential evolutionary innovation in how they associate with DNA.

Nanocomposite Sensors of Polyaniline-Zn-Ag for the Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira Bacteria in Environmental Water

Nanocomposite Sensors of Polyaniline-Zn-Ag for the Detection of Pathogenic Leptospira Bacteria in Environmental Water

Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods in distinguishing pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira from the traditional market environment in Denpasar City

Background: Leptospirosis disease is still a health problem in Indonesia. The number of leptospirosis cases and deaths in Indonesia tends to increase. Indirect transmission of Leptospira bacteria can occur through poor environmental sanitation polluted by rat urine has the potential to cause leptospirosis. Traditional markets are good places for rats to breed. The purpose of this study was to detect the presence of contamination by pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira bacteria in the environment around traditional markets in Denpasar City by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using three specific primers. Methods: The sample is water from the market environment, taken at 19 location points from eight traditional markets in Denpasar City. After being homogenized, the sample water is filtered. Isolation of specific genes from samples by the PCR method was performed to differentiate pathogenic and saprophytic leptospira using three specific primers designed from the 16S rRNA gene. Starting from the DNA extraction stage, amplification by PCR, and detection of PCR product DNA by electrophoresis. Results: This study found that from 19 water sampling locations, 5/19 (26.3%) point locations found specific DNA genes for pathogenic Leptospira bacteria. 10/19 (52.6%) point locations found specific genes for saprophytic Leptospira bacteria DNA, and 4/19 (21.1%) point locations found no specific genes for pathogenic or saprophytic Leptospira bacteria. Conclusion: PCR examination using a combination of three primers could distinguish the presence of pathogenic Leptospira, saprophytic Leptospira, and the absence of pathogenic and saprophytic Leptospira simultaneously from traditional market environments in Denpasar City.

Epizootological and epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in Ukraine for the period 2003–2022

Zoonotic leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira bacteria that can be transmitted from animals to humans. Animals, especially wild and domestic mammals, are reservoir hosts that carry and excrete the bacteria in their urine. A retrospective analysis of the incidence of leptospirosis in animals and humans in Ukraine from 2003 to 2022 was conducted based on reports from regional state laboratories of veterinary medicine and the Center for Public Health. GIS mapping was used to analyze and visualize the data. The incidence and prevalence of leptospirosis among different animal species, including farm, domestic and wild animals, were analyzed. These studies included a retrospective analysis of blood serum samples from different animal species for leptospirosis and analysis of the results to determine the level of seropositivity. The study analyzed a total of 6,543,934 samples, with an overall seropositivity rate of 3.3%. Among cattle, 4.1% of the samples were positive. For pigs, 2.1% were positive. Horses had a seropositivity rate of 7.9%, while dogs and cats had seropositivity rates of 17.5% and 13.1% respectively. Wild boars showed a positivity rate of 2.2%. The number of seropositive animals of different species in Ukraine showed different dynamics from 2003 to 2022. The highest number of positive cases was found among cattle, pigs and horses. However, the number of positive cases decreased significantly after 2015, which coincides with a significant reduction in the number of farm animals. Trends of increasing seropositivity among dogs and cats in the period 2007–2015 indicate that these species are also active carriers of Leptospira, as are the leading agricultural species. Wildlife species with stable seropositivity serve as both sources and reservoirs of Leptospira. Wild pigs are becoming the main bacterial carriers in all regions of Ukraine. There is a marked disproportion between the number of positive cases among farm animals and wildlife, indicating that seropositivity in these populations exists largely autonomously. A total of 7,937 people were infected in Ukraine between 2003 and 2022. Certain regions, such as Lviv, Kherson, Kyiv, Mykolaiv, and Vinnytsia, account for a larger share of the total number of cases, ranging from 4.8% to 7.3%. The incidence of human leptospirosis has fluctuated over the years, peaking at 473 cases in 2014, followed by a decline: 301 cases in 2015, 323 cases in 2016 and 330 cases in 2017, and in subsequent years the number of cases remained relatively stable, ranging from 142 to 295 cases per year. The study emphasizes the need to improve preventive measures and raise public awareness of the disease, especially in rural areas. It is important to adopt a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach involving collaboration between veterinary medicine, public health and environmental authorities to better understand and address the complexities of leptospirosis transmission and reduce its impact on animal and human health.

