Length Of Zone Research Articles

The Development and Investigation of the Diffusion-Stabilizing Burner with the Niche

The article presents the results of researches of the development and field tests in bench conditions of the microdiffusion stabilizer burner device of a rectangular slot type with a niche deepening along the entire perimeter of the burner. The air passes through a rectangular slot, gaseous fuel for combustion is supplied to the recirculation zone through a system of holes in the end wall of the stabilizer. On the side of the output end of the stabilizer, there is a niche deepening. As studies have shown, the niche deepening is an additional source of stabilization and intensification of torch burning. The experimental data and calculated dependences on the stabilization of the torch in the modes of “poor” disruption are obtained. It is shown that the stable operation of the burner on the lean limit expands – the coefficient of excess air increases with an increase in the width of the stabilizer, the diameter of the gas distribution holes, the coefficient of shading of the burner and air temperature, as well as with a decrease in the speed of the air flow. The research results showed that “rich” flame failure – flame failure with a gradual increase in gas flow occurs at air excess ratios less than unity. This ensures the reliable operation of the burner at the calculated operating modes with respect to the coefficient of excess air a = 1.15 – 6.0 and the air flow speed Wp = 12.0 m/s. A dependence was obtained that determines the influence of regime and design factors on the characteristics of a rich flare failure. The sustainability of the burner operation on the rich limit increases – the coefficient of excess air decreases, with an increase in the width of the stabilizer, the shading coefficient of the burner, air temperature and a decrease in air velocity. The experimental data and calculated dependences on the length of the combustion zone in the burner device are obtained. It was established that at the calculated coefficient of excess air a = 2.0 and higher coefficients, complete combustion of fuel occurs on the length of the combustion space X = 1000 mm. The relative length of the flame decreases when the shading coefficient of the burner and the air temperature increases. Measurements of harmful nitrogen oxides showed that the maximum content of oxides is observed at the coefficient of excess air a = 1.0 and is 125 mg/m3, which is less than the limit values which allowed by regulatory documents.

Ivermectin adsorption by commercial charcoal in batch and fixed-bed operations.

Emerging contaminants were used during the COVID-19 pandemic, including ivermectin. Studies that limit the optimal adsorption parameters of ivermectin are scarce in the literature. In this study, we analyzed the adsorption of ivermectin with a high surface area and porosity charcoal. Isotherms were better fitted to the Koble-Corrigan model. The maximum capacity was 203 μg g-1 at 328 K. Thermodynamics indicated a spontaneous and endothermic behavior. The equilibrium was quickly reached within the first few minutes regardless of the ivermectin concentration. The linear driving force (LDF) model fitted the kinetic data (qexp = 164.8 μg g-1; qpred = 148.1 μg g-1) at 100 μg L-1 of ivermectin. The model coefficient (KLDF) and diffusivity (Ds) increased with increasing drug concentration. Two sloped curves were obtained in the column experiments, with a breakthrough time of 415 min and 970 min. The capacity of the column (qeq) was 76 μg g-1. The length of the mass transfer zone was 9.04 and 14.13 cm. Therefore, it can be concluded that the adsorption of ivermectin is highly sensitive to changes in pH, being favored in conditions close to neutrality. Commercial activated charcoal was highly efficient in removing the studied compound showing high affinity with very fast kinetics and a good performance in continuous operation mode.

X-radiography front tracking gradient furnace for directional solidification of bulk Al-alloys

A unique gradient furnace for directional solidification experiments with bulk Al-alloy samples developed at German Aerospace Center is presented. It allows for in situ process control in solidifying samples by using x-radiography, and further insight into the solidification process is gained in combination with x-ray computational tomography on the solidified samples. Tracking of interfaces during directional solidification of bulk samples via in situ x-radiography (TIREX) enables the investigation of the melting process and observation of the movement of the entire mushy zone through the sample, tracing the solid–liquid interface during directional solidification and correlating the observations with the microstructure of the samples. Monitoring the temperature profile inside the sample by in situ observation of the length of the mushy zone is particularly important because the temperature gradient G and the rate of interfacial growth v determine the microstructure of solidification. The x-radiography setup offers temporal and spatial resolutions of 0.5 s and 70 μm, respectively, with a field of view of 10 × 50 mm2. Constant solidification velocities of up to 0.15 mm s−1 at a temperature gradient of up to 8 K mm−1 can be achieved in a temperature range of 537–1373 K. A flat solid–liquid interface inside a rod-like sample with 5 mm diameter is achieved by surrounding the sample by thermal isolating graphite foam. Performance tests with hypoeutectic Al–10 wt. % Cu alloy samples show the functionality of the furnace facility.

