Lens Of Race Research Articles

No Poor among Them: Poverty and Mormonism's Trek toward Secularism

No Poor among Them: Poverty and Mormonism's Trek toward Secularism

Identity-Conscious Scholar Formation: Shaping More Inclusive Academic Communities

As colleges and universities commit to creating and sustaining a more inclusive and equitable community, it is important to understand how the role of identity intersects with the existing processes of socialization and development. An identity-conscious practice is the process of realizing that who we are informs and impacts how we act, interact, and see the world around us. In particular, how identity should be considered as part of bidirectional socialization. Understanding socialization as bidirectional means that organizations can contribute to healthier communities that not only retain scholars but also engage with the identities and experiences of their students. This paper explores the ways in which doctoral students of color, in particular, Asian American and Pacific Islanders, experience the socialization and development processes through the lens of race; identifies the key organizational challenges; and provides recommendations for how colleges and universities can move towards a more inclusive and equitable community. This paper advances a framework for an identity-conscious model of the formation of scholars.

Promises and Challenges of Racial Equity Budgeting from the Perspective of Generally Accepted Performance Principles (GAPP)

Public budgeting scholars and practitioners have developed an approach to formulating and analyzing public expenditures and taxation that has come to be called gender-based budgeting. The case for taking a gender perspective in public budgeting also applies to the explicit consideration of race and ethnicity in addition to gender. However, unlike the case of gender-based budgeting, there does not yet exist a broad conceptual framework for racial equity public budgeting. The purpose of this research is to remedy this gap. The article addresses the following questions: (1) What are the main insights from the development of gender-based budgeting that apply to viewing public budgets with a racial lens? (2) What are the data and administrative requirements of applying a racially-sensitive lens to public budgets? (3) What are the experiences of local governments that have tried to implement various features of racial equity budgeting? We identify several local jurisdictions that are attempting to incorporate racial equity more explicitly into local budgeting. We extract lessons and insights from each of these cases. Particular attention will be given to how adopting a more racially-sensitive lens might lead to changes in budgetary decisions and priorities.

Getting to Where We Need to Get: A Meaningful Step Towards Understanding and Remedying White Privilege

ABSTRACT Anen’s paper adeptly uses a racial lens to psychoanalytically examine an important but neglected aspect of racism, namely how white privilege is deeply rooted in narcissistic states of mind. The white psyche and corollaries such as having whiteness as a psychological condition are a current focus of psychoanalytic writers. Anen’s approach adds significantly to this burgeoning inquiry by adapting additional psychoanalytic tools to the inquiry. He ably stretches established and familiar theories of narcissism, shame, internalization, and capacity for aloneness to interrogate white privilege. His additional perspectives give the analytic thinker more adequate scaffolding to hold the tensions of exploring the polarizing topic of white privilege. The openness of Anen’s inquiries and his highly illuminating case example also make room for additional questions such as whether the tools he offers adequately address the underlying hatred of racism and one of its weapons, namely, white privilege.

Cannabis and criminology: A history of race, addiction, and inconvenient research

While efforts to restrict the use of cannabis are more than a century old, policy liberalization is more recent. History suggests that the growing tolerance for cannabis will continue to be met with opposition. Cannabis policy has been trapped in a recurrent rotation from acceptance and increased use to hostility and expansive efforts to control those who consume it. This paper considers how historical criminology can uncover criminological artifacts to conceive, frame, and clarify cannabis criminalization, decriminalization, and liberalization. As a subject, cannabis was shaped by forces that had little to do with the plant itself, which led it to be socially constructed as evil, dangerous, or otherwise risky. We consider the history of cannabis through the lenses of race, addiction, and research and explore reports from five different countries on cannabis and criminal justice policy.

The Muslim Problem: A Majoritarian Concern in India

Muslim communities in modern Indian society are often seen through the lens of race and politics. The separate mechanisms of faith and secularism, which, as Judith Butler observes, may well be “a fugitive way” for certain kinds of “religion to survive”, are meshed together with the politics of representation and counter-representation of Islam and Muslims in the framing of identities. From the Babri masjid demolition to the wake of Ram mandir bhoomi pujan, and the hijab controversy, religion and culture run the risk of being employed in disloyalty, as a threat, in an artistically compromised manner. This article will examine how the tensions between individual subjectivity and a communitarian adherence to culture and faith manifest themselves in the present-day situation in India, as they negotiate between the pull of a liberal individualist lifestyle and that of family and community—between speaking as an “I” and on behalf of a collective.

"Through the looking glass: A lens-based account of intersectional stereotyping": Correction to Petsko et al. (2022).