Leptospira Serovars Circulating Among Human, Cattle and Goats with Associated Risk Factors in Ngara and Kibondo Districts, North-Western Tanzania

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease, prominent in north-western Tanzania where interactions among humans, livestock and wildlife is high. This study therefore, assessed Leptospira seroprevalence and associated risk factors by screening Leptospira serovars from blood sera of cattle, goats and humans in Ngara and Kibondo Districts using Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Blood sera were positive for seven Leptospira serovars in which Sokoine, Sejroe and Grippotyhposa had higher seropositivity of ≥ 20.9%, whereas Leptospira serovars Kenya, Pomona, Lora, and Bataviae had seropositivity of &lt; 10%. Variation of seropositivity and seroprevalence between Ngara and Kibondo Districts was insignificant (p = 0.0718) but varied significantly between humans, goats and cattle (p = 0.0183). Leptospira serovars Sejroe and Grippotyphosa were present in humans, goats and cattle. Sokoine, Pomona and Bataviae were co-positive in humans and goats, while serovars Kenya and Lora were co-positive in humans and cattle, indicating the possibility of dualistic transmission of Leptospira serovars in the ecosystem. Suggested risk factors associated with acquiring Leptospira bacteria were drinking contaminated water, feeding contaminated food and farming in contaminated soils. Prevalence of Leptospira in the current study alerts for health and economic risks in north-western Tanzania, which requires intensive education programs on leptospirosis transmission and avoidance.&#x0D;

Population of Rodent and Leptospirosis in Humans: Spatial Aspect of Epidemiology

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by the Leptospira bacteria and is transmitted from animals to humans. Leptospirosis can be spread by rodents. In the health aspects, rats play a role as carriers or reservoirs of various diseases transmitted to humans. Apart from leptospirosis, many other infectious diseases can be transmitted through rodents. One of the places where rodents are found in high numbers is the traditional market. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the density of rats and ectoparasites in the market and settlements around it. Method: In the area of the market building, 50 traps were installed, while in the settlements surrounding the market, 64 traps were installed. This was a descriptive research study with survey method and cross-sectional approach. Also, the research was based on Geographical Information System (GIS). Results: The relative density of rats in the one traditional market was found to be 7%, while it was 11.8% in the surrounding settlements. Conclusion: The conclusion is that all the places had a possibility of vector-borne diseases despite the low density of rodents.

Faktor risiko lingkungan yang berhubungan dengan kejadian leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by rat vectors and caused by leptospira bacteria. This study aims to determine environmental risk factors that can influence the incidence of Leptospirosis. The method used in this study is a literature review. The literature sources used in compiling the literature review come from journals in 2018 - 2022 with an article search process via Google Scholar and PubMed. The results showed that environmental risk factors that influenced the incidence of leptospirosis included the presence of positive leptospira bacteria, the distance from the house to the gutters, the presence of standing water, the presence of trash cans, the presence of rats in and around the house, the presence of pets, the type of work. , history of injuries, history of water travel, use of PPE, condition of gutters, condition of trash cans, characteristics of houses not anti-rats, and history of activities at risk of leptospirosis.

Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in Unguja Island

Background: Leptospirosis is one of the neglected causes of febrile illness and death in developing countries, including Tanzania. The study aims to determine the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among hospitalized febrile patients in Unguja Island. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the three selected hospitals in Unguja Island between January and March 2022. A total of 402 participants with febrile illness were enrolled in the study, and blood samples were collected for sera preparation. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used to detect antibodies against five Leptospira serovars, including Sokoine, Lora, Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hebdomadis. All sera samples reacted with MAT titers≥1:160 were counted as positive, MAT titers ranging from 1:20 to 1:80 were counted as exposed to Leptospira bacteria while the absence of agglutination was regarded as negative. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26, 2019. Descriptive and logistic regression was performed, and p≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of study participants was 29.62 ±16.34, with a range of 0 days to 80 years. Most of them were females (64.2%) and unemployed (67.9%). The overall seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 7.7% (95% CI: 5.3-10.8). Females were 1.016 times higher likelihood to have leptospirosis (AOR = 1.016, 95% CI: 0.47-2.185, p = 0.968). Participants aged 18-35 were 2.093 times more likely to be infected with leptospirosis (AOR= 2.093, 95% CI: 0.835-5.250, p = 0.115). Participants who were unemployed (AOR = 1.169, 95% CI: 0.522-2.615, p = 0.704) revealed a significantly higher likelihood of being infected with leptospirosis. The predominant Leptospira serovars circulating among febrile patients were Sokoine 44 (10.9%), Lora 25 (6.2%), Grippotyphosa 20 (5.0%), Pomona 10 (2.5%), and Hebdomadis 9 (2.2%). Conclusion: Leptospirosis is a public health threat among febrile patients in Unguja Island; therefore, it’s important to be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-malaria febrile patients for early prevention and control strategies.

