White Lens Research Articles

The New Career of Jim Crow

The New Career of Jim Crow Stephen Robinson (bio) Stephanie Cole and Natalie J. Ring, eds. The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2012. xi + 216 pp. Notes and index. $30.00. Robert Cassanello. To Render Invisible: Jim Crow and Public Life in New South Jacksonville. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2013. xv + 188 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $74.95 (cloth); $18.95 (paper). Stephen A. Berrey. The Jim Crow Routine: Everyday Performances of Race, Civil Rights, and Segregation in Mississippi. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. xiii + 331 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $29.95 (paper); $28.99 (e-book). Audrey Thomas McCluskey. A Forgotten Sisterhood: Pioneering Black Women Educators and Activists in the Jim Crow South. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. x +181 pp. Notes, chronology, bibliography, and index. $40.00 (cloth); $39.99 (e-book). William E. O’Brien. Landscapes of Exclusion: State Parks and Jim Crow in the American South. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2016. xv + 191 pp. Notes and index. $39.95. Ruth Thompson-Miller, Joe R. Feagin and Leslie H. Picca. Jim Crow’s Legacy: The Lasting Impact of Segregation. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. xvi + 262 pp. Notes and index. $85.00 (cloth); $28.00 (paper); $27.99 (e-book). The scholarship on the Jim Crow South has had a long career. Dating back to C. Vann Woodward’s path breaking book, The Strange Career of Jim Crow (1955), historians have sought to understand when and why de jure segregation was rolled out across the South. Woodward argued that it was the loss of restraining forces by the 1890s—Southern liberalism, radicalism, and Northern intervention—that enabled white Southern lawmakers to find a new way of enforcing strict racial hierarchies. The flexibility and experimentation in race [End Page 457] relations evident in the 1880s gave way to a more rigid system in the 1890s. Path breaking though this book was, it did not take into account earlier forms of segregation, nor did it contain any serious analysis of African Americans’ agency—a lacuna that was filled in part by Howard Rabinowitz’s insightful Race Relations in the Urban South (1978). Over the last fifteen years or so, scholars have sought to extend the contours of the debate. The essays collected in Jumpin’ Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights (2000), edited by Jane Dailey, Glenda Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, fundamentally reshaped our approach to the Jim Crow South. Rather than interpreting this period from the 1870s to the 1970s through a white lens—and thereby implying that the maintenance of white supremacy was the fixed component—these scholars instead argued that it was black resistance to Jim Crow that was continuous. It was white resistance to black political activism (and, later, to desegregation) that was in a constant state of flux. The books under review in this essay build on the work of Dailey et al. Each explores the fruitful scholarly path of black resistance, and a white counter-resistance that was ever changing. Jim Crow, it seems, had many careers, and was forced to change as a result of the persistence of African Americans’ resistance to it. The Folly of Jim Crow: Rethinking the Segregated South, edited by Stephanie Cole and Natalie J. Ring, is a collection of essays that emerged from a 2010 conference on the segregation era. This collection reveals that Jim Crow from the very beginning was not a fixed entity. As a result, the contributors argue that the old debate over timing is ultimately a folly. Indeed, the essays in The Folly of Jim Crow expand on this essential point. A particular strength of this work—and one that informs to some extent the scholarship that follows—is that it takes the long perspective on Jim Crow. As with scholarship on the modern Civil Rights Movement or, more recently, the Reconstruction era, the chapters in this collection do not simply focus on the early years of Jim Crow, or the period of legal desegregation. Instead, they reframe the story: back into Reconstruction and forward into the post–1960s era. As a result...

The White Cinematic Lens: Decoding the Racial Messages in The Blind Side

This article examines the racial discourses in the film, The Blind Side—a “rags-to-riches” story of black NFL player Michael Oher and his white, adopted family. The Blind Side was a large financial success amongst film viewers while also earning prestigious recognition at the 2010 Academy Awards. Despite its broad appeal and praise, this article argues that the film serves an ideological purpose—to reinforce the bonds of white supremacy. The concept of the White Cinematic Lens is introduced; a process in which the physical aspects of the film conform to ideologies of white supremacy and colorblindness. Through a critical racial analysis, we maintain that the white cinematic lens shapes nearly every physical aspect of the film, including the voiceovers, timeline, storyline, character development, settings, camera angles, and alignment of the camera. Studies of discourse and “film talk” are significant as they reveal how societal participants view their racial world. The white cinematic lens centers white experiences and sensibilities while shielding whites from the harsh realities of the racialized society in which we all live. Problematic stories like The Blind Side legitimize and reproduce several notions of white supremacy, including whiteness, blackness and the “danger” of the urban.