Experimental characterization of cavitation zone and cavity oscillation mechanism transitions in planar cavitating venturis

Cavitating venturi is a passive flow rate anchoring device used in varied industrial applications. The dynamics of the cavitation zone can be of interest to ascertain the controlled operation of cavitating venturi under varying pressure ratios. In the current work, we present the results of the complete characterization of three planar cavitating venturis with different divergent angles. Quasi-steady experiments are conducted for a pressure ratio range of 0.39–0.95 and an inlet Reynolds number range of 7.3 × 104–1.28 × 105. Shadowgraphy and high-speed imaging are used to obtain the cavitation zone length and the oscillation frequencies. Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition and discrete Fourier transform are used to assess the dynamics of the cavitation zone. The cavitation zone behavior has been delineated into three specific zones (named R1, R2, and R3 in this work) during the operation when the cavitation is fully contained within the divergent section. Two Strouhal number ranges (based on the inlet dimensions), StD,in≥ 0.1 for large-scale cloud shedding and StD,in≤ 0.05 for small-scale oscillations of the attached cavity, are ascertained as a primary indicator of the dynamic behavior. The current work confirms that the dynamics is governed by re-entrant jet at high cavitation numbers in R1 and the combined action of the re-entrant jet and the bubbly shock wave (collapse-induced) at low cavitation numbers in R3. The transition in the cavitation zone behavior in R2 primarily causes a shift in the sensitivity of the cavitation zone and the dominant frequencies over the operating pressure ratios. In the present work, we show that the span of the transition region (R2) decreases with an increase in the divergent angle.

Design and verification of continuous forming process of ultra-long thin-walled Lenticular Deployable Composite Boom

Ultra-long thin-walled deployable composite structures with high-strain ability are of considerable interest and increasingly used in large-size deployable spacecraft structures due to their high folding-storage ratio function. This paper seeks to investigate continuous curing technology of an ultra-long thin-walled Lenticular Deployable Composite Boom (LDCB) made of high strain carbon-fiber-reinforced-plastics. The equipment for continuous curing of thin-walled boom is designed. The continuous forming process including flattening, traction and coiling are simulated by explicit finite element method for determining the length of the transition zone of the equipment, the gap of the flattening roll, and the radius of the reeling roller.

Differential effects of aging on hippocampal ultrastructure in male vs. female rats.

Age-related decline in physical and cognitive functions are facts of life that do not affect everyone to the same extent. We had reported earlier that such cognitive decline is both sex- and context-dependent. Moreover, age-associated ultrastructural changes were observed in the hippocampus of male rats. In this study, we sought to determine potential differences in ultrastructural changes between male and female rats at various stages of life. We performed quantitative electron microscopic evaluation of hippocampal CA1 region, an area intimately involved in cognitive behavior, in both male and female adolescent, adult and old Wistar rats. Specifically, we measured the number of docking synaptic vesicles in axo-dendritic synapses, the length of active zone as well as the total number of synaptic vesicles. Distinct age- and sex-dependent effects were observed in several parameters. Thus, adult female rats had the lowest synaptic active zone compared to both adolescent and old female rats. Moreover, the same parameter was significantly lower in adult and old female rats compared to their male counterparts. On the other hand, old male rats had significantly lower number of total synaptic vesicles compared to both adolescent and adult male rats as well as compared to their female counterparts. Taken together, it may be suggested that age- and sex-dependent ultrastructural changes in the hippocampus may underlie at least some of the differences in cognitive functions among these groups.