Reports an error in "Through the looking glass: A lens-based account of intersectional stereotyping" by Christopher D. Petsko, Ashleigh Shelby Rosette and Galen V. Bodenhausen (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Jan 13, 2022, np). In the article, a coding error that impacted the results of Experiments 2a and 2b has been corrected, and the supplemental material and Figures 3 and 4 have also been updated. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2022-20006-001.) A growing body of scholarship documents the intersectional nature of social stereotyping, with stereotype content being shaped by a target person's multiple social identities. However, conflicting findings in this literature highlight the need for a broader theoretical integration. For example, although there are contexts in which perceivers stereotype gay Black men and heterosexual Black men in very different ways, so too are there contexts in which perceivers stereotype these men in very similar ways. We develop and test an explanation for contradictory findings of this sort. In particular, we argue that perceivers have a repertoire of lenses in their minds-identity-specific schemas for categorizing others-and that characteristics of the perceiver and the social context determine which one of these lenses will be used to organize social perception. Perceivers who are using the lens of race, for example, are expected to attend to targets' racial identities so strongly that they barely attend, in these moments, to targets' other identities (e.g., their sexual orientations). Across six experiments, we show (a) that perceivers tend to use just one lens at a time when thinking about others, (b) that the lenses perceivers use can be singular and simplistic (e.g., the lens of gender by itself) or intersectional and complex (e.g., a race-by-gender lens, specifically), and (c) that different lenses can prescribe categorically distinct sets of stereotypes that perceivers use as frameworks for thinking about others. This lens-based account can resolve apparent contradictions in the literature on intersectional stereotyping, and it can likewise be used to generate novel hypotheses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Through the looking glass: A lens-based account of intersectional stereotyping.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 123(4) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2023-02979-003). In the article, a coding error that impacted the results of Experiments 2a and 2b has been corrected, and the supplemental material and Figures 3 and 4 have also been updated. All versions of this article have been corrected.] A growing body of scholarship documents the intersectional nature of social stereotyping, with stereotype content being shaped by a target person's multiple social identities. However, conflicting findings in this literature highlight the need for a broader theoretical integration. For example, although there are contexts in which perceivers stereotype gay Black men and heterosexual Black men in very different ways, so too are there contexts in which perceivers stereotype these men in very similar ways. We develop and test an explanation for contradictory findings of this sort. In particular, we argue that perceivers have a repertoire of lenses in their minds-identity-specific schemas for categorizing others-and that characteristics of the perceiver and the social context determine which one of these lenses will be used to organize social perception. Perceivers who are using the lens of race, for example, are expected to attend to targets' racial identities so strongly that they barely attend, in these moments, to targets' other identities (e.g., their sexual orientations). Across six experiments, we show (a) that perceivers tend to use just one lens at a time when thinking about others, (b) that the lenses perceivers use can be singular and simplistic (e.g., the lens of gender by itself) or intersectional and complex (e.g., a race-by-gender lens, specifically), and (c) that different lenses can prescribe categorically distinct sets of stereotypes that perceivers use as frameworks for thinking about others. This lens-based account can resolve apparent contradictions in the literature on intersectional stereotyping, and it can likewise be used to generate novel hypotheses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

An "inferior class of white aliens". Italians and the labour movement in nineteenth- and twentieth-century San Francisco

early twentieth-century San Francisco. It studies the Italians' integration process through the lens of race by focusing on the racist policies adopted by labour unions, which only admitted "whites" and excluded Asian immigrants. Drawing on a wide variety of sources (the labour press, trade unions' records, employment data), I will reveal how Italians, although discriminated against and judged as racially inferior, were nonetheless recognised as "white" and therefore assimilated into the labour movement. I argue that this was made possible by the early development of a common "Caucasian" identity among European groups, modelled against Asian immigration, which reduced the tensions that prevailed elsewhere in the United States, namely between the "old stock" and the "new immigrants", among whom many Italians.

Voices of the minority: Diverse experiences from practitioners in the field of sports and exercise psychology

The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of sports and exercise psychologists and sports and exercise psychology trainees from minority groups as they practice within the field. The experiences of UK minority sports and exercise psychologists and trainees within the field have not been widely explored in the literature. The lived experiences of three practitioners were explored through the lens of race, sexual orientation and religion. Forty-five-minute semi-structured interviews were analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis. The following themes arose from the study: the unseen minority, embed discrimination in sport, improving the field, journey barriers and the qualities of a practitioner. Based on the themes explored future research areas are discussed.

Dignity, Respect, and Freedom

This paper looks at Irene Redfield, a character from Nella Larsen's Passing, analyzing how dignity is prioritized above all else in her life. Viewing Irene through the lenses of race, sexuality, and class, this paper delves into the intricacies of Irene's mind, attempting to contextualize her by her overt and repressed desires. Passing is a nuanced novel with complicated characters. Many scholars have attempted to understand the symbolism Larsen has imbued the novel with, producing insightful works to challenge the reader's initial perceptions of the novel and the characters. Through taking a deep-dive into Irene's mind, readers can become more familiar with the important of race, sexuality, and class as Larsen viewed them at her time of writing the novel. This paper claims that dignity and respect are Irene's main motivations throughout Passing, and gives insight into the consequences this had for Irene as a character.