Policing ‘sexting’: Responsibilization, respectability and sexual subjectivity in child protection/crime prevention responses to teenagers’ digital sexual expression

This article examines the motivations, techniques and potential consequences of the governance of teenage sexting. I examine the over-representation of white, middle-class, heterosexual, female sexters, and abstinence from sexting discourses in the ‘Respect Yourself’ child protection/crime prevention initiative. This campaign, I suggest, exploits slut shaming in an effort to responsibilize teenage girls for preventing the purported harms that may flow from sexting—including humiliation, sexual violations and criminalization—for both themselves and their peers. I examine this responsibilization effort through the lens of critical whiteness, queer, girlhood/young feminist and porn studies’ theorizations of the politics of sexual respectability and sexual subjectification and argue that this campaign simultaneously: reveals anxieties about the decline of the moral authority of the white, middle-class, heterosexual nuclear family; constitutes certain teenage girls’ unintelligibility as sexual subjects; and, undermines teenage girls’ ability to challenge a normative sexual order in which they are often blamed extra/legally for their sexual victimization.

Cataract formation associated with ocular toxocariasis

To report the clinical features of cataracts in eyes with ocular toxocariasis. Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hosptal, Seongnam, South Korea. Retrospective observational case series. The clinical diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis was based on the following characteristic features: retinal granuloma with or without ocular inflammation and positive results in serum antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients younger than 60 years who presented with a unilateral cataract and were diagnosed with ocular toxocariasis between January 2009 and January 2012 were included. Demographic and ocular examination data for all patients showing atypical cataract features were collected. All cataracts were documented with anterior segment photography. Seven of 83 patients (8.4%) presented with an atypical cataract in the eye with ocular toxocariasis only. The mean patient age was 49.7 years ± 8.3 (SD) (range 38 to 59 years). All patients had small, round, white lens opacities resembling retinal granulomas. The granuloma-like opacities were located primarily in the lens midperiphery and in the subcapsular level. The lens opacity migrated in 1 patient. Ocular toxocariasis can cause a cataract with distinctive clinical features. These cataracts show a granuloma-like opacity primarily in the posterior subcapsular level; the opacity can migrate. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Racism and the mentor-student relationship: Nurse education through a white lens

This paper is based on a study of relationships between Internationally Recruited Nurse (IRN) mentors and White students in one nurse education department in England (Scammell, 2010). The aim of the study was to analyse mentorship relationships, focusing on interaction in which perceptions of difference were in play. The research drew upon the principles of qualitative ethnography. Data were collected through focus groups, interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis. The purposive sample included 10 IRNs, 23 nursing students, two lecturers and five placement-based staff development nurses. The data were analysed thematically. Essentialist constructions of different 'cultures' emerged amongst students speaking of their experiences with IRN mentors. These were used to explain and justify differences in practice and often to portray IRN education as inferior. Difference was viewed as a problem, leading to the reinforcement of boundaries that differentiate 'them' from 'us'. Racism was denied as a source of these views. The findings suggest that Whiteness as a source of power was influential in the production of racism within everyday nursing practice. Whiteness appeared to be normalised: essentially nurse education is seen through a White lens. Students require deeper sociological understandings to better equip them to recognise and to challenge racism and to acknowledge their own part in its reconstruction.

ANALYTIC APPROACH TO PERTURBED EINSTEIN RING WITH ELLIPTICAL NFW LENS MODEL

We investigate the validity of the approximate method to describe a strong gravitational lensing which was extended by Alard on the basis of a perturbative approach to an Einstein ring. Adopting an elliptical Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) lens model, we demonstrate how the approximate method works, focusing on the shape of the image, the magnification, caustics, and the critical line. Simplicity of the approximate method enables us to investigate the lensing phenomena in an analytic way. We derive simple approximate formulas which characterize a lens system near the Einstein ring.