Fracture process zone development and length assessment under the mixed-mode I/II load analysed by digital image correlation technique

In this paper, the fracture process zone (FPZ) of high-performance concrete (HPC) is investigated under mixed-mode I/II load conditions, and its formation is studied by applying digital image correlation (DIC). The experimental tests are performed on Brazilian disc specimens with central notch (BDCN). The traction-free crack and the FPZ extent ahead of the crack are localised. This is done by modification of the existing methodology for mode I cracks to account for various mixed-mode I/II loading conditions. Analytical and linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) methods for the critical strain are used to find the FPZ extension. Lastly, this paper revisits the analytical formulas used in the prediction of mode I FPZ lengths. These formulas are adjusted to allow for the prediction of the FPZ length in the whole range of mixed-mode I/II load conditions. Experimental results show that the FPZ has a different size for various mixed-mode I/II load conditions.

Influence of stone dust content on carbonation performance of manufactured sand concrete (MSC)

This study investigates the influence of stone dust content on the carbonation performance of manufactured sand concrete (MSC) to improve its durability and promote the application of manufactured sand. The carbonation depth, pH of the pore solution, and half-cell potential of the rebar were tested using MSC with different stone dust contents. The mechanism of MSC carbonation was also analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results showed that the carbonation depth and corrosion probability of the rebar first decreased and then increased with an increase in stone dust content. The carbonation depth and pH of the pore solution of MSC can be divided into complete carbonation, partial carbonation, and non-carbonation zones. When the stone dust content was 7% and at different carbonation ages, the carbonation depth reached its minimum value, the half-cell potential of the rebar reached its maximum value, and the end depth and length of the partial carbonation zone reached their minimum values. Meanwhile, the rebar half-cell potential was only in the medium-probability corrosion zone when the carbonation age was 120 d and the stone dust content exceeded 7%, whereas the remaining cases remained in the low-probability corrosion zone. SEM showed that a low stone dust content increased the density of concrete through physical filling and chemical reactions. However, high stone dust content reduced the working performance of concrete and increased its porosity after forming. In conclusion, the optimum stone dust content was 7% when comprehensively evaluating the carbonation properties of the MSC.

Firebrand deposition on cubic structures in tandem and parallel arrangements

Spot fires created by wind–carrying firebrands are common in wildland–urban interface (WUI) fires. Firebrand deposition over cubic blocks in tandem and parallel arrangements representing simplified nearby small structures in WUI was studied. The flow turbulence was modeled by large eddy simulation, and the firebrands were simulated in the Lagrangian framework. Both translational and rotational motions, and the thermal degradation of firebrands were accounted for. Various separation distances between blocks and wind speeds were considered. Simulations revealed that the blocks shielded their immediate leeward areas on the ground from firebrand deposition. These areas were distinguished by having no deposited firebrands, and were hence called safe zones, which were nearly in the shape of an isosceles trapezoid. The longer base of the trapezoid coincided with the bottom edge of the block’s leeward face, and the shorter base and the legs of the trapezoid constituted the borderlines of the safe zone. The safe zone length (i.e. the trapezoid height) in the wind direction increased with the wind speeds without a significant sensitivity to the block position in either arrangement. For the blocks in the tandem arrangement with a smaller separation distance and/or higher wind speeds, the safe zone encroaches on the windward face of the downwind block. Therefore, an upwind block also shielded the lower part of the windward face of the downwind block from firebrand deposition in these cases. In none of the simulations, firebrands were deposited on the leeward faces. In all simulations, the firebrands deposited on the lateral faces that were parallel to the wind direction were much less than those on the windward faces.

Single Incision non-thoracoscopic Nuss procedure for children with pectus excavatum: protocol for a multicenter, non-masked, randomized controlled trial.

Nuss procedure is the most common method of surgical treatment to pectus excavatum (PE). A significant percentage of surgeons choose to use thoracoscopic assistance during the Nuss procedure (TNP) to avoid cardiac injury. However, our previous findings confirm the safety of single incision Non-thoracoscopic Nuss Procedure (SINTNP). Hence, Further studies, particularly prospective randomized controlled trials, are necessary to assess the value of SINTNP for PE. This study is a prospective, superiority, multicenter, non-masked, randomized controlled trial that investigates the outcome and hospitalization medical expense of SINTNP compared to TNP for PE. A total of 320 eligible patients according to sample size calculation by retrospective data will be randomly assigned to the SINTNP group or the TNP group at a 1:1 ratio using stratified blocked randomization and the zone length was set as four. Patients aged between 3 and 18 years old for the first surgery and without combination of complex anomalies such as Marfan syndrome and congenital heart disease will be considered for the study. The co-primary endpoint is thoracic related complications and medical expense during hospitalization. Thoracic related complications were defined as pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia and incision infection. The secondary endpoints include surgery duration and length of hospital stay.The registration number for this study protocol is ChiCTR230073081 (Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, A Primary Registry of International Clinical Trial Registry Platform, World Health Organization).

