Length Of Shore Research Articles

Crude Palm Oil Unloading Activities At Mt. Giat Armada 01

Loading and unloading is one of the activities carried out on board both when the ship is docked at the port or ship to ship. However, at the time of loading and unloading that occurred on the ship MT. Giat Armada 01 problems occur so that the loading and unloading process becomes less optimal.The research method that the writer uses in this thesis is qualitative descriptive with the Fishbone approach as a data analysis technique. Fishbone is shaped like a fishbone skeleton whose parts resemble the head and bones of fish. Fishbone is used to determine the causal relationship of the causal factors, the impact they cause, and the efforts made to optimize the handling of loading and unloading on the MT.Giat Armada01. The results of the research conducted, it can be said that loading and unloading handling at MT. Giat Armada 01. is not optimal. caused by the lack of maintenance of the equipment used for loading and unloading, damaged and poorly maintained cargo pump, lack of heating, lack of application of procedures for handling loading and unloading, and the length of the Jetty Batilicin pipe line shore. These factors have an impact on the less optimal handling of loading and unloading during loading and unloading, increased working hours, damage and loss of equipment used to support loading and unloading activities. To overcome these factors, it can be done by carrying out maintenance and checking of each tool used for loading and unloading, carrying out routine repairs and maintenance on the cargo pump, carrying out cargo maintenance, loading and unloading and squezing according to procedures, and always conducting safety meetings. before unloading or loading.

The ups and downs of a canopy-forming seaweed over a span of more than one century

Canopy-forming seaweeds constitute marine forests that deliver ecosystem services. The worldwide range shift, sharp decline or loss of many of these forests, caused by the cumulative impact of increasing human pressure and climate change, have been widely documented. Contrasting examples, reflecting higher than expected resilience, have been more rarely reported. Here, we took the opportunity of having at our disposal a two-century suite of documents (herbarium vouchers, articles) and a ~120-year observation period, dealing with a long-lived brown seaweed, Cystoseira mediterranea, along a well-explored Mediterranean coastline in the Gulf of Lions, to depict the fate of its populations. In addition, we provided baselines for future surveys, with a high degree of accuracy. The northernmost population, scattered on rare suitable substrates, gradually declined and has been extinct since the 1980s. The length of shore occupied by the southern population showed a long-term decline trend, with two sharp minima followed by partial recovery. The causes of the decline differ between sites and periods: coastal development, pollution, competition with mussels, heatwaves and exceptional storms. Overall, the Gulf of Lions populations reflects long-lasting resilience, higher than expected, and a health status that is better than that reported for many other canopy-forming seaweeds.

The use of macroalgal species richness and composition on intertidal rocky seashores in the assessment of ecological quality under the European Water Framework Directive

The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) suggests using abundance and species composition of intertidal seaweed communities for ecological quality classification of rocky seashores. There are two difficulties with this. According to WFD all sensitive species should be present on a shore. There is no accepted list of sensitive seaweed species and those which may be sensitive in one location may not be so in another. Second, natural successions can result in very large abundance changes of common species, e.g. from almost completely fucoid-dominated shores to almost totally barnacle-dominated shores, without any change in ecological quality. Studies have shown that numerical species richness, not the list of actual species present, is broadly constant in the absence of disturbance. The ephemeral species, possibly the sensitive members of the community, change regularly in such a way as to conserve species richness. It is proposed that species richness on a defined length of shore be used as a criterion of ecological quality. A database of species found on over 300 shores in the British Isles, under strictly controlled sampling conditions, has given ranges of values of species richness to be expected and has allowed for variations in these values due to sub-habitat variability, wave exposure and turbidity to be factored in. A major problem in applying such a tool is the lack of expertise of many workers in critical identification of seaweed species. A reduced species list has been extracted from the database using species commonly present and identifiable with reasonable certainty. A numerical index of ecological quality is proposed based on scores for various aspects of the physical nature of the habitat combined with a score for species richness which may be based on the reduced species list. The scoring system also uses further aspects of community structure, such as ecological status groups and the proportions of rhodophyta, chlorophyta and opportunist species. For this system to be effective there has to be close control of the way in which sampling is carried out to ensure a uniform level of thoroughness.