In the shadow of whiteness: (re)exploring connections between history, enacted culture, and identity in a digital divide initiative

Who we are, our identities, as educators and learners cannot be considered separately from our histories and cultures. As such, many attempts at improving education for historically marginalized minority groups often revolve around finding ways to connect youth culture to curricula. What remains largely unexamined, however, are the history, culture, and identities of White educators and how these forces necessarily impact the ways in which curricula are designed for youth of color. By reconsidering DeGennaro and Brown’s article “Youth Voices: Exploring Connections between History, Enacted Culture and Identity in a Digital Divide Initiative” through a lens of Whiteness, this article aims to illustrate that the histories and identities of African–American learners are dialectically related to the histories and identities of White educators. However, because Whiteness tends to be invisible, White educators have the privilege of not examining who they are and where they come from as part of their own identity development during the teaching and learning process. This article invites White educators to question what it means to educate youth of color by recognizing their own Whiteness as a powerful force in shaping pedagogical activities. By understanding both themselves and their students as racialized, cultural actors, White educators can begin to develop curricula that are truly empowering for minority youth.

Shades of gray: an autoethnographic study of race in the academy

The study is an autoethnographic case study of one Black man’s experiences, both within and outside academe. Two strands of vignettes – one personal, the other professional – run throughout the paper. The two strands are presented in a format similar to parallel editing used in film editing. The overarching goal of the piece is to offer a view of the author’s experiences involving race in higher education. The study uses reflexive writing as a method of revisiting and interrogating the author’s experience and illustrating how this process of reflexivity impacts on his own in notions of race. The result of these writings ranges from reinforcing relatively simplistic views of race to disrupting his preconceived ideas. While some themes that arise from this piece may resemble previous works on race, racial identity and racial politics, there are unique perspectives and interpretations presented in this paper that are attributable in no small measure to the fact that the author is a Black man who was raised by a white family in white America. Since the author did not have the cultural experience of being Black until he went to college, a white cultural lens largely informs his understandings of his own experiences. However, the act of writing uncovers inconsistencies within the author’s own interpretations and theories of race. In fact, it appears that the author has competing theories of race that present dilemmas for his thinking and dealings with race in higher education. The study concludes that writing can be used as an effective method for reflecting, interrogating and modifying one’s own perspective to arrive at more nuanced and complex understandings, which reinforce the conclusion that race plays out in messy and complicated ways.

Make Indigenes Unconscious of Whiteness: A Response to Green, Sonn, and Matsebula

Green, Sonn, and Matsebula (2007) present a useful review of studies that theorise, research, and suggest possibilities of looking at race and racism through the lens of whiteness. In the process, however, they elide some intriguing specifics of the history of race in South Africa, such as that in the entire history of the race classification board there were no instances of any African turning white or of any white person changing into the category of African. By placing the focus on white rather than black subjectivity, whiteness studies runs the risk of drawing attention away, not only from the suffering, but also from the resilience, beauty, and love, that arises, for indigenous people, out of a history of oppression and solidarity.

A comparison of the effect of reduced illumination and tinted lenses on stereospsis at near