Veg(an) Tales: Vegan Identity Making in the United States

Approaching veganism through the lens of race and class provides an interesting perspective and alternate understanding of the meaning of the diet and accessibility for marginalized groups in the U.S. and the way U.S. capitalism affects its mainstream construction and value. The anti-hegemonic foundational principles of veganism are the antithesis to the hegemonic foundational principles of United States culture, causing great tensions in the perception of veganism. Attributes of Christianity reproduce and naturalize dominant ideologies that support speciesism and anthropocentrism, which work to normalize the manipulation and exploitation of non-human animal bodies and livelihoods. These tensions manifest in stereotyping as a method of delegitimizing the movements’ deeper purposes, making identity-making complicated. Positing veganism in the current capitalist framework adds another layer of nuance because of the methods in which products are available and marketed; understanding aspects of consumption and the breadth of the economic incentives involved aid in grasping the mainstreaming of veganism and the predominant media representations that center the white experience, resulting in the erasure of other cultural and racial experiences.

“I Literally Roll With The Punches”: Black and Latina Women Coping Through Parental Incarceration

Racial and ethnic disparities within the criminal legal system have been shown to disproportionately impact Black and Latinx children. Parental incarceration is associated with emotional and psychological stresses for children, but these effects can extend beyond incarceration. Research suggests that parental incarceration is not a discrete event and problems during childhood can exacerbate throughout the life course. Yet, little is known on how challenges faced by parental incarceration transcend to adulthood. Further, an examination on the long-term effects of parental incarceration through the lens of race, ethnicity, and gender remains understudied. In order to address this gap, this study focused on the lived experiences of young Black and Latina women. We utilized 11 semi-structured interviews to explicate how young Black and Latina women compartmentalize the experience of parental incarceration and use coping strategies. Using an interpretative phenomenological analysis, we found that these young women interpret parental incarceration as an ongoing process and rely on four coping strategies. Thus, our findings highlight that despite the challenges of parental incarceration, young Black and Latina women remain resilient by accepting the reality of their circumstances, keeping themselves occupied with tasks and activities, seeking their own social support systems and mental health services, and reconstructing their own prosocial identity.

Katrina: A History, 1915–2015

Katrina: A History, 1915–2015

10 Lessons in Community Love

Abstract This conversation engages one of folklore's foundational tasks: the recording, archiving, and sharing of the diversity of experiences and points of view that shape human experience. Modeling the practice of collaboration they advocate for the folklorist/documentarian, the authors Selina Morales and Maribel Alvarez explore through conversation a pedagogy of documentation from a critical racial justice lens. Moving across a spectrum from family stories to public folklore projects and reflecting on their deep roots in community organizing, they draw attention to the dynamics of power that impact whose stories are told and which assumptions of disciplinary knowledge are applied to theorizing documentation practices.

Advocacy Needed for Young Adult Patients of Color from Clinicians' Racial Lens

Advocacy Needed for Young Adult Patients of Color from Clinicians' Racial Lens

In the Midst of Radicalism: Mexican American Moderates during the Chicano Movement, 1960–1978 by Guadalupe San Miguel Jr