Relationship between programming stress and residual strain in FDM 4D printing

4D printing with fused deposition modeling (FDM) enables the production of smart structures using smart materials that can change their shape over time. During the printing process, stresses are introduced into the structure that are relieved when exposed to an external stimulus, in this case, when raising the temperature above the glass-transition temperature TTrans\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${T}_{Trans}$$\\end{document}. This article investigates the relationship between stress and strain during 4D printing. We mounted the print platform on load cells to measure the forces in x-direction during printing. Flat hinges made of PLA are printed and are activated by immersion in hot water, which causes bending of the hinge areas. We varied nozzle temperature, print speed, and melt zone length to investigate their influence on programming force and post-activation curvature. Programming force and curvature translate into stress and strain, when specimen geometry is taken into account. The results are approximated by a linear relationship between programming stress and recovery strain. However, these gradients are different for each printing parameter. Lower nozzle temperature, shorter melt zone and higher print speed all result in higher forces and higher curvatures. However, increasing the forces by raising print speed results in a smaller increase in curvature than when the same increase in force is applied by lowering nozzle temperature. This is partly due to the heating and cooling process of the structure, which in turn depends on the printing parameters.

Effect of flow structures on the transport of gametes in broadcast-spawning sea urchin

Broadcasted fertilization for the reproduction of invertebrates is accomplished through a complicated interaction between spawned gametes and the surrounding flows. Most gametes encounter each other in the vicinity of the sea urchin body where unique flow structures develop, and so analysis of local flow characteristics allows us to better understand the effect of flow on the fertilization process. This study applied a Lagrangian framework based on computational fluid dynamics to estimate the fertilization rate of eggs in a range of flow velocities (0.025–0.2 m/s) and the fertilization rate was the highest at U = 0.1 m/s, which is an intermediate flow speed. Among the four classified sub-zones, such as the aboral surface, wake, substrate, and water column, fertilization occurred most frequently in the wake and substrate regions. The relationship between fertilization rate and flow structures was investigated using three parameters: 1) standardized Morisita index to quantify the pattern of gamete distribution, 2) length of the recirculation zone to specify the areas where the eggs are most frequently fertilized, and 3) integral scale to estimate the dimension of vortex structures downstream. The results of this study show that the fertilization rate is higher inside the recirculation zone, especially when strong vortex structures are observed because the flow provides a favorable condition for the gametes to aggregate and collide with each other.

Low-Temperature Plasma Oxidation of Aluminum by Ar-O2 Mixtures in a Dielectric-Barrier Discharge Reactor

Room-temperature growth of oxide layers on aluminum in highly diluted mixtures of oxygen with argon (O2 molar fractions 20 ppm ≤ x_{O_2} ≤ 500 ppm, partial pressures 2 Pa ≤ p_{O_2} ≤ 50 Pa) flowing through a dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) reactor is studied, including oxidation in the pre- and post-discharge regions (PrD, PoD) adjacent to the main DBD. Three different mechanisms of plasma-enhanced oxidation were found to prevail, depending on the location of the sample: (1) In the close PrD region, up to 1 cm upstream from the discharge, accelerated growth of Al2O3 is due to the irradiation of the sample surface by highly energetic (9.8 eV) argon excimer radiation in the presence of O2. (2) In the remote PoD, a few cm downstream from the DBD, oxidation can largely be attributed to oxygen atoms, with number densities typically between 1 and 5 × 1014 cm−3. Here, analysis in terms of Cabrera–Mott (CM) theory results in CM potentials between − 1.5 and − 2.1 V. (3) In the DBD itself both O atoms and VUV photons generally play an important role but, under special conditions, an additional oxidation mode can be identified, characterized by a much larger limiting thickness: While, in general, oxide growth by O atoms and/or VUV photons virtually stops at thicknesses X between 5 and 6 nm, much thicker oxide films can be achieved in the downstream region of the main DBD, with thicknesses growing with the length of the DBD zone. Tentatively, we attribute this observation to negative oxygen ions Om− (1 ≤ m ≤ 3) accumulating in the gas while passing the reactor. Any direct electrical effects of the discharge process on the oxidation can probably be neglected.