Relative depth may be appreciated with the use of one eye using linear perspective, shadows, parallax and texture as monocular cues to depth. Stereopsis, on the other hand, is the directappreciation of relative depth that requires the use of both eyes to construct a three-dimension-al percept from disparate two-dimensional retinal images. The advantage of stereopsis is with respect to complex visual tasks especially that requiring accurate hand-eye coordination. Tinted lenses are prescribed for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to photophobia, asthenopia, improving colour perception in colour deficient individuals, enhancing cosmesis and protection against glare or harmful radiation and enhancing visual performance as in sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative effects of six specific CR39 tinted spectacle lenses (grade B), and a white CR39 lens, against a no lens condition, on stereoacuity over a range of illumination levels. Illumination was varied with the use of neutral density (ND) filters, while the Titmus Fly Stereotest (TFS) wasused to measure stereoacuity. Participants (n =60) between the ages of 17 - 29 years (mean =23.58; sd = 3.14) were purposively sampled from a clinical practice to participate in this research study. Using repeated measures ANOVA and appropriate post-hoc multivariate analysis, it was evident that there was a significant decline in stereopsis as the level ofillumination decreased,regardless of tint condition; also there was no statistically significant difference in stereopsis between the no lens and white lens conditions at each level of illumination; and stereopsis wassignificantly superior with the no lens conditioncompared to all six other tint conditions (gradeB), at each level of illumination. These results indicate that stereoacuity, as measured by the TFS, is adversely affected by adecline in retinal illuminance and by the use of tinted lenses. This information could be utilised to advise patients on the performance implications of the six tinted lenses tested with respectto their effects on stereoacuity under different illumination levels.

Dreaming in Color: Race and the Spectacular in The Ag�ero Sisters and Praisesong for the Widow

Dreaming in Color:Race and the Spectacular in The Agüero Sisters and Praisesong for the Widow Pascha A. Stevenson (bio) I cannot go to a film without seeing myself. I wait for me. In the interval, just before the film starts, I wait for me. The people in the theater are watching me, examining me, waiting for me. Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks1 What Frantz Fanon articulates here is a kind of spectacular anxiety, a phenomenon that flourishes in an exhibitory environment: not so much the emblematic theater, but rather the color-bound society in which the theater operates. Fanon is a black man, a Martinican, and he sits quietly in the movie theater anticipating the coming spectacle of the screen. Those around him, white faces presumably, do the same, and yet a far more urgent, violent drama unfolds, one in which black skin slips uncomfortably into the role of spectacle (supplanting even the screen) by virtue of its distinction from and subordination to white skin. Even Fanon cannot help but position himself as the object of his own surveillance. He envisions himself waiting there in the theater, waiting to see himself yet again in the film at hand. The self-reflexive waiting and watching, and the awareness of those examining eyes around him also waiting and watching, produces a kind of nausea. Fanon wonders how the screen will represent him: no matter that he himself will not appear in the movie (he is no actor); the reductive fact of his darkness is sufficient to bind him inextricably to whatever representation of black men the film may offer. Will he be "battered down by tom-toms, cannibalism, intellectual deficiency, fetichism, racial defects, slave ships, and above all else, above all: 'sho' good eatin'"?2 Spectacle and "difference" go often together, frequently as cell mates. Fanon feels himself shift into his position as the object of the spectacle simply (and yet not so simply) because he is Afro-Caribbean, and he comes into the role with a profound conscious unwillingness, yet so entrenched are the ideas situating [End Page 141] him there that he can offer little resistance to the power of the spectacle. Indeed this is the real business of social spectacle: power. While Fanon's experience implies that spectacle derives from the subject's exoticism—from the subject's difference from an accepted standard and rarity within a given context (perhaps he is the only black man in a theater where most patrons are white)—there is more to social spectacle than the exploitation of difference. The relationship between spectacle and spectator is indeed a hegemonic one, defined by both power and powerlessness. It is in this sense that Fanon's individual and representative experience, concepts of social spectacle and what Guy Debord calls the "spectacular economy," begin to mobilize questions and ideas about exoticism as a white lens for viewing the nonwhite Caribbean.3 For here, too, within the mythology of exoticism, the relationship between object and spectator might seem to reveal the lure of difference, the seductive powers of the exotic, and indeed it does to a certain extent. Yet one must ask why the Caribbean makes for such fascinating spectacle? What is it that suits it so perfectly to this role? Is not the Caribbean also a kind of dark figure sitting in the dim theater of white Western tourism? Even now? "The spectacle is not a collection of images," says Debord, "rather, it is a social relationship between people that is mediated by images."4 That this "social relationship" abides by rules regarding race, gender, and class goes practically without saying, but I will say it anyway.5 Broadly defined, this project is concerned with the manner in which two contemporary Caribbean American authors contend with the complex function of spectacle in their respective Caribbeans. While Paule Marshall critiques and subverts the mythology of the exotic spectacle in the Caribbean, Cristina García seems to yield to it, and the gulf between the two authors reveals the scope and complexity of the Caribbean literary dialogue. Ultimately I look to fiction emerging from or written about the Caribbean to treat that region's...