Maternal attendance patterns of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) from stable and declining populations in Alaska

Maternal attendance patterns of Alaskan Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) were compared during the summer breeding seasons in 1994 and 1995 at Sugarloaf Island (a declining population) and Lowrie Island (a stable population). Our goal was to determine whether there were differences in maternal attendance between the two populations that were consistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions in the area of decline were food-limited during summer. Our a priori expectations were based on well-documented behavioural responses of otariids to reduced prey availability. We found that foraging trips were significantly shorter in the area of population decline, counter to initial predictions. The mean length of foraging trips in the declining area was 19.5 h compared with 24.9 h in the stable area. In contrast, the mean perinatal period (time between parturition and first feeding trip) was significantly longer in the area of decline (9.9 versus 7.9 days), again countering initial predictions. The mean length of shore visits for the declining population was also significantly longer (27.0 h compared with 22.6 h where the population was stable). For both populations, the mean time that mothers foraged increased as pups grew older, whereas the time that they spent on shore with their pups became shorter. Behavioural observations of maternal attendance patterns are inconsistent with the hypothesis that lactating Steller sea lions from the declining population had difficulty obtaining prey during summer.

The distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of TwiteAcanthis flavirostrisin the south Pennines of England

This study used the results of a systematic upland bird survey conducted in 1990 and the information held on BTO nest record cards to study the distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of Twite Acanthis flavirostris in the south Pennines of England. The survey estimated the size of the population as between 200 and 400 pairs. The distribution of records obtained during the survey is mapped. In the breeding season, Twite show an association with relatively low-altitude sites at the moorland edge, especially where the length of reservoir or river shore tends to be large and the sward height exceeds 5 cm. They apparently avoid areas dominated by Juncus¸ spp. flush vegetation. We compare information available on BTO nest record cards for south Pennines Twite with those from Scotland. Breeding performance for Twite nesting in heather-dominated habitats was better than for those nesting on either grassdominated or other moorland habitat. Twite brood-size in the south Pennines has declined in recent years and ...

The Galeta Oil Spill. I. Long-term Effects on the Physical Structure of the Mangrove Fringe

In April 1986, more than 75 000 barrels (1·5 × 10 7 l) of medium-weight crude oil spilled into Bahı́a las Minas on the central Caribbean coast of Panamá. Fringing mangroves were oiled on the adjoining open coast and in channels, lagoons, creeks and small man-made waterways within the bay. Changes in the physical structure of the mangrove fringe after oiling were documented over time. These included defoliation, limb loss and eventual collapse of dead trees. By 5 years after the spill, the length of shore fringed by mangroves was reduced at oiled sites relative to unoiled sites. Surviving trees at oiled sites had fewer and shorter submerged prop roots and a higher proportion of dead roots than trees at unoiled sites. These changes reduced the surface area of submerged prop roots by 33% on oiled open coast, 38% in channels and 74% in streams. Submerged prop roots serve as settlement surfaces for a diverse group of attached epibiota in an otherwise soft-bottom environment. Oil-induced reductions to this biogenic substratum thus negatively affected epibiotic communities of the mangrove fringe 5 years after the spill independently of any effects of hydrocarbons on the organisms themselves.

Population studies on feral American mink Mustela vison in Ireland

Populations of feral American mink Mustela vison were investigated in several study areas in Ireland, principally by capture‐recapture techniques. The populations were found to be essentially self‐regulating, with stress, weight loss and mortality evident during the winter and spring. The highest mean density recorded, in terms of animals per unit length of river or lake shore, was 1.4 individuals km−1 with a peak density of 2.3 individuals km−1, but population densities were considerably lower in most areas. Trappability and population structure, in age, sex and residency classes, varied between habitats, but population turnover was high, leading to complete replacement of individuals in two populations monitored for two years. The availability of the preferred prey, crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes appeared to be a major factor determining population size and preferred breeding areas. Control methods are either unnecessary or are likely to fail in most situations, and may be counterproductive.

Patterns and Correlates of Shellfish Exploitation by Costal People in Transkei: An Enigma of Protein Production