Influence of heterogeneity on size effect models and fracture characteristics of plain concrete

Material heterogeneity strongly influences the fracture process zone in concrete, which is responsible for the exhibition of size effect in the nominal strength. The fundamental aspect in deriving the size effect law lies with the non-negligible process zone, which strongly correlates with the material heterogeneity size. Therefore, it is essential to establish the correlation between the size effect parameters and the heterogeneity size to predict fracture behaviour. In this work, detailed experimental investigations have been performed under the centre point loading of beams to evaluate the influence of heterogeneity on the fracture performance of plain concrete members through the DIC and AE techniques. A new definition of fully developed FPZ under monotonic loading has been proposed to occur between 95%–75% of the post-peak load. The effects of aggregate size on the fracture characteristics of concrete have been observed with reference to the work of fracture method (WFM), size effect law (SEL), and boundary effect method (BEM) and found in agreement with the existing literature. The existing size effect models, such as the size effect law and boundary effect model, have been modified by establishing the correlations between the model material parameters, namely, D0 and a∞ and the material heterogeneity. Finally, regression-based equations have been developed to establish the correlation between Lch, predicted through WFM, the effective lengths of fracture process zone, Cf of SEL, and Lch and a∞ of BEM. The applicability of the developed equations has been verified with the available experimental data from the literature.

Simplified numerical algorithms for generalized strip saturated two equal collinear cracks in piezoelectric media using distributed dislocation technique

AbstractIn this paper, we present the distributed dislocation technique (DDT) based numerical algorithms to study the generalized strip saturated (GSS) models for two equal collinear cracks in 2‐D finite and infinite piezoelectric media. Numerical studies for particular cases such as linear, quadratic and cubic strip saturated models are simulated by considering their equivalent forms based on the principle of superposition. Two equal collinear cracks problem and its particular case of coalesced zones are considered in 2‐D semipermeable piezoelectric media under arbitrary poling direction and in‐plane electromechanical loadings. The results of saturated zone lengths (inner and outer) and local stress intensity factors (at inner and outer tips) are evaluated numerically for infinite and finite domain problems. The results of infinite domain obtained using DDT are compared with the reference analytical solutions. A good agreement of the results shows the efficacy of the proposed algorithms based on DDT for solving GSS two equal collinear cracks problems in 2‐D finite/infinite piezoelectric media.

Effects of tributary floodplain on confluence hydrodynamics

Confluences are common components of river networks and are characterized by a highly complex flow structure. Two confluence geometries, without and with the floodplain in the tributary, were comparatively investigated to highlight the effects of floodplain on confluence hydrodynamics. The three-dimensional velocity field and the spatial distribution of turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stresses were analysed. In the second geometry, a tilted shear layer was observed, which was related to the flow expansion from the main channel into the tributary. Significant secondary motions are mainly related to the fluid upwelling in the lee of the floodplain step and streamline curvature. A wider flow separation zone was found, while the length of the separation zone was not affected by the floodplain flow. The results could be useful to understand the complex hydrodynamics of the large confluence between the Yangtze River and the Poyang Lake, characterized from a floodplain under high flow conditions.