Design and demonstration of an optical true-time-delay device based on an octic-style white cell

A methodology for designing an octic-style optical true-time-delay (TTD) device based on the White cell (WC) is investigated. The octic cell is a polynomial cell, one of the two classes of TTD White cells. This octic cell is designed to produce a maximum of 6399 delays in 17 bounces, with a unit delay of 3 ps. Glass blocks are used for short delays, white lens trains are used for the longer delays. The octic cell is designed to use a microelectromechanical tip/tilt micromirror array to direct light beams into various delay paths.

Portable light transmission measuring system for preserved corneas

BackgroundThe authors have developed a small portable device for the objective measurement of the transparency of corneas stored in preservative medium, for use by eye banks in evaluation prior to transplantation.MethodsThe optical system consists of a white light, lenses, and pinholes that collimate the white light beams and illuminate the cornea in its preservative medium, and an optical filter (400–700 nm) that selects the range of the wavelength of interest. A sensor detects the light that passes through the cornea, and the average corneal transparency is displayed. In order to obtain only the tissue transparency, an electronic circuit was built to detect a baseline input of the preservative medium prior to the measurement of corneal transparency. The operation of the system involves three steps: adjusting the "0 %" transmittance of the instrument, determining the "100 %" transmittance of the system, and finally measuring the transparency of the preserved cornea inside the storage medium.ResultsFifty selected corneas were evaluated. Each cornea was submitted to three evaluation methods: subjective classification of transparency through a slit lamp, quantification of the transmittance of light using a corneal spectrophotometer previously developed, and measurement of transparency with the portable device.ConclusionBy comparing the three methods and using the expertise of eye bank trained personnel, a table for quantifying corneal transparency with the new device has been developed. The correlation factor between the corneal spectrophotometer and the new device is 0,99813, leading to a system that is able to standardize transparency measurements of preserved corneas, which is currently done subjectively.

"We's the Leftovers": Whiteness as Economic Power and Exploitation in August Wilson's Twentieth-Century Cycle of Plays

The widespread critical attention August Wilson's work has enjoyed has helped establish his stature as the African American playwright of the late twentieth century. In particular, scholars have focused almost exclusively on Wilson's black portraits, concurring with the dramatist who, both in his plays and in his interviews, accentuates the struggles of his black characters. Consequently, whites have only been regarded as secondary actors in Wilson's drama, despite Wilson's observation that white society is the main antagonist in his plays (Grant 114). Wilson's white characters have appeared time and again in Wilson scholarship; however, they have been treated as peripheral, rather than central, to his plays. (1) Because the lives of Wilson's black characters are inseparable from those of white Americans, we need to pay more deliberate attention to images of whiteness in Wilson's work. For these reasons, in this essay I would like to reconsider his plays through the lens of whiteness. My goal in doing so is not to further privilege the already-prevalent concept of whiteness in American society and literature but to disclose its focal position in African American art and to initiate a better understanding of its connotations in Wilson's drama. Admittedly, there are few on-stage white characters in Wilson's plays: Irvin, Sturdyvant, and the policeman in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom; Rutherford Selig in Joe Turner's Came and Gone; and the unseen yet present ghost of James Sutter in The Piano Lesson. (2) Wilson's fictive black world, however, is peopled with many whites; if they do not appear on stage, they materialize in the lives, stories, and conversations of his black characters. As early as in Ma Rainey, the playwright began reflecting on the external white world bearing down upon African Americans by employing off-stage characters. Wilson's tendency seemingly to marginalize whiteness by restricting it, for the most part, to an off-stage presence serves an important purpose: The dramatic focus can thus remain on the black characters while also implying that whites, even in their absence, are very much present, since they clearly circumscribe and govern the lives and potentialities of the black characters. Thus, Wilson's dramatic work, whose emotional center lies with his African American characters, also consistently draws attention to the pervasive and negative impact of Euro-Americans in the black community. Henry Louis Gates, Jr., makes the same point: ... one of Wilson's accomplishments is to register the ambiguous presence of white folks in a segregated black world--the way you see them nowhere and feel them everywhere (55). Considered as a whole, Wilson's twentieth-century cycle of plays underscores the economic, social, and judicial dominance of white Americans. (3) In this essay, I will address the first and foremost part of this equation: Wilson's emphasis on how property or capital bestows power on whites in American society so that they can make decisions which determine the course of other people's lives and, in so doing, often disrupt and destroy those lives for their own economic survival. (4) Although Wilson's cycle of plays proposes to rewrite the white version of American history in the twentieth century (with a play dedicated to each decade), it also looks back in time to slavery, the era when whiteness became associated with the most abominable ownership imaginable: that of human flesh. Wilson first began to inspect the nature and source of Euro-Americans' economic power in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (1984). Set in Chicago in 1927, the play exposes the exploitation of blues musicians by the white moguls of the recording industry. Ma Rainey's Black Bottom opens with Sturdyvant and Irvin, white characters modeled after these businessmen. Preoccupied with money, according to Wilson's character notes, Sturdyvantis insensitive to black performers and prefers to deal with them at ann's length (17). …