Reviewed by: In the Midst of Radicalism: Mexican American Moderates during the Chicano Movement, 1960–1978 by Guadalupe San Miguel Jr Enrique M. Buelna (bio) In the Midst of Radicalism: Mexican American Moderates during the Chicano Movement, 1960–1978. By Guadalupe San Miguel Jr. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2022. Pp. x, 190. $26.95 paper; $21.95 ebook) In this examination of the Chicano Movement, Guadalupe San Miguel revises our understanding of the role played by Mexican American moderates in advancing the goals of social justice. He [End Page 207] introduces several individuals and organizations that pursued policies and programs that brought positive changes to Chicano/Latino communities across the country. Turning their energies away from confrontational tactics, they focused on conventional means of social change—lobbying, negotiation, voting, and compromise—to make their voices heard (p. 97). Often dismissed by a racial lens that viewed American society in strictly black or white terms, Mexican Americans had to work hard to get the attention of policymakers and the nation at large. Despite their repeated disappointment over this lack of understanding about who they were, Mexican American moderates held fast to the notion that they could promote gradual social change through moral suasion. Yet, internal divisions based on class, regional histories, and identity also made organizing a united front challenging. But even here, as San Miguel points out, moderates understood the importance of radical protest. Despite their own reservations about such tactics, many were inspired by the United Farm Workers grape boycott, Black civil rights activists’ nonviolent direct action campaigns, protests against the Vietnam War, and the uprisings in Black communities. As the author makes clear, the “lessons of protest . . . were not lost on Mexican Americans liberal activists” (p. 12). Indeed, they would have to resort to some of these tactics themselves on occasion, just to be invited to the table. San Miguel underscores the long history of radical activism among Mexican Americans dating back to the end of the U.S.–Mexico War. In the decades that followed, Mexican Americans would have to grapple with an aggressive Anglo settler colonial rule that identified them as an internal threat. Through countless acts of resistance, both legal and extralegal, Mexican Americans struggled against relentless assaults on their rights. As the book moves forward into the second half of the twentieth century, it focuses on five prominent figures in the radical tradition—César Chávez, Dolores Huerta, Reies Tijerina, Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales, and Francisca Flores—and how “they expanded traditional concerns of the civil rights movement from [End Page 208] seeking rights, recognition, and resources to include economic justice, return of stolen lands, feminism, urban discrimination, and educational inequity” (p. 32). San Miguel’s major intervention in the historiography of the Chicano Movement, however, lies in his examination of how the unrest of the sixties influenced a new generation of moderate activists to push the envelope, sometimes utilizing “measured militancy,” to achieve social change (p. 70). The book highlights the evolution of several grassroots organizations, with their origins in the Chicano Movement, into more formal community development corporations. Other grassroots organizations would similarly mollify their approaches, using a combination of creative tactics as they sought attention for their issues. San Miguel pays particular attention to the struggles by moderates to bring about reforms to education. Despite decades of efforts by communities across the country to bring an end to discrimination against Mexican Americans in public schools, systemic inequities remained. By 1970, a critical mass of moderates, especially at the national level, would play crucial roles in the development of bilingual/bicultural programs and other comprehensive school reforms. The book highlights several key figures such as María Urquides, Lupe Anguiano, Armando M. Rodriguez, Henry M. Ramírez, Nick E. Garza, and José A. Cárdenas. The book also emphasizes that this development was possible due to the involvement of large numbers of Mexican American educators, administrators, elected officials, parent policy groups, and others willing and ready to take on these institutions. San Miguel is correct in stating that not enough attention is paid to the activism of moderate liberals during the era of the Chicano Movement. Amid the moral outrage and...

With and Without, Wise and Otherwise, José and José

With and Without, Wise and Otherwise, José and <i>José</i>

In the aftertimes, breathe: Rhetorical technologies of suffocation and an abolitionist praxis of (breathing in) relation

ABSTRACT This essay advances racial respiratory philosophy and calls for an abolitionist rhetorical studies as a response to Ersula Ore and my call for “cultivating otherwise worlds and breathable futures” in the Aftertimes. I draw from respiratory philosophy and communication and transdisciplinary scholarship on the constitutive nature of white violence, cruelty, and antiblackness, their relation to breathing/suffocation, and how the university is implicated therein. I then offer a cross-institutional analysis of the state’s dismissive, violent response to Eric Garner’s cry of “I can’t breathe” and the social atmospheres of antiblackness that saturate the university. I read these institutions through a racial respiratory lens to demonstrate how what I call technologies of suffocation work through similar logics and parallel effects in different settings to loot Black breath and sustain white supremacy. Following this analysis, I discuss abolition as a productive force of societal transformation that also demands an embodied, world-breaking/making praxis grounded in an ethical, affective, and collective reorientation around the living and breathing relations at the core of the modern world, a thorough ontic-epistemic dismantling that could create space-times for imagining a new society and new forms of relationality. I conclude by thinking toward abolitionist futures, radical humanism, and disciplinary transformation.

Experiences of African American Dementia Caregivers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

African American caregivers are often confronted with the complexities of caregiving through the lens of race and associated health disparities. The COVID-19 pandemic has both exacerbated the systemic disparities and deeply rooted inequities experienced by African Americans and laid bare their effects on the community of caregivers. The purpose of this project was to explore the experiences of African American dementia caregivers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nineteen African American caregivers of persons living with dementia were recruited by primary investigators and community partners with purposeful sampling techniques to participate in semi-structured focus groups that were held April 2021. Four overarching themes were constructed during thematic analysis: social isolation, decreased well-being, the good and bad of telehealth, and challenges in fulfilling the caregiver role. Caregivers expressed that they became socially isolated from family and friends, which led to them becoming depressed and mentally strained. Several caregivers felt they could not carry out their caregiver duties due to the constraints surrounding the pandemic. The varying levels of interaction with and the comfort level of physicians utilizing telehealth led to caregivers having mixed reviews on the popularized service. The results of this study will be used to culturally adapt caregiving education courses and programs promoting mastery and competency during a pandemic. In preparations for future public health crises, healthcare professionals will be able to use the results of this study to address the specific needs and improve the experiences of African American dementia caregivers.