Identifikasi Keberadaan Bakteri Leptospira di Daerah Endemis Leptospirosis (Studi di Dukuh Kalitengah Kecamatan Wedi Kabupaten Klaten)

Background: Several regions in Indonesia are classified as leptospirosis endemic including Klaten Regency, which ranked 2nd highest case of leptospirosis in Central Java in 2018. Leptospirosis in human was transmitted by animals infected by the Leptospira bacteria, which rat was the main reservoir. This study aimed to identify rat reservoir to the existence of Leptospira bacteria in endemic areas.Methods: This study was an observational survey with cross sectional approach. The sample was rats caught by traps installed for 6 days in Dukuh Kalitengah, Kalitengah Village, Wedi Subdistrict, Klaten Regency in July 2019. The rats were identified and dissected to take their kidneys for laboratory testing using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test to identity the existence of Leptospira bacteria.Result: The result showed that there were 17 rats and 6 Suncus murinus caught in 6 days and their species were Mus musculus (23.5%), Rattus tanezumi (41.2%), Rattus norvegicus (35.3%). The results of PCR test found 2 positive samples of Leptospira bacteria in Rattus tanezumi. Rattus tanezumi's habitat was close with humans in settlement areas where it can be a source of Leptospira infection and can spread to humans and other environments.Conclusion : The people in Dukuh Kalitengah are recommended to maintain the hygiene of their environment and improve their house’s sanitation so it not become nest and breeding grounds and also reduce the existence of rats.

Recent leptospirosis outbreak: an urgent warning around the globe, genomic features, diagnosis, and treatment procedures-correspondence.

Recent leptospirosis outbreak: an urgent warning around the globe, genomic features, diagnosis, and treatment procedures-correspondence.

Horizontal transfer of the rfb cluster in Leptospira is a genetic determinant of serovar identity.

Leptospira bacteria comprise numerous species, several of which cause serious disease to a broad range of hosts including humans. These spirochetes exhibit large intraspecific variation, resulting in complex tabulations of serogroups/serovars that crisscross the species classification. Serovar identity, linked to biological/clinical phenotypes, depends on the structure of surface-exposed LPS. Many LPS biosynthesis-encoding genes reside within the chromosomic rfb gene cluster. However, the genetic basis of intraspecies variability is not fully understood, constraining diagnostics/typing methods to cumbersome serologic procedures. We now show that the gene content of the rfb cluster strongly correlates with Leptospira serovar designation. Whole-genome sequencing of pathogenic L. noguchii, including strains of different serogroups, reveals that the rfb cluster undergoes extensive horizontal gene transfer. The rfb clusters from several Leptospira species disclose a univocal correspondence between gene composition and serovar identity. This work paves the way to genetic typing of Leptospira serovars, and to pinpointing specific genes within the distinct rfb clusters, encoding host-specific virulence traits. Further research shall unveil the molecular mechanism of rfb transfer among Leptospira strains and species.

Practice of integrated vector surveillance of arthropod vectors, pathogens and reservoir hosts to monitor the occurrence of tropical vector-borne diseases in 2020 in Zhejiang Province, China.