Evolution of an Enhanced Rear Signaling System

Rear-end crashes are the most frequently occurring type of crash, making up approximately 25% of all crashes. Crash analysis has revealed a need to detect stopped and slowing lead vehicles with peripheral vision, as well as to detect stopped and slowing lead vehicles with foveal vision more quickly. Two experiments were conducted in an effort to develop systems that have these properties, yet do not have too much discomfort glare. Both experiments used the same four dependent measures: attention-getting rating, discomfort-glare rating, horizontal peripheral detection angle, and diagonal peripheral detection angle. Experiment 1 examined 17 candidate systems, all using white light and clear lenses. The results showed that the TCL, a lamp with a motorized reflector that moves in an M-sweep pattern, was the top candidate for an imminent crash warning signal, while a pair of centrally located alternating halogen lamps would be optimal for a stopped or slowly moving vehicle signal. Experiment 2 examined the effect of colored lenses for the top four configurations identified from Experiment 1. The results showed that TCL is superior to the alternating pair configurations in attention getting and peripheral detection for an imminent crash warning signal, with glare reduced by the use of tinted lenses in either red or amber. The high-output halogen alternating pair with either amber or red dispersive lenses represents the best available configuration for the stopped or slowly moving vehicle signal.

"From the Seen to the Told": The Construction of Subjectivity in Toni Morrison's "Beloved"

In final chapter of Beloved, narrator repeats, was not a story to pass on. Nonetheless, like ghost in novel that haunts 124 Bluestone Road, that draws life out of Sethe, story is beloved. The dearly beloved, those buried, burned, thrown overboard, who cannot or should not be forgotten, create this story that must be known and told. In telling, Morrison not only rememories experience of slavery, but she also ties her work to production of critical theory as she deconstructs Enlightenment notion of to make room for what bell hooks calls a radical black subjectivity. Morrison's narrative work poses a strong theoretical challenge to Modernist tradition of knowledge, reason, language, history, and identity. Then, in open space remaining, she reconstructs knowledges, histories, and identities, all of which allow for inclusion of African American subject and African American experience. However, this is no easy task. The Western intellectual tradition works against establishment of alternatively legitimate modes of knowledge. It is not only a white intellectual tradition that has required black experience of slavery to be viewed through a white lens. African American intellectuals have similarly tried to gain social advancement through mastery of white language and knowledge. Influenced by his Enlightenment world view, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote in Talented Tenth that of life and its wider meaning has been point of Negro's deepest ignorance (Writings 852), thus underestimating capacity of everyday people to 'know' about life, argues Comel West (58), (1) and embracing instead Modernist tradition of power/knowledge. Enlightenment thought constructed a white, heterosexual, patriarchal hegemony that marginalized those outside fixed center. Similarly, Du Bois's social philosophy for betterment of his race depended implicitly upon Modernist vie w of and language, which necessitated presence of a rational, coherent subject. It was upon shoulders of this enlightened, exceptional man that Du Bois placed burden to save race, for he was far more likely to act on behalf of common good than were uneducated masses. However, within bounds of Enlightenment thought, neither Du Bois nor any other member of a socially marginalized group (2) could cast himself as a thinking subject because he was necessarily constituted as Other. Enlightenment tradition alienated African Americans from knowledge and all its rewards--history, identity, language. This exclusion from American culture has formed an unrelenting attack on black humanity, producing condition of black culture--that of black invisibility and namelessness (West 80). For many marginalized groups in America, historical status of is precisely that of never having existed, because members have lacked power imperative to conceive of oneself as a centered, whole entity (Harper 11). Because Du Bois's agenda for social improvement proved incompatible with philosophy under which it was conceived, African American intellectuals have been compelled to find theoretical alternatives which would allow for creation of presence and voice through which to articulate their experience and history. The subversion of monarchical rule of Enlightenment thought which discredits alternatives, multiplicitous representations, or varying knowledges appears essential for African American intellectuals who would empower themselves to create a radical black subjectivity and identity outside of hegemonic prescriptions. Henry Louis Gates defines this opposition to hegemony as the most fundamental right that any tradition possesses.. . to define itself... [and] its very own presuppositions. If African Americanists fail to accomplish this task, we shall remain indentured servants to white masters. …