(1) An aerial survey of use of the Transkei coast by shellfish collectors was made during low spring tides in November 1986. (2) Intensity of collecting activity in the intertidal zone was correlated with human population density, and length of rocky shore, and was influenced by geographical region and geology, but not by livestock densities. (3) Annual shellfish removal averaged 5573 kg whole wet mass km-l of rocky shore between the Kei River and Port St Johns, compared with 33 kg kmto the east of Port St Johns. (4) Cattle, sheep and goats are not used by rural people of Transkei for meat production, although pigs and poultry are consumed regularly. In the south of Transkei, the potential production of domestic animal protein from cattle, sheep and goats, alone, exceeds the annual requirement per adult person by c. 20%. In the central region, shellfish supply 8% of the annual protein requirement, and animal husbandry would satisfy only another 48 %. Shellfish populations in the central region are thus (a) under greater pressure from collectors than shellfish elsewhere and (b) more important for nutrition of coastal people than shellfish elsewhere. In the region north-east of Port St Johns, shellfish are relatively unimportant in the diet, supplying only 0 1% of the annual protein requirement. (5) Coastal conservation measures, both short and long-term are of greatest importance in the central region, and active management of exploitation of the shellfish resource of this region of Transkei is urgently required. In this region there is only one small nature reserve.

Shore protection structures: Effects on recession rates and beaches from the 1870s to the 1970s along the Ohio shore of lake Erie

Shore-protection structures—largely groins and seawalls—have increased in number along the 300-km-long mainland Ohio shore of Lake Erie from about 60 in 1876–77, to about 1,400 in the late 1930s, to about 3,600 in the mid 1970s. Recession rates, on the other hand, have decreased from the early period (1876–1877 to the late 1930s) to the later period (late 1930s to 1973). Forexample, the length of shore that receded at the intermediate rate (0.3 to 0.9 m/yr) decreased from 76 to 54 km and the length of shore that receded at the lowest rate (less than 0.3 m/yr) increased from 151 to 171 km. Beach widths also have decreased; the length of shore fronted by wide (greater than 15 m) beaches decreased from 64 km to 35 km between 1876–1877 and 1968. Furthermore, the length of shore without a beach increased from 84 km in 1876–1877 to 112 km in 1968. The decreases in recession rates have been caused by the shore-protection structures, which have directly armored the shore from waves (seawalls) or reduced the wave energy reaching the shore by trapping sand (groins). Moreoever, because the shore is a major source of sand for the beaches, the decrease in recession has led to a reduced sand supply and narrower beaches. Ironically, by protecting the shore, the structures apparently have more than compensated for the loss of the best natural form of shore protection, beach sand.

1792年島原眉山崩壊に伴つた津波の数値実験

On May 21, 1792, a gigantic collapse of Mt. Mayuyama in Shimabara Peninsula, Kyushu, occurred. Following this event, a severe tsunami of about 10 meters in height was generated by the landslide and attacked the coast of Ariake-kai, killing more than 14, 500 persons. Many historical documents tell us the phenomena of this tsunami in fair details, so that we attempted to reconstruct a numerical model of the tsunami consistent with the historical data. In the numerical computation, a finite difference method with a leap-frog system is adapted, and two kinds of source input are tried; one is the prescrived water mass transport normal to shore line and the other the vertical displacement of sea bottom. When the transport of 18, 000m3/min (current speed-20m/sec) per unit length of shore on the center line of landslide area is assumed to be continued during 2 to 4 min, the computed waves agree fairly well with the real tsunami behaviors, the height of tsunami in various places along the coast and the order of the maximum crest in the sequence of a wave train. Therefore, it seems probable that the extraordinary flow of water normal to the shore occurred by some physical mechanisms of the mountain collapse.The energy of this tsunami is estimated to be about 5×1019erg, and this is about 1/100-1/1000 of the available potential energy of the slided material due to the collapse of the mountain. It is significant that the tsunami energy is several times larger than that of the 1968 Hyuganada Earthquake (M=7.5). The wave spreaded over a wide area and gave distructive damages to the coast more than 120km on both side of Ariake-kai.

Territoriality of the Otter Lutra lutra L

Otters were studied by reading tracks and signs in fresh water habitats in Southern Sweden, in 1958-1966. 1. The populations in winter consisted of 30-40% resident territory holders, about the same proportion of temporary residents or transients and 25-38% young of the year. The rate of reproduction of otters is low. Most probably some females do not breed every year. The density of otters in the areas studied was one otter per 0.7-1.0 km2 area of water or one individual per 2-3 km length of lake shore, and one otter per 5 km length of a stream. 2. Otters display territorial behaviour which is shown by signal activity, dispersion pattern and movements of the otters. 3. The adult dog otters maintain territories which have an individual character, their size and location depending on the qualities of the dogs. The boundaries are overlapping zones where territorial conflicts occur continuously. 4. The females with cubs (family groups) exploit territories separately. The areas are probably fixed and situated within the dog otters' territories. Territorial conflicts between the family groups are rare, after the areas have been