Vector-borne diseases have become one of the most serious local public health threats. Monitoring and controlling vectors are important means of controlling vector-borne diseases. However, traditional vector surveillance systems in China mainly monitor vector density, making its early-warning effect on vector-borne diseases weak. In this study, we applied an integrated surveillance system of multiple arthropod vectors and reservoir host containing ecology, etiology, and drug resistance monitoring to obtain better knowledge on vector populations and provide early warning of suspicious vector-borne infectious disease occurrence. An ecology surveillance of mosquitoes, rodents, ticks, and chigger mites, a pathogen infection survey on mosquitoes and rodents, and a drug resistance survey on Aedes albopictus were conducted in 12 cities in Zhejiang Province in 2020. A total of 15,645 adult mosquitoes were collected at a density of 19.8 mosquitoes per Centers for Disease Control and Prevention light trap. Culex tritaeniorhynchus (72.76%) was the most abundant species. The Breteau index of Ae. albopictus was 13.11. The rodent density was 0.91 rodents per hundred traps; the most abundant species was Rattus norvegicus (33.73%). The densities of dissociate and ectoparasitic ticks were 0.79 ticks per hundred meters and 0.97 ticks per animal, respectively. The most abundant tick species was Haemaphysalis longicornis (56.38%). The density of chigger mites was 14.11 per rodent; two species were identified, with the most abundant species being Walchia spp. mite (68.35%). No flavivirus or alphavirus was found in mosquito etiology monitoring, whereas the positivity rates of hantavirus, the pathogenic bacteria Leptospira spp., Orientia tsutsugamushi, and Bartonella spp. detected in rodent etiology monitoring were 1.86, 7.36, 0.35 and 7.05%, respectively. Field populations of Ae. albopictus in Zhejiang Province were widely resistant to pyrethroids but sensitive to most insecticides tested, including organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Integrated surveillance systems on multiple arthropod vectors (mosquitoes, ticks, mites) and animal reservoirs (rodents) can provide important information for the prevention and control of epidemic emergencies.

Investigasi Kasus Kejadian Luar Biasa Leptospirosis Di Probolinggo Tahun 2022

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the bacteria Leptospira sp. Several areas in Indonesia have become endemic, one of which is in Probolinggo. In addition, this location is a flood-prone area and place for rat sentinel surveillance in the East Java region. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the investigation of the Leptospirosis outbreak in Probolinggo. The study used a descriptive with a case report design on Leptospirosis cases between January to February 2022. The case was derived from the results of Leptospirosis surveillance confirmation data. Based on the findings in January, a high incidence of Leptospirosis was reported and continues to be reported as W1 to the Health Office. Results showed from the investigation of the outbreak there were three cases, male patients, with jobs as traders, retirees, and farmers. The first case resides in Maron District, the second case in Kanigaran District, and the third case in Mayangan District. Most cases were diagnosed as probable (67%) and others as suspect (33%). The three cases had almost the same symptoms such as dizziness, fever, yellow eyes, and muscle aches throughout the body. Two of the three cases were declared dead. It can be concluded that Probolinggo designated as an outbreak of Leptospirosis in 2022. The leptospirosis sentinel surveillance activities carried out were able to detect outbreaks.

Detection of E. coli O157H7 Strains Potentially paThogenic to Humans in the urine of Domestic Mice in the City of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire)

House mice, Mus musculus, are classified as one of the most widespread mammals in the world. They harbor and spread many zoonotic pathogens, such as viruses (hantavirus), bacteria (Leptospira interrogans), protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii) and helminths (Hymenolepis spp.). In view of the real public health problems caused by mouse urine in the contamination of domestic foods, this study proposed to contribute to food safety by assessing the sanitary risk of the urinary microbiome of domestic mice. Bacteria were isolated and identified on CHROMAgarTM Orientation, Chromo E. coli O157H7 culture media and biochemical tests from urine samples collected from house mice in the city of Daloa. A total of 28 urine samples were tested and three bacterial genera Enterococcus, Stapphylococcus and Escherichia were identified with overall frequencies of occurrence of 60.7 %, 42.9 % and 35.7 % respectively. No significant differences were observed between these frequencies. Within the E. coli strain lineage, the potentially human pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 serotype was detected with an overall frequency of 50 %. The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in the urinary tract of house mice therefore represent a health risk for the surrounding population. This study therefore recommends through its results, the implementation of good hygiene practices for food safety, which can reduce the risks of transmission of microbial agents.