Cataracts Produced in Rats by Yogurt

Rats kept on an exclusive diet of yogurt avidly ate the yogurt, grew at a normal rate, were normally active, mated, conceived, and gave birth to normal, healthy litters. However, all of the rats developed cataracts. Cataracts appeared in young rats 2 to 3 months, and in adult rats 4 to 6 months, after initiation of the yogurt diet. Cataracts first manifested themselves in small vacuoles at the periphery of the lens and then in small striae extending toward the center of the lens. These striae progressively became longer, more coarse, and numerous until they coalesced, finally forming a mature white lens. The high content of galactose in commercially available yogurt could account in full for appearance of cataracts in 100 percent of the experimental animals. The cataracts appear to be the same as those produced by diets with a high content of galactose.

Orange runway lighting as a method for reducing bird strike damage to aircraft

Insects and spiders which congregate at night around runway lights on airfields form an attractive food source, and thus draw a wide variety of birds and bats into the flight paths of aircraft. Aircraft can be severely damaged when they strike birds or bats. If the number of insects and spiders which are concentrated by runway lighting could be substantially reduced, presumably the frequency of this type of damage to aircraft would also be reduced. It was found that orange light which excluded wavelengths shorter than 530 mp attracted fewer insects and spiders by weight than white light of equal visibility to humans with normal vision. A reduction of 92% was achieved with a Pyrex orange runway light lens, formerly in general use in Australia but now replaced by a variety of white lenses to conform to specifications of the International Civil Aviation Organization. There are strong indications that these specifications should be amended in the interest of aviation safety to ensure that as many of the short wavelengths as possible are excluded from signal lights, and that orange should be the colour for the main runway lights.

Glare and its Prevention a Study of the Problems Involved

This paper may conveniently conclude with a brief review of the conclusions arrived at and the suggestions of interest to the Optometrist. (1) Indoor glare is a matter of faulty lighting installations, faulty architecture and incorrect placing of furniture. Where it is impossible to remedy these conditions the use of an eye shade is helpful. (2) Outdoor glare at night is a matter of incorrect street lighting and car headlights. The former is beyond the sphere of Optometrists, but in the latter case we may assist with such aids as Polaroid or Gradutint spectacles if absolutely necessary. (3) outdoor glare during daylight is mostly due, in healthy cases, to an uncorrected error of refraction, the correction of which with white lenses will ease the glare. Where an absorption lens is required it should be of the lightest tint, which will be effective, and should only be worn for the purpose for which it was prescribed. For general purposes and at the seaside, Smoke, Softlite, Crookes' and Fieuzal are recommended, as they do not alter colour values greatly. On snowfields Crookes' and Fieuzal give greater protection from the ultraviolet. In the northern parts of Australia (tropical and sub-tropical) a heat-absorbing lens such as Infrex should be used. Language: en