Numerical investigation of combustion characteristics under oxygen-enriched combustion combined with flue gas recirculation in a cement rotary kiln

A new technology combining oxygen-enriched combustion with flue gas recirculation (OEC-FGR) in the cement rotary kiln is put forward, based on the technical complementarity of these strategies. The effects of the flue gas recirculation rate on the combustion characteristics and NOx formation with a primary air oxygen concentration of 27% in a cement rotary kiln of 5000 t/d capacity are numerically investigated. The introduction of recirculating flue gas has significant influences the flame size, temperature distribution, and NOx formation. As the FGR rate increases, the flame lengthens and the high-temperature region shrinks. At the same time, the position of the temperature peak is delayed and the length of the calcination section is shortened. Furthermore, NOx formation is remarkably reduced, owing to the lengthened low oxygen reduction zone and lower temperature. As the FGR rate increased from 0% to 27%, the maximum NOx concentration on the center line in the kiln and the NOx concentration at the outlet decreased by 392 ppm and 343 ppm, respectively, and both decreased the most when the FGR rate increased from 0% to 10%. Moreover, good burnout is obtained with the new combustion technology, although considerable CO is generated near the burner. Since the length of the clinker calcination zone may be adversely affected by an excessively high FGR rate, the FGR rate should be carefully determined. In this study, a better compromise between calcination performance and NOx reduction could be achieved when the FGR rate was 20% .

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ СКОРОСТИ И СПОСОБА РАЗЛИВКИ РАСПЛАВА НА РАЗВИТИЕ ОСЕВОЙ ЗОНЫ В МОДЕЛЬНЫХ СЛИТКАХ

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of the effect of the method and speed of casting the melt on the solidification process and the features of the formation of the axial zone of a large ingot. The research was carried out by the method of physical (cold) modeling on a model of an ingot weighing 19.6 tons. Sodium sulfuric acid (crystalline hyposulfite) was used as a modeling solution. The casting of the melt into the mold-mold was carried out from above. It is shown that the change in the melt casting rate has a significant effect on the length of the axial zone. It is established that a decrease in the melt casting rate leads to an increase in the direction of crystallization and an improvement in the structure of the axial zone of the ingot. It has been found that model ingots that were cast with refilling of the profitable part by melt after a certain time interval after pouring the ingot body, solidify 1.4 times faster than the ingot cast according to classical technology.

Experimental and Simulation Study of the Fracture Instability Behavior in Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.

This study investigated the fracture characteristics of plain concrete and polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete (PFRC) using pre-notched three-point bending beam tests with the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM). Then, the fracture instability behavior of the two types of beams was simulated in finite elements based on the plastic damage model and the cohesion model, for which the applicability was assessed. Furthermore, the stability of the Big Gang Mountain Dam made from plain concrete or PFRC subjected to the earth-quake loading was simulated with the plastic damage model. The results show that the limiting length of the non-local deformation zone can be used as an indicator of instability damage in a concrete structure. The simulation results of the plastic damage model agreed well with the local deformation in the pre-notched three-point bending beam test obtained from the DSCM. The plastic damage model was found to be capable of describing the residual strength phenomenon, which the cohesive model was not capable of. The damage evolution regions of the PFRC dam are strictly constrained in some regions without the occurrence of the local deformation band across the dam, and PFRC can dramatically reduce the failure risk under earthquake loading. The numerical solution proves that PFRC is an advisable material for avoiding failure in concrete dams.

Regulatory role of the p38 MAPK/ATF2 signaling pathway in visual function and visual cortical plasticity in mice with monocular deprivation

BackgroundThis study aimed to examine the role of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) signaling in visual function impairment and visual cortical plasticity in mice with monocular deprivation (MD). MethodsVisual behavioral tests, including visual water task, visual cliff test, and flash visual evoked potential, were performed on each group. We studied the density of dendritic spines and the synaptic ultrastructure by Golgi staining and transmission electron microscope. We performed Western blot and immunohistochemistry and detected the expression of ATF2, PSD-95, p38 MAPK, and phosphor-p38 MAPK in the left visual cortex. ResultsIn the MD + SB group, the visual acuity in deprived eyes substantially improved, the impairment of visual depth perception was alleviated, and the P wave amplitude and C/I ratio increased. The density of dendritic spines and the numerical density of synapses increased significantly, the width of the synaptic cleft decreased significantly, and the length of the active synaptic zone and the thickness of post-synaptic density (PSD) increased substantially. The protein expression of phosphor-p38 MAPK decreased, whereas that of PSD-95 and ATF2 increased significantly. ConclusionsInhibiting the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and negative feedback upregulated ATF2 expression, alleviated damage to visual function, and protected against synaptic plasticity in mice with MD.